Georgia

views updated May 18 2018

Georgia

■ ABRAHAM BALDWIN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE L-6

2802 Moore Hwy.
Tifton, GA 31793
Tel: (229)386-3236
Free: 800-733-3653
Admissions: (229)391-5001
Fax: (229)386-7006
E-mail: esaxon@abac.edu
Web Site: http://www.abac.edu/

Description:

State-supported, 2-year, coed. Part of University System of Georgia. Awards certificates, transfer associate, and terminal associate degrees. Founded 1933. Setting: 390-acre small town campus. Endowment: $4.3 million. Educational spending for 2005 fiscal year: $1968 per student. Total enrollment: 3,423. Student-undergrad faculty ratio is 22:1. 2,114 applied, 60% were admitted. Full-time: 2,237 students, 51% women, 49% men. Part-time: 1,186 students, 71% women, 29% men. Students come from 10 states and territories, 0.1% Native American, 3% Hispanic, 17% black, 1% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 1% international, 29% 25 or older, 28% live on campus. Core. Calendar: semesters. Academic remediation for entering students, ESL program, services for LD students, advanced placement, honors program, summer session for credit, part-time degree program, adult/continuing education programs, internships. Off campus study at Ben Hill Irwin Technical Institute, Moultrie Technical Institute.

Entrance Requirements:

Open admission. Options: Common Application, early admission, deferred admission. Required: high school transcript, minimum 2.0 high school GPA, college prep curriculum. Required for some: minimum 2.2 high school GPA. Entrance: noncompetitive. Application deadline: 9/24.

Options: Common Application, electronic application. Required: high school transcript. Entrance: minimally difficult. Application deadline: 7/15. Notification: continuous until 8/12.

Options: Peterson's Universal Application, Common Application, early admission. Required: high school transcript, minimum 2.0 high school GPA, SAT or ACT. Recommended: interview. Entrance: minimally difficult. Application deadline: Rolling. Notification: continuous.

Costs Per Year:

Application fee: $25. Comprehensive fee: $17,504 includes full-time tuition ($11,584), mandatory fees ($1100), and college room and board ($4820). College room only: $2150. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Part-time tuition: $362 per credit hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $275 per term.

Collegiate Environment:

Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group, student-run newspaper. Social organizations: 26 open to all; local fraternities, local sororities; 5% of eligible men and 7% of eligible women are members. Most popular organizations: Council of Intramural Activities, Student Activities Council, Rotaract, Circle K, Baptist Student Union. Major annual events: Homecoming Weekend, Fall Festival, Black History Month. Student services: health clinic, personal-psychological counseling. Campus security: 24-hour emergency response devices and patrols, controlled dormitory access. 450 college housing spaces available; 385 were occupied in 2003-04. Freshmen guaranteed college housing. On-campus residence required through junior year. Options: men-only, women-only housing available. Fountain-New Library with 74,331 books, 3,098 microform titles, 393 serials, 5,510 audiovisual materials, an OPAC, and a Web page. Operations spending for 2004 fiscal year: $510,729. 87 computers available on campus for general student use. A campuswide network can be accessed from student residence rooms. Staffed computer lab on campus.

Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group, student-run newspaper, radio station. Social organizations: 220 open to all; national fraternities, national sororities; 31% of eligible men and 33% of eligible women are members. Most popular organizations: Volunteer Emory, music/theater, student government, Outdoor Emory. Major annual events: Heritage/Homecoming Week, Halloween Ball, Dooley's Spring Fest. Student services: legal services, health clinic, personal-psychological counseling, women's center. Campus security: 24-hour emergency response devices and patrols, student patrols, late night transport-escort service. 4,014 college housing spaces available. Freshmen guaranteed college housing. On-campus residence required through sophomore year. Option: coed housing available. Robert W. Woodruff Library plus 7 others with 2.5 million books, 3.6 million microform titles, 51,500 serials, an OPAC, and a Web page. Operations spending for 2004 fiscal year: $29 million. 600 computers available on campus for general student use. Computer purchase/lease plans available. A campuswide network can be accessed from student residence rooms and from off campus. Staffed computer lab on campus.

Community Environment:

Emory is located in a residential area of Atlanta, 6 miles from downtown. Atlanta, capital of Georgia, is the commercial, industrial and financial giant of the southeast. It is located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Atlanta was host to the 1996 Olympic Games. Atlanta's moderate climate permits year-round golf, fishing and outdoor living. All major forms of public transportation are available. Peachtree Street is experiencing one of the biggest building booms in the country. Peachtree Center includes the Atlanta Merchandise Mart, and the 22-story regency Hyatt Hotel. Bridges 22 stories above the street connect buildings on the Peachtree Center. The city is the cultural center of the South with a symphony, art center, and theaters. Atlanta is a major business and manufacturing center that produces more that 3,500 different commodities. Excellent part-time employment opportunities are available. Recreational activities include all major sports, swimming, golfing, boating, horseback riding, tennis, and fishing. Many spectator sports events take place in the Atlanta Stadium.

■ EMORY UNIVERSITY, OXFORD COLLEGE E-5

State-supported, 2-year, coed. Awards certificates, diplomas, and terminal associate degrees. Founded 1989. Total enrollment: 1,903. Full-time: 790 students, 55% women, 45% men. Part-time: 1,113 students, 63% women, 37% men. 0.5% Native American, 2% Hispanic, 15% black, 1% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 0% international. Academic remediation for entering students, services for LD students, advanced placement, distance learning, internships.

Entrance Requirements:

Open admission. Option: deferred admission. Required: high school transcript, ACT COMPASS or ASSET. Entrance: noncompetitive.

Costs Per Year:

Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time.

Collegiate Environment:

College housing not available.

Application fee: $0. Comprehensive fee: $20,500 includes full-time tuition ($15,500) and college room and board ($5000). College room only: $2600. Full-time tuition varies according to course load and program. Room and board charges vary according to housing facility. Part-time tuition: $646 per semester hour. Part-time tuition varies according to course load and program.

Collegiate Environment:

Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group, student-run newspaper, radio station. Social organizations: 25 open to all. Most popular organizations: student government, Student Georgia Association of Educators, Students In Free Enterprise, Psychology Club, Alternatives. Major annual events: Homecoming, Welcome Back Blowout, Spring Formal. Student services: personal-psychological counseling. Campus security: 24-hour emergency response devices and patrols, late night transport-escort service. 410 college housing spaces available; 408 were occupied in 2003-04. Freshmen guaranteed college housing. On-campus residence required through junior year. Options: coed, men-only, women-only housing available. Arrendale Library with 118,750 books, 48,462 microform titles, 366 serials, 1,064 audiovisual materials, an OPAC, and a Web page. Operations spending for 2004 fiscal year: $245,000. 150 computers available on campus for general student use. A campuswide network can be accessed from student residence rooms and from off campus. Staffed computer lab on campus.

Community Environment:

Demorest, located in Habersham County in the northeastern corner of Georgia, is in the foothills of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains. The climate is considered unusually healthful. Buses serve the area with rail service in Toccoa, eighteen miles away and Hartfield International Airport in Atlanta, 75 miles southwest by major highway.

2001 South Georgia Parkway Waycross, GA 31503-9248
Tel: (912)285-6133
Fax: (912)287-4909
E-mail: jporter@mail.way.peachnet.edu
Web Site: http://www.waycross.edu/

Description:

State-supported, 2-year, coed. Part of University System of Georgia. Awards certificates, transfer associate, and terminal associate degrees. Founded 1976. Setting: 150-acre small town campus. Endowment: $85,583. Total enrollment: 1,026. 231 applied, 100% were admitted. 14% from top 10% of their high school class, 43% from top quarter, 71% from top half. Full-time: 326 students, 68% women, 32% men. Part-time: 700 students, 68% women, 32% men. Students come from 9 states and territories, 1 other country, 1% from out-of-state, 0.2% Native American, 1% Hispanic, 20% black, 1% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 0.2% international, 43% 25 or older. Core. Calendar: semesters. Academic remediation for entering students, services for LD students, advanced placement, summer session for credit, part-time degree program, adult/continuing education programs. Off campus study at South Georgia College, Valdosta State University, Albany State College, Okefenokee Technical Institute, Altamaha Technical Institute. Study abroad program.

