2001 Milwaukee, Wisconsin (MKE)

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2001 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN (MKE)

Milwaukee possesses a continental climate characterized by a wide range of temperatures between summer and winter. Precipitation is moderate and occurs mostly in the spring, less in the autumn, and very little in the wintertime. Rainfall is well distributed for agricultural purposes, although spring planting is sometimes delayed by wet ground and cold weather.

Milwaukee is in a region of frequently changeable weather and its climate is influenced by general easterly–moving storms which traverse the nations midsection. The most severe winter storms, which produce in excess of 10 inches of snow, develop in the southern Great Plains and move northeast across Illinois and Indiana.

Occasionally during the cold season, frigid air masses from Canada push southeast across the Great Lakes region. These arctic air masses account for the coldest winter temperatures. Very low temperatures, zero degrees or lower, most often occur in air that flows southward to the west of Lake Superior before reaching the Milwaukee area. If northwesterly wind circulation persists, repeated incursions of arctic air will result in a period of bitterly cold weather lasting several days.

Summer temperatures, which reach into the 90s but rarely exceed 100 degrees, occur with brisk southwest winds that carry hot air from the plains and lower Mississippi River Valley across the city. A combination of high temperatures and humidity occasionally develops, usually building up over a period of several days when persistent southerly winds transport moisture from the Gulf of Mexico into the area.

The Gulf is a major source of moisture for Milwaukee in all seasons, but the type of precipitation which results is dependent upon the time of year. Cold–season precipitation (rain, snow, or a mixture) is usually of relatively long duration and low intensity, and occasionally persists for two days or more, whereas in the warm season, relatively short–duration and high–intensity showery rainfall, usually lasting a few hours or less, predominates.

The Great Lakes significantly influence the local climate. Temperature extremes are modified by Lake Michigan and, to a lesser extent, the other Great Lakes. In late autumn and winter, air masses that are initially very cold often reach the city only after being tempered by passage over one or more of the lakes. Similarly, air masses that approach from the northeast in the spring and summer are cooler because of movement over the Great Lakes.

The influence of Lake Michigan is variable and occasionally dramatic, especially when the temperature of the lake water differs strongly from the air temperature. During the spring and early summer, a wind shift from a westerly to an easterly direction frequently causes a sudden 10 to 20 degree temperature drop. When the breeze off the lake is light, this effect reaches inland only a mile or two. With stronger on–shore winds, the entire city is cooled. In the winter the relatively warm water of the lake moderates the temperature during easterly wind situations. Lake–induced snows usually occur a few times each winter, but snow accumulation is rarely heavy.

Topography does not significantly affect air flow, except that lesser frictional drag over Lake Michigan causes winds to be frequently stronger along the lake shore, and often permits air masses approaching from the north to reach shore areas one hour or more before affecting inland portions of the city.

NORMALS, MEANS, AND EXTREMES

MILWAUKEE, WI (MKE)

LATITUDE:    LONGITUDE:    ELEVATION (FT):    TIME ZONE:  WBAN:  14839

42 56′ 48″ N  87 53′ 49″ W  GRND:  677  BARO:  680  CENTRAL  (UTC + 6)

ELEMENTPORJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECYEAR
TEMPERATURE FNORMAL DAILY MAXIMUM3026.130.140.452.964.374.979.977.870.658.744.731.254.3
MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM5427.631.740.753.765.175.780.378.771.260.045.332.555.2
HIGHEST DAILY MAXIMUM61626882919310110310398897768103
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE194419991986198019911988199519881953196319502001JUL 1995
MEAN OF EXTREME MAXS.5446.048.365.477.785.491.693.391.987.578.764.551.973.5
NORMAL DAILY MINIMUM3011.615.926.235.844.855.062.060.852.841.830.717.537.9
MEAN DAILY MINIMUM5413.017.426.036.445.555.762.261.553.342.430.619.038.6
LOWEST DAILY MINIMUM61-26-26-1012213340442818-5-20-26
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE198219961962198219661945196519821974198119501983FEB 1996
MEAN OF EXTREME MINS.54-9.5-3.08.423.333.643.551.250.638.927.914.0-1.723.1
NORMAL DRY BULB3018.923.033.344.454.665.070.969.361.750.337.724.446.1
MEAN DRY BULB5420.324.533.544.955.465.671.270.162.351.337.825.746.9
MEAN WET BULB1621.424.831.840.750.760.365.665.154.546.835.523.443.4
MEAN DEW POINT1616.318.225.634.444.955.461.761.650.641.330.218.638.2
NORMAL NO. DAYS WITH:
MAXIMUM 90300.00.00.0*0.12.14.12.30.60.00.00.09.2
MAXIMUM 323020.115.66.40.50.00.00.00.00.00.02.615.460.6
MINIMUM 323029.726.123.69.91.10.00.00.00.14.318.028.0140.8
MINIMUM 0307.63.50.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.13.314.7
H/CNORMAL HEATING DEG. DAYS301429117698361833882142712345681912597324
NORMAL COOLING DEG. DAYS300000168219716024000479
RHNORMAL (PERCENT)3072727168687072757572747672
HOUR 00 LST3075747574757780848378787878
HOUR 06 LST3076777878787982868782808080
HOUR 12 LST3068676460606061636362677264
HOUR 18 LST3071706863626263687170747568
SPERCENT POSSIBLE SUNSHINE5644475053606569665954393854
W/OMEAN NO. DAYS WITH:
HEAVY FOG(VISBY 1/4 MI)612.12.23.12.93.12.51.31.71.32.02.12.126.4
THUNDERSTORMS610.30.31.43.44.36.36.65.73.91.61.10.335.2
CLOUDINESSMEAN:
SUNRISE-SUNSET (OKTAS)
MIDNIGHT-MIDNIGHT (OKTAS)
MEAN NO. DAYS WITH:
CLEAR11.02.06.0
PARTLY CLOUDY11.01.01.0
CLOUDY11.03.010.0
PRMEAN STATION PRESSURE(IN)2829.2929.3229.2529.2229.2229.2129.2529.2929.3029.3029.2729.3129.27
MEAN SEA-LEVEL PRES. (IN)1630.0630.0930.0529.9629.9729.9429.9730.0230.0330.0530.0330.0930.02
WINDSMEAN SPEED (MPH)4912.412.212.512.711.510.29.79.510.311.312.212.111.4
PREVAIL. DIR (TENS OF DEGS)3329303003020324242121303030
MAXIMUM 2-MINUTE:
SPEED (MPH)644524148464736364143523852
DIR. (TENS OF DEGS)08272624303131230724232327
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE199919991999199719982001200120002001199619982001FEB 1999
MAXIMUM 5-SECOND:
SPEED (MPH)651705362616944484748684770
DIR. (TENS OF DEGS)08250124302829220725232325
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE199919991996199719982001199920002001200119982001FEB 1999
PRECIPITATIONNORMAL (IN)301.601.452.673.502.843.243.473.533.382.412.512.3332.93
MAXIMUM MONTHLY (IN)614.383.946.937.318.429.987.669.059.877.037.115.429.98
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE199919861976197320001997196419871941199119851987JUN 1997
MINIMUM MONTHLY (IN)610.310.050.310.810.500.700.950.460.020.150.620.290.02
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE198119691968194219881988194619481979195619491976SEP 1979
MAXIMUM IN 24 HOURS (IN)611.731.922.573.113.114.234.426.845.282.602.692.246.84
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE198520011960197619781997200019861941195919981982AUG 1986
NORMAL NO. DAYS WITH:
PRECIPITATION 0.013011.69.812.312.411.310.59.79.39.59.710.612.0128.7
PRECIPITATION 1.00300.20.20.40.80.60.81.00.80.90.40.30.46.8
SNOWFALLNORMAL (IN)3012.911.18.82.50.10.00.00.00.00.42.711.449.9
MAXIMUM MONTHLY (IN)6139.042.026.715.83.2TTTT6.316.149.549.5
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE199919741965197319901992199019891993198919772000DEC 2000
MAXIMUM IN 24 HOURS (IN)6113.816.711.211.63.2TTTT6.310.613.616.7
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE199019601961197319901992199019891993198919772000FEB 1960
