2001 Rochester, New York (ROC)

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2001 ROCHESTER, NEW YORK (ROC)

Rochester and the Genesee Valley experience a fairly humid, continental type climate, which is strongly modified by the proximity of the Great Lakes. Precipitation is rather evenly distributed throughout the year in quanity, but frequency is much higher during the cloudy winter months than in the sunny ones. Snowfall is heavy, but is highly variable over short distances.

Winters in general are cloudy, cold and snowy..but are changeable and include frequent thaws and rain as well. Snow covers the ground more often than not from christmas into early March..but periods of bare ground are not uncommon. About half of the annual snowfall comes from "lake–effect" process and is very localized. This feature develops when cold air crosses the warmer lake waters and becomes saturated..creating clouds and precipitation downwind. The exact location of these snowbands are determined by the direction of the wind. Areas east of Rochester receive the most snow from this process..as northwest winds have a longer "fetch" off Lake Ontario..while areas south of the city get somewhat less. Lake Erie can even contribute some snow from this process if a west or southwest wind is storng enough. Since Lake Ontario does not freeze in most winters..this Lake effect machine can remain active throughout the winter. The Rochester area is also subject to occasional general or "synoptic" snowfalls..but the worst effects from these usually pass by to the east. Total season snowfall ranges from 70 inches south of the city to about 90 inches in Rochester to over 120 inches along the lakeshore east of the city. About 50 inches of this total results from general snows..the rest is due to the Lake effect machine. The lake does modify any extreme cold as the mercury falls below zero on only anout six nights in an average winter..with anything below –10 extremely rare.

Spring comes slowly to the region. The last frosts usually occur by April 30 near Lake Ontario..but as late as mid–May south of the Thruway. The spring months are actually the driest months statistically, due in part to the stabilizing effects of the Great Lakes, although soils are wet. Sunshine increases markedly in May.

Summers are warm and sunny across the region. The average temperature is in the 70 to 72 degree range. Rain can be expected on every third or fourth day..almost always in the form of showers and thunderstorms. This activity is more common inland than near the Lake. Completely overcast days in summer are rare. Severe weather is not common..but a few cases of damaging winds and small tornadoes occur each year. The greatest risk of this type of activity is south of the Thruway. There usually are several periods of uncomfortably warm and muggy weather in an average summer..but only about nine days reach 90–degree mark in an average year. Still, the area usually experiences some of the most delightful summer weather in the East.

Autumn is pleasant, but rather brief. Mild and dry conditions predominate through September and much of October, but colder airmasses cross the Great Lakes with increasing frequency starting in late October, and result in a drastic increase in cloud cover across the region in late October and early November. Although the first frosts may not occur until late October near Lake Ontario, the firstlake effect snows of the season follow soon after…usually by mid November. These early snows melt off quickly, with a general snow cover seldom established before mid December. The growing season is relatively long for the latitude…average about 180 days. The long growing season…combined with ample spring moisture and abundant summer sunshine…is beneficial for the many fruit orchards and wineries…especially near the Lake Ontario shore and Finger Lakes.

NORMALS, MEANS, AND EXTREMES

ROCHESTER, NY (ROC)

LATITUDE:    LONGITUDE:    ELEVATION (FT):    TIME ZONE:    WBAN: 14768

43 07′ 00″ N  77 40′ 36″ W  GRND:  585  BARO:  588  EASTERN  (UTC + 5)

ELEMENTPORJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECYEAR
TEMPERATURE FNORMAL DAILY MAXIMUM3030.932.542.755.967.875.880.778.171.860.547.835.856.7
MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM5431.433.341.855.867.877.681.979.872.061.247.836.257.2
HIGHEST DAILY MAXIMUM617473849394100989999918172100
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE195019971945199019871953199319481953195119501982JUN 1953
MEAN OF EXTREME MAXS.5453.254.068.378.985.991.192.690.887.980.169.057.175.7
NORMAL DAILY MINIMUM3016.316.625.735.946.354.359.657.851.741.633.322.438.5
MEAN DAILY MINIMUM5417.117.725.336.146.255.660.458.951.541.633.123.038.9
LOWEST DAILY MINIMUM61-17-19-7132635423628205-16-19
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE199419791999198219791949196319651947197219711942 FEB1979
MEAN OF EXTREME MINS.54-2.2-1.46.622.432.841.848.546.437.128.118.13.323.5
NORMAL DRY BULB3023.624.634.345.957.165.170.268.061.751.140.529.147.6
MEAN DRY BULB5424.225.533.446.057.166.671.269.461.851.440.529.548.0
MEAN WET BULB1723.624.330.641.051.660.164.363.356.646.436.527.943.9
MEAN DEW POINT1718.819.124.534.545.855.560.359.853.141.831.823.239.0
NORMAL NO. DAYS WITH:
MAXIMUM 90300.00.00.00.10.41.64.32.00.70.00.00.09.1
MAXIMUM 323017.014.56.10.40.00.00.00.00.00.01.511.551.0
MINIMUM 323028.925.423.011.11.20.00.00.00.14.115.126.0134.9
MINIMUM 0303.02.30.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.96.4
H/CNORMAL HEATING DEG. DAYS301283113195257327062103313743573511136734
NORMAL COOLING DEG. DAYS300000256517112638000425
RHNORMAL (PERCENT)3074747167676970747774767873
HOUR 01 LST3076787676788283878782807980
HOUR 07 LST3077797877778082878884828181
HOUR 13 LST3069686255545554586060677261
HOUR 19 LST3074736962606060677474767869
SPERCENT POSSIBLE SUNSHINE5735414953596669665949313151
W/OMEAN NO. DAYS WITH:
HEAVY FOG(VISBY 1/4 MI)610.90.61.51.01.11.10.60.81.31.70.81.012.4
THUNDERSTORMS610.10.10.92.03.75.26.15.73.10.90.40.228.4
CLOUDINESSMEAN:
SUNRISE-SUNSET (OKTAS)566.66.35.85.45.34.94.64.74.95.36.46.65.6
MIDNIGHT-MIDNIGHT (OKTAS)326.56.25.75.35.04.74.34.54.75.26.36.55.4
MEAN NO. DAYS WITH:
CLEAR562.02.44.66.16.07.27.87.77.06.42.12.061.3
PARTLY CLOUDY566.66.78.17.79.710.812.511.710.58.46.15.6104.4
CLOUDY5622.419.218.316.315.412.110.711.712.616.321.823.4200.2
PRMEAN STATION PRESSURE(IN)2829.4329.4529.4229.3729.3829.3729.4029.4429.4729.4729.4529.4429.42
MEAN SEA-LEVEL PRES. (IN)1730.0630.0830.0529.9929.9729.9729.9830.0430.0530.0830.0630.0830.03
WINDSMEAN SPEED (MPH)4312.011.511.711.39.99.28.58.38.79.210.911.310.2
PREVAIL. DIR (TENS OF DEGS)2725252525252423222121252525
MAXIMUM 2-MINUTE:
SPEED (MPH)545594541443952366838414568
DIR. (TENS OF DEGS)24252625273620302726172427
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE200019971998199719981998199919991998200119992000SEP 1998
MAXIMUM 5-SECOND:
SPEED (MPH)555756162634863538948525489
DIR. (TENS OF DEGS)25242625283620312925172529
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE200019971998199719981998199919991998200119992000SEP 1998
PRECIPITATIONNORMAL (IN)302.082.102.282.612.723.002.713.402.972.442.922.7331.96
MAXIMUM MONTHLY (IN)615.795.075.424.906.627.119.706.006.307.856.995.059.70
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE197819501942194419741998194719841977195519851944JUL 1947
MINIMUM MONTHLY (IN)610.720.660.471.180.360.220.610.760.280.230.440.620.22
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE198819871958199519771963199419511960196319761958JUN 1963
MAXIMUM IN 24 HOURS (IN)612.242.432.212.223.852.863.252.523.543.133.131.603.85
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE199819501942199119741950198719981979199519451978MAY 1974
NORMAL NO. DAYS WITH:
PRECIPITATION 0.013016.615.514.013.011.410.89.810.911.112.515.418.1159.1
PRECIPITATION 1.00300.10.20.10.20.30.50.50.80.70.20.30.24.1
SNOWFALLNORMAL (IN)3025.122.612.34.60.40.00.00.00.00.16.321.693.0
MAXIMUM MONTHLY (IN)6160.464.845.020.210.9TTTT2.624.946.164.8
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE197819581999197919891998199619651994199319961981FEB 1958
MAXIMUM IN 24 HOURS (IN)6123.022.823.310.410.8TTTT2.614.119.123.3