Entrance Requirements:

Options: electronic application, early admission, deferred admission. Required: high school transcript, SAT or ACT. Entrance: noncompetitive. Application deadline: Rolling. Notification: continuous.

Collegiate Environment:

Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group, student-run newspaper. Social organizations: 9 open to all. Most popular organizations: Black Student Alliance, Georgia Association of Nursing Students, Baptist Student Union, Sigma Club, Student Government Association. Major annual events: Spring Fest, Breakfast with Santa. Student services: personal-psychological counseling. Campus security: late night transport-escort service, security guards. College housing not available. Waycross College Library with 32,461 books, 2 microform titles, and 251 serials. 56 computers available on campus for general student use. Staffed computer lab on campus.

Application fee: $30. Comprehensive fee: $19,510 includes full-time tuition ($14,730) and college room and board ($4780). College room only: $1970. Part-time tuition: $500 per hour.

Collegiate Environment:

Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group, student-run newspaper. Social organizations: 36 open to all; local fraternities, local sororities; 30% of eligible men and 35% of eligible women are members. Most popular organizations: Wesley Fellowship, BSU, Quantrek (outdoor club), intramurals. Major annual events: Spring Formal, The Big Project, Springfest. Student services: health clinic, personal-psychological counseling. Campus security: 24-hour emergency response devices and patrols. 534 college housing spaces available; 85 were occupied in 2003-04. On-campus residence required through sophomore year. Options: coed, men-only, women-only housing available. J. Lon Duckworth Library with 55,201 books, 21,352 microform titles, 260 serials, 1,850 audiovisual materials, an OPAC, and a Web page. Operations spending for 2004 fiscal year: $463,874. 85 computers available on campus for general student use. A campuswide network can be accessed from student residence rooms and from off campus. Staffed computer lab on campus.

Community Environment:

Young Harris is situated in the Blue Ridge Mountains of northeast Georgia where the climate is moderate. Atlanta, Asheville, Chattanooga, and Greenville, South Carolina, are all within one hundred miles. Various religious denominations, a Lions Club, a clinic, and two hospitals serve the community. As part of a resort area the recreational activities include fishing, boating, hiking, horseback riding, picnicking, swimming, tennis, and golf. The county fair is an annual event.

College Blue Book

Georgia

views updated May 23 2018

Georgia

State of Georgia

ORIGIN OF STATE NAME: Named for King George II of England in 1732.

NICKNAME: The Empire State of the South; the Peach State.

CAPITAL: Atlanta.

ENTERED UNION: 2 January 1788 (4th).

SONG: "Georgia on My Mind."

MOTTO: Wisdom, Justice and Moderation.

COAT OF ARMS: Three columns support an arch inscribed with the word "Constitution;" intertwined among the columns is a banner bearing the state motto. Right of center stands a soldier with a drawn sword, representing the aid of the military in defending the Constitution. Surrounding the whole are the words "State of Georgia 1776."

FLAG: The Georgia flag has two red stripes and one white stripe. The state coat of arms is on a blue field in the upper left corner. Flag adopted 8 May 2003.

OFFICIAL SEAL: obverse: same as the coat of arms. reverse: a sailing vessel and a smaller boat are offshore; on land, a man and horse plow a field, and sheep graze in the background. The scene is surrounded by the words "Agriculture and Commerce 1776."

BIRD: Brown thrasher.

FISH: Largemouth bass.

FLOWER: Cherokee rose; azalea (wildflower).

TREE: Live oak.

GEM: Quartz.

LEGAL HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1 January; Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr., 3rd Monday in January; Confederate Memorial Day, 26 April; National Memorial Day, last Monday in May; Independence Day, 4 July; Labor Day, 1st Monday in September; Columbus Day, 2nd Monday in October; Veterans' Day, 11 November; Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thursday in November; Robert E. Lee's Birthday, 19 January (observed the day after Thanksgiving); Christmas Day, 25 December.

TIME: 7 AM EST = noon GMT.

LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT

Located in the southeastern United States, Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River, and ranks 21st in size among the 50 states.

The total area of Georgia is 58,910 sq mi (152,576 sq km), of which land comprises 58,056 sq mi (150,365 sq km) and inland water 854 sq mi (2,211 sq km). Georgia extends 254 mi (409 km) e-w; the maximum n-s extension is 320 mi (515 km) e-w.

Georgia is bordered on the n by Tennessee and North Carolina; on the e by South Carolina (with the line formed by the Chattooga, Tugaloo, and Savannah rivers) and by the Atlantic Ocean; on the s by Florida (with the line in the se defined by the St. Mary's River); and on the w by Alabama (separated in the sw by the Chattahoochee River). The state's geographic center is located in Twiggs County, 18 mi (29 km) sw of Macon.

The Sea Islands extend the length of the Georgia coast. The state's total boundary length is 1,039 mi (1,672 km).

TOPOGRAPHY

Northern Georgia is mountainous, the central region is characterized by the rolling hills of the Piedmont Plateau, and southern Georgia is a nearly flat coastal plain.

The Blue Ridge Mountains tumble to an end in northern Georgia, where Brasstown Bald, at 4,784 ft (1,459 m), is the highest point in the state. The piedmont slopes slowly to the fall line, descending from about 2,000 ft (610 m) to 300 ft (90 m) above sea level. Stone Mountain, where a Confederate memorial is carved into a mass of solid granite 1,686 ft (514 m) high, is the region's most famous landmark. The mean elevation in the state is approximately 600 ft (183 m).

The piedmont region ends in a ridge of sand hills running across the state from Augusta to Columbus. The residue of an ancient ocean was caught in the vast shallow basin on the Florida border, known as the Okefenokee Swamp, which filled with fresh water over the centuries. The coastal plain, thinly populated except for towns at the mouths of inland rivers, ends in marshlands along the Atlantic Ocean. Sea level at the Atlantic Ocean is the lowest point of the state. Lying offshore are the Sea Islands, called the Golden Isles of Georgia, the most important of which are, from north to south, Tybee, Ossabaw, St. Catherines, Sapelo, St. Simons, Sea Island, Jekyll, and Cumberland.

Two great rivers rise in the northeast: the Savannah, which forms part of the border with South Carolina, and the Chattahoochee, which flows across the state to become the western boundary. The Flint joins the Chattahoochee at the southwestern corner of Georgia to form the Apalachicola, which flows through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. The two largest rivers of central Georgia, the Ocmulgee and Oconee, flow together to form the Altamaha, which then flows eastward to the Atlantic. Perhaps the best-known Georgia river, though smaller than any of the above, is the Suwannee, flowing southwest through the Okefenokee Swamp, across Florida and into the Gulf of Mexico, and famous for its evocation in the song "Old Folks at Home" by Stephen Foster. Huge lakes created by dams on the Savannah River are Clark Hill Reservoir and Hart-well Lake; artificial lakes on the Chattahoochee River include Lake Seminole, Walter F. George Reservoir, Lake Harding, West Point Reservoir, and Lake Sidney Lanier.

CLIMATE

The Chattahoochee River divides Georgia into separate climatic regions. The mountain region to the northwest is colder than the rest of Georgia, averaging 39°f (4°c) in January and 78°f (26°c) in July. The state experiences mild winters, ranging from a January average of 44°f (7°c) in the piedmont to 54°f (12°c) on the coast. Summers are hot in the piedmont and on the coast, with July temperatures averaging 80°f (27°c) or above. The record high is 113°f (45°c) at Greenville on 27 May 1978; the record low is −17°f (−27°c), registered in Floyd County on 27 January 1940.

Humidity is high, ranging from 82% in the morning to 56% in the afternoon in Atlanta. Rainfall varies considerably from year to year but averages 50 in (127 cm) annually in the lowlands, increasing to 75 in (191 cm) in the mountains; snow falls occasionally in the interior. Tornadoes are an annual threat in mountain areas, and Georgia beaches are exposed to hurricane tides.

The growing season is approximately 185 days in the mountains and a generous 300 days in southern Georgia.

FLORA AND FAUNA

Georgia has some 250 species of trees, 90% of which are of commercial importance. White and scrub pines, chestnut, northern red oak, and buckeye cover the mountain zone, while loblolly and shortleaf (yellow) pines and whiteback maple are found throughout the piedmont. Pecan trees grow densely in southern Georgia, and white oak and cypress are plentiful in the eastern part of the state. Trees found throughout the state include red cedar, scaly-bark and white hickories, red maple, sycamore, yellow poplar, sassafras, sweet and black gums, and various dogwoods and magnolias. Common flowering shrubs include yellow jasmine, flowering quince, and mountain laurel. Spanish moss grows abundantly on the coast and around the streams and swamps of the entire coastal plain. Kudzu vines, originally from Asia, are ubiquitous.