MAXIMUM SNOW DEPTH (IN)5333292413200006113233
YEAR OF OCCURRENCE19791979196019731990198919772000JAN 1979
NORMAL NO. DAYS WITH:
SNOWFALL 1.0303.82.92.40.50.*0.00.00.00.00.10.73.313.7
PRECIPITATION (inches) 2001 MILWAUKEE, WI (MKE)
YEARJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECANNUAL
19720.750.862.572.762.333.334.604.827.573.281.342.4736.68
19731.121.512.867.313.391.961.550.954.502.971.833.8033.75
19743.613.104.293.834.103.483.512.540.501.961.862.1034.88
19752.252.533.014.082.013.991.143.891.000.722.831.7029.15
19761.162.656.935.013.772.272.122.051.702.820.650.2931.42
19770.900.594.562.090.905.785.993.824.112.022.563.2736.59
19782.030.551.084.414.664.525.983.436.812.222.132.9240.74
19793.000.974.175.431.822.841.064.850.021.772.672.2730.87
19801.651.750.774.021.814.673.395.063.571.631.573.5233.41
19810.312.880.514.873.052.394.354.265.472.712.051.0333.88
19822.920.293.204.472.763.063.883.330.643.174.744.1036.56
19830.752.234.124.665.831.411.344.702.792.654.102.8937.47
19840.791.202.175.044.214.073.392.932.515.303.744.2539.60
19851.942.344.111.932.731.272.182.233.445.397.112.6237.29
19860.913.941.851.832.744.516.158.827.262.240.891.0342.17
19871.221.221.744.263.762.234.209.052.221.092.735.4239.14
19883.251.291.304.120.500.701.533.254.942.975.151.4330.43
19890.860.693.031.332.861.896.165.193.252.671.900.4730.30
19902.571.902.752.677.564.973.024.681.892.653.542.6640.86
19911.550.384.063.704.252.134.342.274.347.033.361.9439.35
19921.091.542.612.410.603.135.643.504.131.455.402.4533.95
19932.630.983.196.641.566.394.224.203.910.441.980.7036.84
19942.203.521.212.350.673.082.514.911.680.783.311.1427.36
19952.140.251.763.863.411.462.805.831.244.643.420.5331.34
19961.660.520.762.992.895.471.611.241.823.000.631.5324.12
19971.592.470.632.161.959.983.593.952.911.111.111.3032.75
19983.602.193.184.182.482.821.785.982.172.472.910.8834.64
19994.380.981.356.143.746.965.581.694.160.940.701.2637.88
20001.201.661.123.648.423.427.125.177.040.842.332.4144.37
20011.113.480.673.454.684.132.705.414.764.291.190.8636.73
POR=55 YRS1.871.642.393.023.263.653.123.163.242.342.121.8031.61
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (F) 2001 MILWAUKEE, WI (MKE)
YEARJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECANNUAL
197215.919.827.739.455.061.669.369.161.347.536.220.243.6
197324.725.439.942.751.069.271.472.563.954.638.525.548.3
197421.622.933.846.150.662.471.567.358.049.938.629.146.0
197524.023.528.637.757.165.771.771.258.554.144.527.947.0
197618.531.138.648.752.668.272.669.962.645.929.516.346.2
19778.323.739.248.961.362.573.167.261.949.037.122.846.3
197815.416.429.842.555.265.268.669.965.849.538.223.845.0
197911.615.133.242.154.964.770.968.864.751.138.231.445.6
198020.720.330.545.357.261.371.269.761.145.737.724.445.4
198118.925.335.646.551.565.267.367.859.145.837.424.245.4
19829.719.431.541.258.559.871.167.360.852.738.033.245.3
198326.429.435.041.750.266.376.274.462.952.039.914.447.4
198418.933.429.245.554.968.771.773.360.952.937.729.148.0
198515.221.337.950.858.863.872.468.464.350.736.715.746.3
198621.923.338.148.556.163.372.567.163.851.635.129.247.5
198724.832.037.848.060.172.274.869.963.346.241.931.450.2
198818.320.134.845.758.770.275.475.763.545.840.726.648.0
198930.418.032.443.254.964.471.668.860.252.735.116.745.7
199031.128.938.849.352.867.670.571.266.051.544.526.949.9
199120.129.938.249.763.270.774.473.563.252.335.129.650.0
199227.931.935.442.956.763.067.767.461.649.837.328.247.5
199325.724.432.543.056.963.873.073.660.651.039.529.947.8
199414.821.635.848.157.070.273.770.167.555.943.734.549.4
199525.325.538.744.057.871.474.475.761.152.831.124.148.5
199620.724.029.842.452.065.268.772.463.852.333.127.146.0
199720.428.235.943.649.664.869.266.561.451.634.830.446.4
199826.934.635.945.859.966.772.472.567.054.043.032.050.9
199920.232.034.646.258.167.276.568.863.452.344.829.349.5
200023.632.241.944.358.065.968.270.762.254.736.916.647.9
200124.823.532.549.056.866.272.472.961.251.247.532.949.2
POR=55 YRS21.024.133.444.654.864.871.170.062.651.438.026.246.8