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE199619781999199019891998199019651994199319951978MAR 1999
MAXIMUM SNOW DEPTH (IN)533234341040000184040
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE19781966199919751989195719721959DEC 1959
NORMAL NO. DAYS WITH:
SNOWFALL 1.0307.77.23.61.20.10.00.00.00.00.02.06.928.7
PRECIPITATION (inches) 2001 ROCHESTER, NY (ROC)
YEARJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECANNUAL
19721.503.962.192.683.326.561.433.143.842.254.832.5838.28
19731.281.702.923.212.682.841.141.941.412.673.823.6229.23
19741.752.063.612.606.622.592.823.643.481.343.232.8636.60
19751.832.822.741.432.855.351.182.313.151.831.353.7630.60
19762.331.673.543.812.633.375.153.042.134.730.441.4834.32
19771.490.972.182.490.361.333.265.656.302.643.784.6535.10
19785.792.401.482.252.031.302.172.663.632.561.144.3531.76
19794.182.401.763.783.141.853.162.055.322.601.802.8634.90
19801.111.163.832.351.496.771.903.443.573.732.522.4534.32
19811.243.131.041.952.272.704.604.445.373.292.182.7834.99
19824.161.011.731.631.773.923.133.003.571.793.952.1731.83
19831.431.232.453.503.442.401.135.431.563.264.914.4735.21
19841.622.972.083.055.471.671.906.003.340.761.473.3133.64
19852.491.783.471.302.082.631.861.112.492.346.991.4630.00
19861.632.461.903.801.644.273.133.295.113.561.933.5636.28
19871.890.661.983.681.193.945.853.924.601.652.741.9834.08
19880.722.181.622.321.731.104.303.811.692.341.681.1124.60
19891.181.553.691.625.995.650.982.462.823.132.011.5832.66
19901.613.931.563.585.762.883.053.593.364.372.274.1840.14
19911.691.164.704.072.431.192.371.802.861.652.392.9229.23
19921.461.873.533.432.831.986.034.453.021.782.902.9836.26
19932.321.522.443.071.242.761.671.674.373.213.271.6029.14
19942.681.631.704.082.562.430.614.272.681.343.242.3229.54
19952.461.581.151.181.752.073.853.051.505.704.211.5030.00
19963.181.722.074.843.516.652.183.335.095.404.122.9745.06
19972.032.403.881.332.123.011.944.225.361.943.572.8834.68
19985.632.343.501.812.637.116.095.393.001.451.411.6041.96
19993.920.693.282.072.722.521.785.713.412.122.862.0633.14
20002.981.972.044.354.704.473.664.113.531.362.192.4737.83
20011.952.264.131.192.661.841.804.303.152.281.901.7229.18
POR=173 YRS2.492.332.632.632.913.033.012.962.752.712.712.4932.65
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (F) 2001 ROCHESTER, NY (ROC)
YEARJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECANNUAL
197226.023.430.342.260.465.273.069.864.347.637.033.147.7
197328.722.242.548.056.170.773.473.062.555.043.031.250.5
197427.122.533.049.453.965.771.370.659.247.639.531.447.6
197529.528.431.639.363.267.173.070.058.453.147.227.849.1
197619.833.337.248.655.469.869.268.460.947.535.423.647.4
197715.525.439.847.960.764.872.968.762.749.443.628.448.3
197822.916.229.743.660.267.472.671.662.451.041.030.047.4
197921.513.738.644.056.466.272.367.161.350.343.032.347.2
198024.019.732.447.860.063.172.974.363.748.838.824.747.5
198115.732.334.548.057.267.371.969.459.847.339.928.747.7
198216.123.033.543.260.963.672.066.162.852.743.437.447.9
198327.429.137.243.953.866.773.870.763.952.940.725.148.8
198420.433.226.547.552.666.869.272.060.654.940.735.948.4
198521.925.636.749.658.661.768.868.763.851.041.425.047.7
198625.024.537.047.959.863.369.865.759.849.936.931.747.6
198725.323.637.149.759.967.972.767.361.647.140.632.648.8
198825.023.734.745.058.764.273.771.160.145.842.629.447.8
198930.322.532.342.156.367.472.868.561.752.638.117.146.8
199033.629.337.348.854.467.270.769.960.752.142.433.850.0
199125.130.537.050.062.868.372.370.360.552.139.030.749.9
199226.227.230.244.157.163.566.666.360.946.438.930.246.5
199327.518.730.046.956.665.572.471.459.048.039.028.447.0
199414.921.132.048.054.267.873.569.262.452.445.834.848.0
199532.123.838.541.657.269.573.073.360.455.235.225.348.8
199623.724.629.743.354.668.068.169.362.051.234.333.646.9
199724.330.532.943.850.467.167.866.359.349.137.431.246.7
199831.632.638.147.762.965.769.669.862.751.241.834.650.7
199922.930.630.845.359.668.374.367.164.050.944.932.249.2
200023.230.241.245.159.565.867.167.560.951.738.422.647.8
200126.628.630.347.759.566.769.072.261.252.447.135.949.8
POR=130 YRS24.724.833.045.156.966.471.369.362.551.339.929.147.9