Prominent among Georgia fauna is the white-tailed (Virginia) deer, found in some 50 counties. Other common mammals are the black bear, muskrat, raccoon opossum, mink, common cottontail, and three species of squirrel—fox, gray, and flying. No fewer than 160 bird species breed in Georgia, among them the mockingbird, brown thrasher (the state bird), and numerous sparrows; the Okefenokee Swamp is home to the sandhill piper, snowy egret, and white ibis. The bobwhite quail is the most popular game bird. There are 79 species of reptile, including such poisonous snakes as the rattler, copperhead, and cottonmouth moccasin. The state's 63 amphibian species consist mainly of various salamanders, frogs, and toads. The most popular freshwater game fish are trout, bream, bass, and catfish, all but the last of which are produced in state hatcheries for restocking. Dolphins, porpoises, shrimp, oysters, and blue crabs are found of the Georgia coast.

The Okefenokee Swamp (which extends into Georgia) supports 233 bird species, 48 mammal species, 66 reptile species, 37 amphibian species, and 36 fish species. One of the largest US populations of the American alligator can be found there as well.

The state lists 58 protected plants, of which 23—including hairy rattleweed, Alabama leather flower, smooth coneflower, two species of quillwort, pondberry, Canby's dropwort, harperella, fringed campion, and two species of trillium—are endangered. In April 2006, a total of 60 species occurring within the state were on the threatened and endangered species list of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. These included 38 animal (vertebrates and invertebrates) and 22 plant species, such as the bald eagle, eastern indigo snake, West Indian manatee, four species of moccasinshell, five species of turtle, wood stork, three species of whale, red-cockaded woodpecker, and shortnose sturgeon.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

In the early 1970s, environmentalists pointed to the fact that the Savannah River had been polluted by industrial waste and that an estimated 58% of Georgia's citizens lived in districts lacking adequate sewage treatment facilities. In 1972, at the prodding of Governor Jimmy Carter, the General Assembly created the Environmental Protection Division (EPD) within the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). This agency administers 21 state environmental laws, most of them passed during the 1970s: the Water Quality Control Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Groundwater Use Act, the Surface Water Allocation Act, the Air Quality Act, the Safe Dams Act, the Asbestos Safety Act, the Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Act, the Hazardous Site Response Act, the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Act, the Scrap Tire Amendment, the Underground Storage Tank Act, the Hazardous Waste Management Act, the Sedimentation and Erosion Control Act, the River Basin Management Plans, the Water Well Standards Act, the Oil and Hazardous Materials Spill Act, the Georgia Environmental Policy Act, the Surface Mining Act, and the Oil and Gas and the Deep Drilling Act. The EPD issues all environmental permits, with the exception of those required by the Marshlands Protection and Shore Assistance Acts, which are enforced by the Coastal Resources Division of the DNR.

As of 1997, the state had 7.7 million acres of wetlands. The Okefenokee Swamp (which extends into Florida) was designated in 1986; it is the second largest wetland in the nation. The site is federally owned and managed, in part, under the Okefenokee Wilderness Act of 1974.

Georgia's greatest environmental problems are an increasingly scarce water supply, nonpoint source water pollution, and hazardous waste sites. In 2003, the US US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) (EPA) database listed 408 hazardous waste sites in Georgia, 15 of which were on the National Priorities List as of 2006, including the Robins Air Force Base landfill in Houston County and the Marine Corps Logistics Base in Albany. In 2005, the EPA spent over $9.6 million through the Superfund program for the cleanup of hazardous waste sites in the state. In 2003, 126.7 million lb of toxic chemicals were released in the state. In 2005, federal EPA grants awarded to the state included over $13 million to be offered as loans for water quality and protection projects.

POPULATION

Georgia ranked ninth in population in the United States with an estimated total of 9,072,576 in 2005, an increase of 10.8% since 2000. Between 1990 and 2000, Georgia's population grew from 6,478,453 to 8,186,453, an increase of 26.4% and the fourth-largest population gain among the 50 states for this period. The popu-

Georgia—Counties, County Seats, and Country Areas and Populations
COUNTY	COUNTY SEAT	LAND AREA (SQ MI)	POPULATION (2005 EST.)	COUNTY	COUNTY SEAT	LAND AREA (SQ MI)	POPULATION (2005 EST.)
Appling	Baxley	510	17,954	Hall	Gainesville	379	165,771
Atkinson	Pearson	344	8,030	Hancock	Sparta	469	9,643
Bacon	Alma	286	10,379	Haralson	Buchanan	283	28,338
Baker	Newton	347	4,154	Harris	Hamilton	464	27,779
Baldwin	Milledgeville	258	45,230	Hart	Hartwell	230	24,036
Banks	Homer	234	16,055	Heard	Franklin	292	11,346
Barrow	Winder	163	59,954	Henry	McDonough	321	167,848
Bartow	Cartersyille	456	89,229	Houston	Perry	380	126,163
Ben Hifl	Fitzerald	254	17,316	Irwin	Ocilla	362	10,093
Berrien	Nashville	456	16,708	Jackson	Jefferson	342	52,292
Bibb	Macon	253	154,918	Jasper	Monticello	371	13,147
Bleckley	Cochran	219	12,141	Jeff Davis	Hazlehurst	335	13,083
Brantley	Nahunta	444	15,491	Jefferson	Louisville	529	16,926
Brooks	Quitman	491	16,327	Jenkins	Millen	353	8,729
Bryan	Pembroke	441	28,549	Johnson	Wrightsville	307	9,538
Bulloch	Statesboro	678	61,454	Jones	Gray	394	26,836
Burke	Waynesboro	833	23,299	Lamar	Barnesville	186	16,378
Butts	Jackson	187	21,045	Lanier	Lakeland	194	7,553
Calhoun	Morgan	284	5,972	Laurens	Dublin	816	46,896
Camden	Woodbine	649	45,759	Lee	Leesburg	358	31,099
Candler	Metter	248	10,321	Liberty	Hinesville	517	57,544
Carroll	Carrollton	502	105,453	Lincoln	Lincolnton	196	8,207
Catoosa	Ringgold	163	60,813	Long	Ludowici	402	11,083
Charlton	Folkston	780	10,790	Lowndes	Valdosta	507	96,705
Chatham	Savannah	444	238,410	Lumpkin	Dahlonega	287	24,324
Chattahoochee	Cusseta	250	14,679	Macon	Oglethorpe	404	13,745
Chattooga	Summerville	314	26,570	Madison	Danielsville	285	27,289
Cherokee	Canton	424	184,211	Marion	Buena Vista	366	7,244
Clarke	Athens	122	104,439	McDuffie	Thomson	256	21,743
Clay	Ft. Gaines	197	3,242	McIntosh	Darien	425	11,068
Clayton	Jonesboro	148	267,966	Meriwether	Greenville	506	22,919
Clinch	Homerville	821	6,996	Miller	Colquitt	284	6,228
Cobb	Marietta	343	663,818	Mitchell	Camilla	512	23,791
Coffee	Douglas	602	39,674	Monroe	Forsyth	397	23,785
Colquitt	Moultrie	556	43,915	Montgomery	Mt. Vernon	244	8,909
Columbia	Appling	290	103,812	Morgan	Madison	349	17,492
Cook	Adel	232	16,366	Murray	Chatsworth	345	40,812
Coweta	Newman	444	109,903	Muscogee	Columbus	218	185,271
Crawford	Knoxville	328	12.874	Newton	Covington	277	86,713
Crisp	Cordele	275	22,017	Oconee	Watkinsville	186	29,748
Dade	Trenton	176	16,040	Oglethorpe	Lexington	442	13,609
Dawson	Dawsonville	210	19,731	Paulding	Dallas	312	112,411
Decatur	Bainbridge	586	28,618	Peach	Ft. Valley	151	24,794
DeKalb	Decatur	270	677,959	Pickens	Jasper	232	28,442
Dodge	Eastman	504	19,574	Pierce	Blackshear	344	17,119
Dooly	Vienna	397	11,749	Pike	Zebulon	219	16,128
Dougherty	Albany	330	94,882	Polk	Cedartown	312	40,479
Douglas	Douglasville	203	112,760	Pulaski	Hawkinsville	249	9,737
Early	Blakely	516	12,056	Putnam	Eatonton	344	19,829
Echols	Statenville	420	4,253	Quitman	Georgetown	146	2,467
Effingham	Springfield	482	46,924	Rabun	Clayton	370	16,087
Elbert	Elberton	367	20,799	Randolph	Cuthbert	431	7,310
Emanuel	Swainsboro	688	22,108	Richmond	Augusta	326	195,769
Evans	Claxton	186	11,443	Rockdale	Conyers	132	78,545
Fannin	Blue Ridge	384	21,887	Schley	Ellaville	169	4,122
Fayette	Fayetteville	199	104,248	Screven	Sylvania	655	15,430
Floyd	Rome	519	94,198	Seminole	Donalsonville	225	9,226
Forsyth	Cumming	226	140,393	Spalding	Griffin	199	61,289
Franklin	Carnesville	264	21,590	Stephens	Toccoa	177	25,060
Fulton	Atlanta*	534	915,623	Stewart	Lumpkin	452	4,882
Gilmer	Ellijay	427	27,335	Sumter	Americus	448	32,912
Glascock	Gibson	144	2,705	Talbot	Talbotton	395	6,709
Glynn	Brunswick	412	71,874	Taliaferro	Crawfordville	196	1,826
Gordon	Calhoun	355	50,279	Tattnall	Reidsville	484	23,211
Grady	Cairo	459	24,466	Taylor	Butler	382	8,887
Greene	Greensboro	390	15,693	Telfair	MacRae	444	13,205
Gwinnett	Lawrenceville	435	726,273	Terrell	Dawson	337	10,711
Habersham	Clarkesville	278	39,603	Thomas	Thomasville	551	44,692