REFERENCE NOTES:

PAGE 1:

THE TEMPERATURE GRAPH SHOWS NORMAL MAXIMUM AND NORMAL MINIMUM DAILY TEMPERATURES (SOLID CURVES) AND THE ACTUAL DAILY HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURES (VERTICAL BARS).

PAGE 2 AND 3:

H/C INDICATES HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAYS.

RH INDICATES RELATIVE HUMIDITY

W/O INDICATES WEATHER AND OBSTRUCTIONS

S INDICATES SUNSHINE.

PR INDICATES PRESSURE.

CLOUDINESS ON PAGE 3 IS THE SUM OF THE CEILOMETER AND SATELLITE DATA NOT TO EXCEED EIGHT EIGHTHS (OKTAS).

GENERAL:

T INDICATES TRACE PRECIPITATION, AN AMOUNT GREATER THAN ZERO BUT LESS THAN THE LOWEST REPORTABLE VALUE.

+ INDICATES THE VALUE ALSO OCCURS ON EARLIER DATES.

BLANK ENTRIES DENOTE MISSING OR UNREPORTED DATA.

NORMALS ARE 30–YEAR AVERAGES (1961–1990).

ASOS INDICATES AUTOMATED SURFACE OBSERVING SYSTEM.

PM INDICATES THE LAST DAY OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH.

POR (PERIOD OF RECORD) BEGINS WITH THE JANUARY DATA MONTH AND IS THE NUMBER OF YEARS USED TO COMPUTE THE MEAN. INDIVIDUAL MONTHS WITHIN THE POR MAY BE MISSING.

WHEN THE POR FOR A NORMAL IS LESS THAN 30 YEARS, THE NORMAL IS PROVISIONAL AND IS BASED ON THE NUMBER OF YEARS INDICATED.

0.* OR * INDICATES THE VALUE OR MEAN–DAYS–WITH IS BETWEEN 0.00 AND 0.05.

CLOUDINESS FOR ASOS STATIONS DIFFERS FROM THE NON–ASOS OBSERVATION TAKEN BY A HUMAN OBSERVER. ASOS STATION CLOUDINESS IS BASED ON TIME–AVERAGED CEILOMETER DATA FOR CLOUDS AT OR BELOW 12,000 FEET AND ON SATELLITE DATA FOR CLOUDS ABOVE 12,000 FEET.

THE NUMBER OF DAYS WITH CLEAR, PARTLY CLOUDY, AND CLOUDY CONDITIONS FOR ASOS STATIONS IS THE SUM OF THE CEILOMETER AND SATELLITE DATA FOR THE SUNRISE TO SUNSET PERIOD.

GENERAL CONTINUED:

CLEAR INDICATES 0–2 OKTAS, PARTLY CLOUDY INDICATES 3–6 OKTAS, AND CLOUDY INDICATES 7 OR 8 OKTAS. WHEN AT LEAST ONE OF THE ELEMENTS (CEILOMETER OR SATELLITE) IS MISSING, THE DAILY CLOUDINESS IS NOT COMPUTED.

WIND DIRECTION IS RECORDED IN TENS OF DEGREES (2 DIGITS) CLOCKWISE FROM TRUE NORTH. "00" INDICATES CALM. "36" INDICATES TRUE NORTH.

RESULTANT WIND IS THE VECTOR AVERAGE OF THE SPEED AND DIRECTION.

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS THE SUM OF THE MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE DIVIDED BY 2.

SNOWFALL DATA COMPRISE ALL FORMS OF FROZEN PRECIPITATION, INCLUDING HAIL.

A HEATING (COOLING) DEGREE DAY IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE AND 65 F.

DRY BULB IS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AMBIENT AIR.

DEW POINT IS THE TEMPERATURE TO WHICH THE AIR MUST BE COOLED TO ACHIEVE 100 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

WET BULB IS THE TEMPERATURE THE AIR WOULD HAVE IF THE MOISTURE CONTENT WAS INCREASED TO 100 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

ON JULY 1, 1996, THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BEGAN USING THE "METAR" OBSERVATION CODE THAT WAS ALREADY EMPLOYED BY MOST OTHER NATIONS OF THE WORLD. THE MOST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE IN THIS ANNUAL PUBLICATION WILL BE THE CHANGE IN UNITS FROM TENTHS TO EIGHTS (OKTAS) FOR REPORTING THE AMOUNT OF SKY COVER.