REFERENCE NOTES:

PAGE 1:

THE TEMPERATURE GRAPH SHOWS NORMAL MAXIMUM AND NORMAL MINIMUM DAILY TEMPERATURES (SOLID CURVES) AND THE ACTUAL DAILY HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURES (VERTICAL BARS).

PAGE 2 AND 3:

H/C INDICATES HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAYS.

RH INDICATES RELATIVE HUMIDITY

W/O INDICATES WEATHER AND OBSTRUCTIONS

S INDICATES SUNSHINE.

PR INDICATES PRESSURE.

CLOUDINESS ON PAGE 3 IS THE SUM OF THE CEILOMETER AND SATELLITE DATA NOT TO EXCEED EIGHT EIGHTHS (OKTAS).

GENERAL:

T INDICATES TRACE PRECIPITATION, AN AMOUNT GREATER THAN ZERO BUT LESS THAN THE LOWEST REPORTABLE VALUE.

+ INDICATES THE VALUE ALSO OCCURS ON EARLIER DATES.

BLANK ENTRIES DENOTE MISSING OR UNREPORTED DATA.

NORMALS ARE 30–YEAR AVERAGES (1961–1990).

ASOS INDICATES AUTOMATED SURFACE OBSERVING SYSTEM.

PM INDICATES THE LAST DAY OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH.

POR (PERIOD OF RECORD) BEGINS WITH THE JANUARY DATA MONTH AND IS THE NUMBER OF YEARS USED TO COMPUTE THE MEAN. INDIVIDUAL MONTHS WITHIN THE POR MAY BE MISSING.