Georgia—Counties, County Seats, and Country Areas and Populations (cont.)
COUNTY	COUNTY SEAT	LAND AREA (SQ MI)	POPULATION (2005 EST.)	COUNTY	COUNTY SEAT	LAND AREA (SQ MI)	POPULATION (2005 EST.)
Tift	Tifton	268	40,793	Warren	Warrenton	286	6,101
Toombs	Lyons	371	27,274	Washington	Sandersville	683	20,118
Towns	Hiawassee	165	10,315	Wayne	Jesup	647	28,390
Treutlen	Soperton	202	6,753	Webster	Perston	210	2,289
Troup	La Grange	415	62,015	Wheeler	Alamo	299	6,706
Turner	Ashburn	289	9,474	White	Cleveland	242	24,055
Twiggs	Jeffersonville	362	10,299	Whitfield	Dalton	291	90,889
Union	Blairsville	320	19,782	Wilcox	Abbeville	382	8,721
Upson	Thomaston	326	27,679	Wilkes	Washington	470	10,457
Walker	La Fayette	446	63,890	Wilkinson	Irwinton	451	10,143
Walton	Monroe	330	75,647	Worth	Sylvester	575	21,996
Ware	Waycross	970	34,492	TOTALS		58,123	9,072,576

lation is projected to reach 10.2 million by 2015 and 11.4 million by 2025. The population density was 153.4 per sq mi in 2004.

During the first half of the 18th century, restrictive government policies discouraged settlement. In 1752, when Georgia became a royal colony, the population numbered only 3,500, of whom 500 were blacks. Growth was rapid thereafter, and by 1773, there were 33,000 people, almost half of them black. The American Revolution brought free land and an influx of settlers, so that by 1800 the population had swelled to 162,686. Georgia passed the 1 million mark by 1860, the 2 million mark by 1900, and by 1960, the population had doubled again. Georgia's population increased 19% between 1980 and 1990.

In 2004, the median age was 34. Over 26.4% of the population was under the age of 18, while 9.6% was age 65 or older.

There has always been a strained relationship between rural and urban Georgians, and the state's political system long favored the rural population. Since before the American Revolution, the city people have called country folk "crackers," a term that implies a lack of good manners and may derive from the fact that these pioneers drove their cattle before them with whips.

The state's three largest cities in 2004 were Atlanta, with an estimated population of 419,122; Columbus, 182,850; and Savannah, 129,808. The Atlanta metropolitan area had an estimated population of 4,708,297.

ETHNIC GROUPS

Georgia has been fundamentally a white/black state, with minimal ethnic diversity. Most Georgians are of English or Scotch-Irish descent. The number of Georgians who were foreign born rose dramatically between 1990 and 2000, from 173,126 (or 2.6% of the population) to 577,273 (7.1%). The 1990 figure was, in turn, a considerable increase over the 1980 total of 91,480 foreign-born Georgians and the 1970 figure of 33,000.

Between 1970 and 2000, the number of Georgians from Asia or the Pacific Islands increased from 8,838 in 1970 to 24,461 in 1980, to 76,000 in 1990, and to an estimated 177,416 in 2000 (173,170 Asians and 4,246 Pacific Islanders). In 2000, Asian Indians were the largest group, with a population of 46,132, followed by Vietnamese (29,016, up from 6,284 in 1990), Koreans (28,745), and Chinese (27,446). In 2004, 2.6% of the population was Asian and 0.1% was Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.

Georgia's black population declined from a high of 47% of the total population in 1880 to about 26% in 1970, when there were 1,187,149 blacks. Black citizens accounted for 27% of the total population and numbered 1,747,000 in 1990. In 2000, the black population was estimated at 2,349,542, or 28.7% of the state total, the third-largest black population among the 50 states. By 2004, 29.6% of the population was black. Atlanta, which had 255,689 black residents (61.4%) in 2000, has been a significant center for the development of black leadership, especially at Atlanta University. With its long-established black elite, Atlanta has also been a locus for large black-owned business enterprises. There are elected and appointed blacks in the state government, and in 1973, Atlanta elected its first black mayor, Maynard Jackson. By 1984, there were 13 black mayors, including Andrew J. Young of Atlanta.

The American Indian population in Georgia was estimated to be 21,737 in 2000. The great Cherokee Nation and other related tribes had been effectively removed from the state 150 years earlier. In 2004, 0.3% of the population was American Indian. About 5.3% of the population (435,227 people) was of Hispanic or Latino origin as of 2000. That figure had increased to 6.8% by 2004. In 2004, 1% of the population reported origin of two or more races.

LANGUAGES

The first Europeans entering what is now Georgia found it occupied almost entirely by Creek Indians of the Muskogean branch of Hokan-Siouan stock. Removed by treaty to Indian Territory after their uprising in 1813, the Creek left behind only such places-names as Chattahoochee, Chattooga, and Okefenokee. Except for the South Midland speech of the extreme northern up-country, Georgia English is typically Southern. Loss of the /r/ after a vowel in the same syllable is common. The diphthong /ai/ as in right is so simplified that Northern speakers hear the word as rat. Can't rhymes with paint, and borrow, forest, foreign, and orange all have the /ah/ vowel as in father. However, a highly unusual variety of regional differences, most of them in long vowels and diphthongs, makes a strong contrast between northern up-country and southern low-country speech. In such words as care and stairs, for example, many up-country speakers have a vowel like that in cat, while many low-country speakers have a vowel like that in pane.

In general, northern Georgia snake doctor contrasts with southern Georgia mosquito hawk (dragonfly), goobers with pinders (peanuts), French harp with harmonica, plum peach with press peach (both clingstone peaches), nicker with whicker for a horse's neigh, and sallet with salad. In Atlanta a big sandwich is a poorboy; in Savannah, a peach pit is a kernel.

A distinctive variety of black English, called Gullah, is spoken in the islands off the Georgia and South Carolina coast, to which Creole-speaking slaves escaped from the mainland during the 17th and 18th centuries. Characteristic grammatical features include a lack of inflection in the personal pronoun, the invariant form of the be verb, and the absence of the final s in the third person singular of the present tense. Many of the private personal names stem directly from West African languages.

In 2000, 6,843,038 Georgians—90.1% of the population five years old and older—spoke only English at home, down from 95.2% in 1990.

The following table gives selected statistics from the 2000 Census for language spoken at home by persons five years old and over. The category "African languages" includes Amharic, Ibo, Twi, Yoruba, Bantu, Swahili, and Somali. The category "Other Indic languages" includes Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi, and Romany. The category "Other Asian languages" includes Dravidian languages, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, and Turkish.