HEATING DEGREE DAYS (base 65 F) 2001 MILWAUKEE, WI (MKE)
YEARJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNTOTAL
1972-73403213353485913811242110176965942667182
1973-741051113247881218134011739595604481067042
1974-750202374617861103126011571122814267697296
1975-7617420335361011441438978813507382436492
1976-7722112458910561504175411527904901731517806
1977-788471064858271302153113561086667335837833
1978-7921576473796127316541391980681322917763
1979-8020257043679710361368129010635942591547112
1980-8189140590812125014231106905548417697277
1981-82442118759082012571712127210327072151728029
1982-833441703818029831186990925692453816710
1983-84100148405748156514249101103579318357245
1984-8537179373812110315421215831461222966844
1985-862131394368431523132811618274943021287196
1986-8713349840789111061242917839502236196304
1987-88122891576686103714421294930571245556967
1988-8937875877201183106513071006649324857023
1989-90016166381890149310401004805502375516723
1990-912199341861211731385980822467201266207
1991-9201160394889109111419559146552781046582
1992-93273514547282511321211113210046542451046986
1993-9412158428757108015531211899502286556932
1994-950224928463393712221096807623230315934
1995-9610171379101312601365118010846724311027658
1996-971701033989501167137610268966354701007138
1997-982337129441899106911768478975712031006392
1998-99004733765310171380919936558239786164
1999-000911338859811001275945711616252846091
2000-012581513238361491123911551001481267997076
2001-160146420522992
COOLING DEGREE DAYS (base 65 F) 2001 MILWAUKEE, WI (MKE)
YEARJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECANNUAL
1972000034218016626000417
19730000014021624784600693
197400036362109832100386
197500003098230203162100598
197600024514424718162400667
197700012658126412220000564
197800004097138164109000548
197900001687209147681100538
19800009255020716429000484
1981000238412111216000338
19820000212419912151500421
19830000012736429992900891
198400011115221627063300716
1985000423568240127127000639
19860037318425110570000551
198700028724432318947010893
198800005721533334448000997
19890020167621414429400485
1990002385135198210132710728
1991000131502043002681147001056
19920000254911711950400364
1993000057325827735300651
19940005462182781871331000877
199500001623229733861800952
199600003711214023775700608
19970000010315889263100407
1998003051157235238114200800
199900003115136313671010753
2000001044116131188761000566
200100052014325225039200711
SNOWFALL (inches) 2001 MILWAUKEE, WI (MKE)
YEARJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNTOTAL
1972-730.00.00.0T3.413.70.29.91.815.8T0.044.8
1973-740.00.00.00.0T19.614.242.07.4T0.00.083.2
1974-750.00.00.0T2.09.13.512.215.110.40.00.052.3
1975-760.00.00.00.08.412.214.87.62.10.1T0.045.2
1976-770.00.00.04.03.65.315.65.612.42.10.00.048.6
1977-780.00.00.0T16.120.825.713.34.8T0.00.080.7
1978-790.00.00.00.05.327.933.69.16.20.80.00.082.9
1979-800.00.00.0T2.10.611.622.86.33.6T0.047.0
1980-810.00.00.0T2.317.54.915.71.5T0.00.041.9
1981-820.00.00.0T2.08.329.23.013.011.70.00.067.2
1982-830.00.00.0T0.43.16.313.513.81.00.00.038.1
1983-840.00.00.00.00.313.39.61.28.20.5T0.033.1
1984-850.00.00.00.0T19.020.815.39.02.50.00.066.6
1985-860.00.00.00.03.513.510.414.00.70.30.00.042.4
1986-870.00.00.0T2.42.511.4T5.20.40.00.021.9
1987-880.00.00.00.60.419.910.220.72.9T0.00.054.7
1988-890.00.00.0T2.77.12.713.113.30.40.60.039.9
1989-90TT0.06.311.67.419.917.90.21.23.20.067.7
1990-91T0.00.00.00.410.515.22.41.10.40.00.030.0
1991-920.00.0TT4.814.74.35.311.10.80.0T41.0
1992-930.00.00.01.20.48.412.211.612.73.4T0.049.9
1993-940.00.0TT8.01.227.038.73.93.1T0.081.9
1994-950.00.00.00.00.210.415.22.17.60.20.00.035.7
1995-960.00.00.0T14.96.222.70.62.94.20.00.051.5
1996-970.00.00.00.01.89.223.610.70.55.40.0T51.2
1997-980.0T0.0T1.110.623.70.53.7T0.00.039.6
1998-990.00.00.00.00.33.439.04.413.60.00.0T60.7
1999-000.00.00.00.00.02.315.212.11.07.0T0.037.6
2000-010.00.00.00.22.849.51.34.20.80.5T0.059.3
2001-0.00.00.0T0.02.6
POR=55 YRSTTT0.22.910.713.59.48.01.90.1T46.7

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