WHEN THE POR FOR A NORMAL IS LESS THAN 30 YEARS, THE NORMAL IS PROVISIONAL AND IS BASED ON THE NUMBER OF YEARS INDICATED.

0.* OR * INDICATES THE VALUE OR MEAN–DAYS–WITH IS BETWEEN 0.00 AND 0.05.

CLOUDINESS FOR ASOS STATIONS DIFFERS FROM THE NON–ASOS OBSERVATION TAKEN BY A HUMAN OBSERVER. ASOS STATION CLOUDINESS IS BASED ON TIME–AVERAGED CEILOMETER DATA FOR CLOUDS AT OR BELOW 12,000 FEET AND ON SATELLITE DATA FOR CLOUDS ABOVE 12,000 FEET.

THE NUMBER OF DAYS WITH CLEAR, PARTLY CLOUDY, AND CLOUDY CONDITIONS FOR ASOS STATIONS IS THE SUM OF THE CEILOMETER AND SATELLITE DATA FOR THE SUNRISE TO SUNSET PERIOD.

GENERAL CONTINUED:

CLEAR INDICATES 0–2 OKTAS, PARTLY CLOUDY INDICATES 3–6 OKTAS, AND CLOUDY INDICATES 7 OR 8 OKTAS. WHEN AT LEAST ONE OF THE ELEMENTS (CEILOMETER OR SATELLITE) IS MISSING, THE DAILY CLOUDINESS IS NOT COMPUTED.

WIND DIRECTION IS RECORDED IN TENS OF DEGREES (2 DIGITS) CLOCKWISE FROM TRUE NORTH. "00" INDICATES CALM. "36" INDICATES TRUE NORTH.

RESULTANT WIND IS THE VECTOR AVERAGE OF THE SPEED AND DIRECTION.

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS THE SUM OF THE MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE DIVIDED BY 2.

SNOWFALL DATA COMPRISE ALL FORMS OF FROZEN PRECIPITATION, INCLUDING HAIL.

A HEATING (COOLING) DEGREE DAY IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE AND 65 F.

DRY BULB IS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AMBIENT AIR.

DEW POINT IS THE TEMPERATURE TO WHICH THE AIR MUST BE COOLED TO ACHIEVE 100 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

WET BULB IS THE TEMPERATURE THE AIR WOULD HAVE IF THE MOISTURE CONTENT WAS INCREASED TO 100 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

ON JULY 1, 1996, THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BEGAN USING THE "METAR" OBSERVATION CODE THAT WAS ALREADY EMPLOYED BY MOST OTHER NATIONS OF THE WORLD. THE MOST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE IN THIS ANNUAL PUBLICATION WILL BE THE CHANGE IN UNITS FROM TENTHS TO EIGHTS (OKTAS) FOR REPORTING THE AMOUNT OF SKY COVER.