LANGUAGE	NUMBER	PERCENT
Population 5 years an over	7,594,476	100.0
Speak only English	6,843,038	90.1
Speak a language other than English	751,438	9.9
Speak a language other than English	751,438	9.9
Spanish or Spanish Creole	426,115	5.6
French (incl. Patois, Cajun)	43,428	0.6
German	32,777	0.4
Vietnamese	27,671	0.4
Korean	25,814	0.3
African languages	24,752	0.3
Chinese	23,812	0.3
Gujarathi	11,133	0.1
Other Indic languages	9,473	0.1
Other Asian languages	8,673	0.1
Aabric	8,557	0.1
Japanese	8,257	0.1
Hindi	7,596	0.1
Tagalog	7,308	0.1
Russian	7,175	0.1
Urdu	7,109	0.1

RELIGIONS

The Church of England was the established church in colonial Georgia. During this period, European Protestants were encouraged to immigrate and German Lutherans and Moravians took advantage of the opportunity. Roman Catholics were barred and Jews were not welcomed, but persons of both denominations came anyway. In the mid-18th century, George Whitefield, called the Great Itinerant, helped touch off the Great Awakening, the religious revival out of which came the Methodist and Baptist denominations. Daniel Marshall, the first "separate" Baptist in Georgia, established a church near Kiokee Creek in 1772. Some 16 years later, James Asbury formed the first Methodist Conference in Georgia.

The American Revolution resulted in the lessening of the authority of Anglicanism and a great increase in the number of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. During the 19th century, fundamentalist sects were especially strong among blacks. Roman Catholics from Maryland, Ireland, and Hispaniola formed a numerically small but important element in the cities, and Jewish citizens were active in the leadership of Savannah and Augusta. Catholics and Jews enjoyed general acceptance from the early 1800s until the first two decades of the 20th century, when they became the targets of political demagogues, notably Thomas E. Watson.

In 2000, most of the religious adherents in the state were Evangelical Protestants with the Southern Baptist Convention claiming 1,719,484 adherents in about 3,233 congregations; there were 34,227 newly baptized members in 2002. Mainline Protestants included 476,727 United Methodists (in 2004), 105,774 USA Presbyterians (2000), and 71,950 Episcopalians (2000). Roman Catholic adherents in 2004 numbered about 447,126. Judaism claimed about 93,500 adherents in 2000, and there were about 38,882 Muslims the same year. Only 16 Buddhist and 15 Hindu congregations were reported, without membership numbers. About 55.2% of the population was not counted as part of any religious organization.

TRANSPORTATION

Georgia's location between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean makes it the link between the eastern seaboard and the Gulf states. In the 18th century, Carolina fur traders crossed the Savannah River at the site of Augusta and followed trails to the Mississippi River. Pioneer farmers soon followed the same trails and used the many river tributaries to send their produce to Savannah, Georgia's first great depot. Beginning in 1816, steamboats plied the inland rivers, but they never replaced the older shallow-drafted Petersburg boats, propelled by poles.

From the 1830s onward, businessmen in the eastern cities of Savannah, Augusta, and Brunswick built railroads west to maintain their commerce. The two principal lines, the Georgia and the Central of Georgia, were required by law to make connection with a state-owned line, the Western and Atlantic, at the new town of Atlanta, which in 1847 became the link between Georgia and the Ohio Valley. By the Civil War, Georgia, with more miles of railroad than any other Deep South state, was a vital link between the eastern and western sectors of the Confederacy. After the war, the railroads contributed to urban growth as towns sprang up along their routes. Trackage increased from 4,532 mi (7,294 km) in 1890 to 7,591 mi (12,217 km) in 1920. But with competition from motor carriers, total trackage declined to 4,848 rail mi (7,805 km) by 2003. In the same year, CSX and Norfolk Southern were the only Class I railroads operating within the state. As of 2006, Amtrak provided east-west service through Atlanta, and north-south service through Savannah. In 1979, Atlanta inaugurated the first mass-transit system in the state, including the South's first subway.

Georgia's old intracoastal waterway carries about 1 million tons of shipping annually and is also used by pleasure craft and fishing vessels. Savannah's modern port facilities handled 28.176 million tons of cargo in 2004, making it the state's main deepwater port and the 28th busiest port in the Unites States. The coastal cities of Brunswick and St. Mary's also have deepwater docks. In 2004, Georgia had 721 mi (1,160 km) of navigable inland waterways. In 2003, waterborne shipments totaled 25.356 million tons.

In the 1920s, Georgia became the gateway to Florida for motorists. Today, I-75 is the main route from Atlanta to Florida, and I-20 is the major east-west highway. Both cross at Atlanta with I-85, which proceeds southeast from South Carolina to Alabama. I-95 stretches along the coast from South Carolina through Savannah to Jacksonville, Florida. During the 1980s, Atlanta invested $1.4 billion in a freeway expansion program that permitted capac-ity to double. In 2004, Georgia had 116,917 mi (188,236 km) of public roads, some 7.896 million registered motor vehicles, and 5,793,143 licensed drivers.

In 2005, Georgia had a total of 455 public and private-use aviation-related facilities. This included 341 airports, 109 heliports, 4 STOLports (Short Take-Off and Landing), and 1 seaplane base. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the air traffic hub in the Southeast and in 2004 was the busiest airport in the United States with 41,123,857 enplanements.

HISTORY

The history of what is now Georgia was influenced by two great prehistoric events: first, the upheaval that produced the mountains of the north, and second, the overflow of an ancient ocean that covered and flattened much of the rest of the state. Human beings have inhabited Georgia for at least 12,000 years. The first nomadic hunters were replaced by shellfish eaters who lived along the rivers. Farming communities later grew up at these sites, reaching their height in the Master Farmer culture about ad 800. These Native Americans left impressive mounds at Ocmulgee, near Macon, and at Etowah, north of Atlanta.

During the colonial period, the most important Indian tribes were the Creek, who lived along the central and western rivers, and the Cherokee, who lived in the mountains. By clever diplomacy, the Creek were able to maintain their position as the fulcrum of power between the English on the one hand and the French and Spanish on the other. With the ascendancy of the English and the achievement of statehood, however, the Creek lost their leverage and were expelled from Georgia in 1826. The Cherokee sought to adopt the white man's ways in their effort to avoid expulsion or annihilation. Thanks to their remarkable linguist Sequoyah, they learned to write their own language, later running their own newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, and their own schools. Some even owned slaves. Unfortunately for the Cherokee, gold was discovered on their lands; the Georgia state legislature confiscated their territory and outlawed the system of self-government the Cherokee had developed during the 1820s. Despite a ruling by the US Supreme Court, handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall, that Georgia had acted illegally, federal and state authorities expelled the Cherokee between 1832 and 1838. Thousands died on the march to Indian Territory (Oklahoma), known ever since as the Trail of Tears.

Georgia's first European explorer was Hernando de Soto of Spain, who in 1540 crossed the region looking for the fabled Seven Cities of Gold. French Huguenots under Jean Ribault claimed the Georgia coast in 1562 but were driven out by the Spanish captain Pedro Menéndez Avilés in 1564, who by 1586 had established the mission of Santa Catalina de Gaule on St. Catherines Island. (The ruins of this mission—the oldest European settlement in Georgia—were discovered by archaeologists in 1982.) By 1700, Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries had established an entire chain of missions along the Sea Islands and on the lower Chattahoochee.

From Charles Town, in the Carolina Colony, the English challenged Spain for control of the region, and by 1702 they had forced the Spaniards back to St. Augustine, Florida. In 1732, after the English had become convinced of the desirability of locating a buffer between the valuable rice-growing colony of Carolina and Indian-held lands to the south and west, King George II granted a charter to a group called the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America. The best known of the trustees was the soldier-politician and philanthropist James Edward Oglethorpe. His original intention was to send debtors from English prisons to Georgia, but Parliament refused to support the idea. Instead, Georgia was to be a place where the industrious poor would produce those things England needed, such as silk and wine, and would guard the frontier. Rum and slavery were expressly prohibited.