HEATING DEGREE DAYS (base 65 F) 2001 ROCHESTER, NY (ROC)
YEARJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNTOTAL
1972-737249253483398211181189690519279176284
1973-74214162305653104011671187983475352596399
1974-75112095357551034109610171031764139526634
1975-7641419436552511461395914858507300356257
1976-771127173538879127915241103777523204897127
1977-789441134776341127129813601087634220637066
1978-7951136428711107713421432813626310796960
1979-80133715546865510061264130610035101951256737
1980-811010849878212431522908938507260266793
1981-82612201546748111915101171972648162677162
1982-8310541133776438471161998854627347786109
1983-8498121387723122813769171187520395506921
1984-85147162307724897133010978694712171196214
1985-8615231214297001231123511298645062061006559
1986-871662175462840102612231153858454234396542
1987-88750139547722997123211929335942201266759
1988-896401645966641095107011841009682288336831
1989-900331493838011478967993853520327466550
1990-91761714066699591230957862458170295924
1991-92211964087761057119510881069621259896761
1992-9326461725717741071115812891077538263667051
1993-940102145257751127155012211015505345567343
1994-9511610638656892810151147811694239335944
1995-961371623008851224127111631086647347167121
1996-971961404219159681255960989628448456794
1997-98322918149282210411029901837513109996085
1998-9941411542469093512959551054583194576320
1999-00225100431595100812891003732591211756062
2000-0123351784047931308118610141067522192636785
2001-243152391529896
COOLING DEGREE DAYS (base 65 F) 2001 ROCHESTER, NY (ROC)
YEARJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECANNUAL
19720000249426117979000637
197300015619426726996400851
197400013148820418140000540
19750000891212571785600656
197600024918915013855100566
197700316808826016450010662
197800007714124521266300744
1979000152121244112491800597
19800000467325329476200744
198100052310222815650000564
1982000340302329552310456
198300007136289192962000740
198400011411315223335100549
198500015232713914590000439
1986001050531689428000394
198700018213125412742000637
198800003410728423229700693
198900002611124815360300601
1990003415122192164451400586
199100014108135234175681400748
199200011951849657000308
1993000098623921442500595
199400001614527115236210623
19950000317526626933500751
199600013111512014758000472
1997000101141267515800339
199800904812515216853400559
19990000381612969377000665
20000002491059512063000434
200100092811915423344600593
SNOWFALL (inches) 2001 ROCHESTER, NY (ROC)
YEARJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNTOTAL
1972-730.00.00.00.216.922.78.918.44.41.5T0.073.0
1973-740.00.00.00.04.223.414.426.622.38.2T0.099.1
1974-750.00.00.00.34.626.510.823.210.914.90.00.091.2
1975-760.00.00.0T1.828.329.98.815.21.80.40.086.2
1976-770.00.00.00.56.524.530.215.013.01.80.60.092.1
1977-780.00.00.0T12.735.260.440.77.54.20.20.0160.9
1978-790.00.00.0T3.330.936.839.18.220.20.00.0138.5
1979-800.00.00.00.21.212.213.124.021.20.30.00.072.2
1980-810.00.00.0T8.431.831.59.312.01.40.00.094.4
1981-820.00.00.00.12.446.143.614.98.912.40.00.0128.4
1982-830.00.00.0T3.011.610.213.69.312.2T0.059.9
1983-840.00.00.00.017.619.623.427.829.10.5T0.0118.0
1984-850.00.00.00.01.611.636.826.18.42.60.00.087.1
1985-860.00.00.00.07.618.315.517.99.32.1T0.070.7
1986-870.00.00.00.07.49.329.613.05.32.50.00.067.1
1987-880.00.00.0T4.619.39.829.45.61.10.00.069.8
1988-890.00.00.00.10.210.315.030.615.63.910.90.086.6
1989-900.00.00.0T6.532.814.031.35.415.8T0.0105.8
1990-91T0.00.0T4.418.226.516.12.01.10.00.068.3
1991-920.00.00.00.013.723.918.312.838.13.80.00.0110.6
1992-930.00.00.0T9.529.322.431.237.12.0T0.0131.5
1993-940.00.0T2.69.814.043.035.112.19.60.00.0126.2
1994-950.00.0T0.02.87.612.823.65.34.10.00.056.2
1995-960.00.00.0T23.420.536.914.128.65.31.50.0130.3
1996-97T0.00.00.024.914.024.813.326.41.3T0.0104.7
1997-980.00.00.00.121.626.414.69.127.90.00.0T99.7
1998-990.00.0T0.00.110.148.84.745.02.90.00.0111.6
1999-000.00.00.00.04.719.142.025.713.65.60.00.0110.7
2000-010.00.00.0T7.339.321.623.341.40.10.00.0133.0
2001-0.00.00.0T0.17.1
POR=60 YRSTTT0.27.019.423.321.515.43.40.70.090.9

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2001 Rochester, New York (ROC)

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    2001 Rochester, New York (ROC)