Oglethorpe and the first settlers landed at Yamacraw Bluff on 12 February 1733 and were given a friendly reception by a small band of Yamacraw Indians and their chief, Tomochichi. Oglethorpe is best remembered for laying out the town of Savannah in a unique design, featuring numerous plazas that still delight tourists today; however, as a military man, his main interest was defending the colony against the Spanish. After war was declared in 1739, Oglethorpe conducted an unsuccessful siege of St. Augustine. The Spaniards counterattacked at Oglethorpe's fortified town of Frederica on St. Simons Island in July 1742 but were repulsed in a confused encounter known as the Battle of Bloody Marsh, which ended Spanish threats to the British colonies. Soon after-ward, Oglethorpe returned permanently to England.

The trustees' restrictions on rum and slavery were gradually removed, and in 1752, control over Georgia reverted to Parliament. Georgia thus became a royal colony, its society, like that of Carolina, shaped by the planting of rice, indigo, and cotton. After the French and Indian War, settlers began to pour into the Georgia backcountry above Augusta. Because these back-country pioneers depended on the royal government for protection against the Indians, they were reluctant to join the protests by Savannah merchants against new British mercantile regulations. When war came, however, the backcountry seized the opportunity to wrest political control of the new state away from Savannah.

Georgians spent the first three years of the Revolutionary War in annual attempts to invade Florida, each of them unsuccessful. The British turned their attention to Georgia late in 1778, reestablishing control of the state as far as Briar Creek, midway between Savannah and Augusta. After a combined French and American force failed to retake Savannah in October 1779, the city was used by the British as a base from which to recapture Charleston, in present-day South Carolina, and to extend their control further inland. For a year, most of Georgia was under British rule, and there was talk of making the restoration permanent in the peace settlement. However, Augusta was retaken in June 1781, and independent government was restored. A year later, the British were forced out of Savannah.

With Augusta as the new capital of Georgia, a period of rapid expansion began. Georgia ratified the US Constitution on 2 January 1788, the fourth state to do so. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 made cotton cultivation profitable in the lands east of the Oconee River, relinquished by the Creek Indians under the Treaty of New York three years earlier. A mania for land speculation climaxed in the mid-1790s with the Yazoo Fraud, in which the state legislature sold 50 million acres (20 million hectares), later the states of Alabama and Mississippi, to land companies of which many of the legislators were members.

Georgia surrendered its lands west of the Chattahoochee River to the federal government in 1802. As the Indians were removed to the west, the lands they had occupied were disposed of by suc-cessive lotteries. The settlement of the cotton lands brought prosperity to Georgia, a fact that influenced Georgians to prefer the Union rather than secession during the constitutional crises of 1833 and 1850, when South Carolina was prepared to secede.

After South Carolina did secede in 1860, Georgia also withdrew from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America. Union troops occupied the Sea Islands during 1862. Confederate forces defeated the Union Army's advance into northern Georgia at Chickamauga in 1863, but in 1864, troops under General William Tecumseh Sherman moved relentlessly upon Atlanta, capturing it in September. In November, Sherman began his famous "march to the sea," in which his 60,000 troops cut a swath of destruction 60 mi (97 km) wide. Sherman presented Savannah as a Christmas present to President Abraham Lincoln.

After ratifying the 14th and 15th amendments, Georgia was readmitted to the Union on 15 July 1870. Commercial interests were strong in antebellum Georgia, but their political power was balanced by that of the great planters. After the Democrats recovered control of the state in 1871, business interests dominated politics. Discontented farmers supported an Independent Party in the 1870s and 1880s, and then the Populist Party in the 1890s. Democratic representative Thomas E. Watson, who declared himself a Populist during the early 1890s, was defeated three times in congressional races by the party he had deserted. Watson subsequently fomented antiblack, anti-Jewish, and anti-Catholic sentiment in order to control a bloc of rural votes with which he dominated state politics for 10 years. In 1920, Watson finally was elected to the US Senate, but he died in 1922. Rebecca L. Felton was appointed to succeed him, thus becoming the first woman to serve in the US Senate, although she was replaced after one day.

Franklin D. Roosevelt learned the problems of Georgia farmers firsthand when he made Warm Springs his second home in 1942. However, his efforts to introduce the New Deal to Georgia after he became president in 1933 were blocked by Governor Eugene Talmadge, who advertised himself as a "real dirt farmer." It was not until the administration of Eurith D. Rivers (1937–41) that progressive social legislation was enacted. Governor Ellis Arnall gained national attention for his forward-looking administration (1943–47), which revised the outdated 1877 state constitution and gave the vote to 18-year-olds. Georgia treated the nation to the spectacle of three governors at once when Eugene Talmadge was elected for a fourth time in 1946 but died before assuming office. His son Herman was then elected by the legislature, but the new lieutenant governor, M. E. Thompson, also claimed the office, and Arnall refused to step aside until the issue was resolved. The courts finally decided in favor of Thompson.

The US Supreme Court order to desegregate public schools in 1954 provided Georgia politicians with an emotional issue they exploited to the hilt. A blow was dealt to old-style politics in 1962, however, when the Supreme Court declared the county-unit system unconstitutional. Under this system, state officers and members of Congress had been selected by county units instead of by popular vote since 1911; the new ruling made city voters as important as those in rural areas. During the 1960s, Atlanta was the home base for the civil rights efforts of Martin Luther King Jr., though his campaign to end racial discrimination in Georgia focused most notably on the town of Albany. Federal civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965 changed the state's political climate by guaranteeing the vote to black citizens. An African American man, Julian Bond, was elected to the state legislature in 1965; in 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected major of Atlanta, thus becoming the first black mayor of a large southern city. For decades, the belief that defense of segregation was a prerequisite for state elective office cost white southerners any chance they might have had for national leadership. Governor Jimmy Carter's unequivocal renunciation of racism in his inaugural speech in 1971 thus marked a turning point in Georgia politics and was a key factor in his election to the presidency in 1976.

Another African American, former US ambassador to the United Nations Andrew Young, succeeded Jackson as mayor of Atlanta in 1981, when that city—and the state—was experiencing an economic boom. The prosperity of Atlanta in the 1970s and 1980s stemmed largely from its service-based economy, which was centered on such industries as the airlines, telecommunications, distribution, and insurance. The decline of service industries in the early 1990s, however, pulled Atlanta and the state of Georgia as a whole into a recession. That decline was epitomized by the 1991 collapse of Eastern Airlines, one of the two airlines that used Atlanta as its hub, which cost Atlanta 10,000 jobs. While Atlanta's economic expansion produced a more mature economy, it also raised the price of labor. Nevertheless, as the decade progressed, the state's economy rebounded, fueled in part by the science and technology sector. Georgia emerged as "a leading light" in the South in building a strong research and technology infrastructure. Both 1996 and 1999 were record years for job growth. The state's unemployment rate was 4% in 1999, slightly lower than the national rate. While the economy boomed, there were changes on the horizon: In 2000, major employers Lockheed Martin, Coca-Cola, and BellSouth announced combined layoffs of more than 15,000 Georgia workers. Still, some analysts predicted the state economy could weather such fluctuations.

In 1996, Atlanta hosted the 26th Summer Olympics, which marked the 100th anniversary of the modern games. The event was marred by the July 27 explosion of a homemade pipe bomb in Centennial Olympic Park, killing one person and injuring dozens of others.

In July 1994, record flooding over a 10-day period caused 31 deaths and millions of dollars in damage in central and southwest Georgia. But in the summer of 2000, Georgians had a decidedly different problem. The state was parched by drought. Some areas had received less rain in the previous 25 months than at any time in recorded weather history. Peanut and cotton farmers in the southern part of the state struggled to irrigate fields. The residents of greater Atlanta, where nearly 100,000 people are added each year, felt the effects as well. Increased demand combined with drought conditions to require authorities to restrict outdoor watering in the 15-county Atlanta region. But the situation promised to reach beyond prevailing weather conditions and preservation measures: Officials estimated that by 2020, the region's demand for water would increase by 50%. Meanwhile Georgia's governor worked with the governors of neighboring Alabama and Florida to reach a voluntary agreement on how to share water from rivers the states share.

Governor Sonny Purdue outlined the problems Georgia faced in his 2003 State of the State address, including a weak economy (following the US recession that had begun in 2001), declining tax revenues, and poor SAT scores. To address the last topic, Purdue stressed the need for higher education standards. In 2003, the Georgia Board of Regents approved raising tuition by as much as 15% at the state's public colleges and universities to compensate for state budget cuts. Georgia's $460 million HOPE Scholarship program, funded by the state lottery, covers all tuition, mandatory fees, and book costs for all Georgia residents attending a state school and maintaining a B average. In 2005, the state still dealt with uninspired economic growth (despite a slightly rising employment rate) created by rising interest rates, dwindling federal fiscal stimulus, and overextended consumers.

STATE GOVERNMENT

Georgia's first constitution, adopted in 1777, was considered one of the most democratic in the new nation. Power was concentrated in a unicameral legislature; a Senate was added in 1789. The Civil War period brought a flurry of constitution making in 1861, 1865, and 1868. When the Democrats displaced the Republicans after Reconstruction, they felt obliged to replace the constitution of 1868 with a rigidly restrictive one. This document, adopted in 1877, modified by numerous amendments, and revised in 1945 and 1976, continued to govern the state until July 1983, when a new constitution, ratified in 1982, took effect. There were 63 amendments by January 2005.

The legislature, called the General Assembly, consists of a 56-seat Senate and a 180-seat House of Representatives; all the legislators serve two-year terms. The legislature convenes on the second Monday in January and stays in session for 40 legislative days. Recesses called during a session may considerably extend its length. Special sessions may be called by petition of three-fifths of the members of each house. During the 1960s and 1970s, the legislature engaged in a series of attempts to redistrict itself to provide equal representation based on population; it was finally redistrict-ed in 1981 on the basis of 1980 Census results. House members must be at least 21 years old and senators, at least 25. All legislators must be US citizens, have lived in the state for two years, and have been a resident in their district for at least one year. Legislators received a salary of $16,200 in 2004.

Georgia Presidential Vote by Political parties, 1948–2004
YEAR	ELECTORAL VOTE	GEORGIA WINNER	DEMOCRAT	REPUBLICAN	STATES' RIGHTS DEMOCRAT	PROGRESSIVE	WRITE-IN
*Won US presidential election.
1948	12	*Truman (D)	254,646	76,691	85,136	1,636	—
1952	12	Stevenson (D)	456,823	198,916	—	—	—
1956	12	Stevenson (D)	444,6867	222,778	—	—	—
1960	12	*Kennedy (D)	458,638	274,472	—	—	—
1964	12	Goldwater (R)	522,163	616,584	—	—	—
1968	12	Wallace (AI)	334,440	380,111	535,550	—	—
1972	12	*Nixon (R)	289,529	881,490	—	—	—

1976	12	*Carter (D)	979,409	483,743		1,1681	1,071
					LIBERTARIAN
1980	12	Carter (D)	890,955	654,168	15,627	—	—
1984	12	*Reagan (R)	706,628	1,068,722	1512	—	—
						NEW ALLIANCE
1988	12	*Bush (R)	714,792	1,081,331	8,435	5,009	—
						IND. (Perot)
1992	13	*Clinton (D)	1,008,996	995,252	7,110	309,657	—
1996	13	Dole (R)	1,053,849	1,080,843	17,870	146,337	—
						IND. (Buchanan)	(Nader)
2000	13	*Bush, G. W. (R)	1,116,230	1,419,720	36,332	10,926	13,432
						WRITE-IN (Peroutka)
2004	15	*Bush, G. W. (R)	1,336,149	1,914,254	18,387	580	2,231

Elected executives include the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, comptroller, state school superintendent, commissioner of agriculture, commissioner of labor, and five public service commissioners. Each serves a four-year term. The governor is limited to a maximum of two consecutive terms. To be eligible for office, the governor and lieutenant governor, who are elected separately, must be at least 30 years old and have been US citizens for 15 years and Georgia citizens for six years preceding the election. As of December 2004, the governor's salary was $127,303.

To become law, a bill must be passed by both houses of the legislature and approved by the governor or passed over the executive veto by a two-thirds vote of the elected members of both houses. All revenue measures originate in the House, but the Senate can propose, or concur in, amendments to these bills. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by a two-thirds vote of the elected members of each chamber and must then be ratified by a majority of the popular vote. If the governor does not sign or veto a bill, it becomes law after six days when the legislature is in session or after 40 days after the legislature has adjourned.

To be eligible to vote in state elections, a person must be at least 18 years old, a US citizen, and a resident in the county of registration. Restrictions apply to convicted felons and those declared mentally incompetent by the court.

POLITICAL PARTIES

The first political group to emerge in the state was the Federalist Party, but it was tainted by association with the Yazoo Fraud of the 1790s. The reform party at this time was the Democratic-Republican Party, headed in Georgia by James Jackson (whose followers included many former Federalists), William Crawford, and George Troup. During the presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829–37), one wing, headed by John Clark, supported the president and called itself the Union Party. The other faction, led by Troup, defended South Carolina's right to nullify laws and called itself the States' Rights Party. Subsequently, the Union Party affiliated with the Democrats, and the States' Rights Party merged with the Whigs. When the national Whig Party collapsed, many Georgia Whigs joined the Native American (Know-Nothing) Party. During Reconstruction, the Republican Party captured the governor's office, but Republican hopes died when federal troops were with-drawn from the state in 1870.

Georgia voted solidly Democratic between 1870 and 1960, despite challenges from the Independent Party in the 1880s and the Populists in the 1890s. Georgia cast its electoral votes for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election until 1964, when Republican Barry Goldwater won the state. Four years later, George C. Wallace of the American Independent Party received Georgia's 12 electoral votes. Republican Richard Nixon carried the state in 1972, as the Republicans also became a viable party at the local level. In 1976, Georgia's native son Jimmy Carter returned the state to the Democratic camp in presidential balloting. Another native Georgian and former Georgia governor, Lester Maddox, was the American Independent candidate in 1976.

Republican George W. Bush won 55% of the vote and Democrat Al Gore won 43% in the 2000 presidential election; in 2004, Bush won 58% to Democrat John Kerry's 41%.

After the 1994 elections, Georgia congressman Newt Gingrich became the first Republican to hold the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives in 40 years. He resigned from Congress in 1999. In 1996, four-term US Democratic senator also Sam Nunn vacated his seat, which was won by Democrat Max Cleland, a Vietnam War veteran and triple amputee who had formerly headed the Veterans Administration. Cleland was defeated for reelection by Republican Saxby Chambliss in 2002.

Georgia's other senator, Republican Paul Coverdell, was elected in a special runoff election in 1992 and reelected in 1998. Coverdell died of a stroke in July 2000; former governor Zell Miller (Democrat) was appointed to succeed him. Miller was elected in November 2000 to serve the remaining four years of the term, but in 2003, he announced he would not run for reelection to the Senate in 2004. His seat was won by Republican Johnny Isakson.

In 1998, Georgians elected Democrat Roy Barnes governor, replacing outgoing (two-term) Democratic governor Zell Miller. Long-time Democrat Sonny Purdue changed party affiliations in 1998 to the Republican Party and won election as governor in 2002. He became the first Republican governor elected since Reconstruction in Georgia. Following the 2004 elections, Georgia's delegation to the House comprised seven Republicans and six Democrats. At the state level, there were 34 Republicans and 22 Democrats in the state Senate and 80 Democrats, 99 Republicans, and 1 independent in the state House in mid-2005. In 2004, there were 4,968,000 registered voters; there is no party registration in the state, which had 15 electoral votes in the presidential election that year.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The history of county government in Georgia is a long one. In 1758, colonial Georgia was divided into eight parishes, the earliest political districts represented in the Royal Assembly. By the constitution of 1777, the parishes were transformed into counties, and as settlement gradually expanded, the number of counties grew. The Georgia constitution of 1877 granted counties from one to three seats in the House of Representatives, depending on population. This county-unit system was used in counting votes for elected state and congressional offices until 1962, when it was ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court. Originally administered by judges of county courts, today Georgia counties are administered by the commission system. In 1965, the legislature passed a home-rule law permitting local governments to amend their own charters.

The traditional and most common form of municipal government is the mayor-council form. But city managers are employed by some communities, and a few make use of the commission system. During the 1970s, there were efforts to merge some of the larger cities with their counties. However, most county voters showed an unwillingness to be burdened with city problems.

In 2005, Georgia had 159 counties, 531 municipal governments, 581 special districts, and 180 school districts.

In 2005, local government accounted for about 377,938 full-time (or equivalent) employment positions.

STATE SERVICES

To address the continuing threat of terrorism and to work with the federal Department of Homeland Security, homeland security in Georgia operates under the authority of executive order; the state homeland security director is appointed.

The State Ethics Commission is charged with providing procedures for public disclosure of all state and local campaign contributions and expenditures.

Educational services are provided by the Board of Education, which exercises jurisdiction over all public schools, including teacher certification and curriculum approval. The superintendent of schools is the board's executive officer. The public colleges are operated by the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, whose chief administrator is the chancellor. Air, water, road, and rail services are administered by the Department of Transportation.

The Reorganization Act of 1972 made the Department of Human Resources a catch-all agency for health, rehabilitation, and social-welfare programs. The department offers special services to the mentally ill, drug abusers and alcoholics, neglected and abused children and adults, juvenile offenders, the handicapped, the aged, and the poor.

Public protection services are rendered through the Department of Public Safety. Responsibility for natural-resource protection is lodged with the Department of Natural Resources, into which 33 separate agencies were consolidated in 1972. The Environmental Protection Division is charged with maintaining air, land, and water quality standards; the Wildlife Resources Division manages wildlife resources; and the Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites Division administers state parks, recreational areas, and historic sites. Labor services are provided by the Department of Labor, which oversees workers' compensation programs.

JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Georgia's highest court is the supreme court, created in 1845 and consisting of a chief justice, presiding justice (who exercises the duties of chief justice in his absence), and five associate justices. They are elected by the people to staggered six-year terms in non-partisan elections.

Georgia's general trial courts are the superior courts, which have exclusive jurisdiction in cases of divorce and land title and in felony cases. As of 1999, there were 175 superior court judges, all of them elected for four-year terms in nonpartisan elections. Cases from local courts can be carried to the court of appeals, consisting of 10 judges elected for staggered six-year terms in nonpartisan elections. Each county has a probate court; there are also separate juvenile courts. Most judges of the county and city courts are appointed by the governor with the consent of the Senate.

As of 31 December 2004, a total of 51,104 prisoners were held in Georgia's state and federal prisons, an increase from 47,208 or 8.3% from the previous year. As of year-end 2004, a total of 3,436 inmates were female, up from 3,145 or 9.3% from the year before. Among sentenced prisoners (one year or more), Georgia had an incarceration rate of 574 per 100,000 population in 2004.

According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 2004 Georgia had a violent crime rate (murder/nonnegligent manslaughter; forcible rape; robbery; aggravated assault) of 455.5 reported incidents per 100,000 population, or a total of 40,217 reported incidents. Crimes against property (burglary; larceny/theft; and motor vehicle theft) in that same year totaled 376,656 reported incidents or 4,265.9 reported incidents per 100,000 people. Georgia has a death penalty, of which lethal injection is the sole method of execution. On 5 October 2001, the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that use of the electric chair was cruel and unusual punishment. From 1976 through 5 May 2006 the state executed 39 persons; three were executed in 2005. As of 1 January 2006, there were 109 inmates on death row.

In 2003, Georgia spent $285,944,298 on homeland security, an average of $34 per state resident.

ARMED FORCES

In 2004, there were 88,933 active-duty military personnel stationed in Georgia, 5,076 National Guard and Reserve personnel, and 26,307 civilian employees. Major facilities include Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Ft. Gillem, and Ft. McPherson, all located in the Atlanta area; Ft. Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield near Savannah; Ft. Gordon at Augusta; Moody Air Force Base at Macon; Ft. Benning, a major Army training installation at Columbus; Robins Air Force Base, between Columbus and Macon; and a Navy Supply School in Athens. In 2004, Georgia firms received defense contracts worth $3.9 billion, down from $6.0 billion in 2001. Defense payroll, including retired military pay, amounted to $6.6 billion in 2004.

There were 760,323 veterans of US military service in Georgia as of 2003, of whom 67,200 served in World War II; 63,192 in the Korean conflict; 228,543 during the Vietnam era; and 162,895 in the Persian Gulf War. In all, 77,000 Georgians fought and 1,503 died in World War I, and 320,000 served and 6,754 were killed in World War II. In 2004, federal government expenditures for Georgia veterans amounted to $1.9 billion.

As of 31 October 2004, the Georgia State Police employed 795 full-time sworn officers. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation, part of the Department of Public Safety, operates the Georgia Crime Laboratory, one of the oldest and largest in the United States.

MIGRATION

During the colonial period, the chief source of immigrants to Georgia was England; other important national groups were Germans, Scots, and Scotch-Irish. The number of African slaves increased from 1,000 in 1752 to nearly 20,000 in 1776. After the Revolution, a large number of Virginians came to Georgia, as well as lesser numbers of French refugees from Hispaniola and immigrants from Ireland and Germany. Following the Civil War, there was some immigration from Italy, Russia, and Greece. The greatest population shifts during the 20th century have been from country to town and, after World War I, of black Georgians to northern cities. Georgia suffered a net loss through migration of 502,000 from 1940 to 1960 but enjoyed a net gain of 329,000 during 1970–80 and about 500,000 during 1980–90. From 1985 to 1990, Georgia's net gain through migration was greater than that of any other state except California and Florida. There were net gains of 598,000 in domestic migration and 90,000 in international migration between 1990 and 1998. From 1980 to 1990, the share of native-born residents in Georgia fell from 71% to 64.5%. In 1998, Georgia admitted 10,445 immigrants from foreign countries. Between 1990 and 1998, the state's overall population increased 18%. In the period 2000–05, net international migration was 192,844 and net internal migration was 232,666, for a net gain of 425,510 people.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION

Multistate agreements in which Georgia participates include the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin Compact, Appalachian Regional Commission, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, Historic Chattahoochee Compact, Interstate Rail Passenger Network Compact, Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin Compact, Southern Regional Education Board, Southeastern Forest Fire Protection Compact, Southern Growth Policies Board, and Southern States Energy Board. In fiscal year 2005, federal aid to Georgia totaled $9.014 billion. For fiscal year 2006, federal grants amounted to an estimated $9.008 billion, and an estimated $9.355 billion in fiscal year 2007.

ECONOMY

According to the original plans of Georgia's founders, its people were to be sober spinners of silk. The reality was far different, however. During the period of royally appointed governors, Georgia became a replica of Carolina, a plantation province producing rice, indigo, and cotton. After the Revolution, the invention of the cotton gin established the plantation system even more firmly by making cotton planting profitable in the piedmont. Meanwhile, deerskins and other furs and lumber were produced in the backcountry, while rice remained an important staple along the coast. Turnpikes, canals, and railroads were built, and textile manufac-turing became increasingly important, especially in Athens and Augusta.

At the end of the Civil War, the state's economy was in ruins, and tenancy and sharecropping were common. Manufacturing, especially of textiles, was promoted by "New South" spokesmen such as Henry Grady of Atlanta and Patrick Walsh of Augusta. Atlanta, whose nascent industries included production of a thick sweet syrup called Coca-Cola, symbolized the New South idea—then as now. Farmers did not experience the benefits of progress, however. Many of them flocked to the mills, while others joined the Populist Party in an effort to air their grievances. To the planters' relief, cotton prices rose from the turn of the century through World War I. Meanwhile, Georgians lost control of their railroads and industries to northern corporations. During the 1920s, the boll weevil wrecked the cotton crops, and farmers resumed their flight to the cities. Not until the late 1930s did Georgia accept Social Security, unemployment compensation, and other relief measures.

Georgia's economy underwent drastic changes as a result of World War II. Many northern industries moved to Georgia to take advantage of low wages and low taxes, conditions that meant low benefits for Georgians. The raising of poultry and livestock became more important than crop cultivation, and manufacturing replaced agriculture as the chief source of income. In 1997, less than 1% of the employed labor force was working in agriculture; 32% were service workers; 22% retail salespeople; and 19% manufacturers. Georgia is a leader in the making of paper products, tufted textile products, processed chickens, naval stores, lumber, and transportation equipment.

Textile manufacturing, Georgia's oldest industry, remained its single most important industrial source of income until 1999, when output from food processing exceeded it. From 1997 to 2001, annual textile output declined 8.4%, whereas output from food processing increased 12.1%. Other manufacturing sectors were also increasing, so that from 1997 to 2000, there was an overall 16% increase in Georgia's manufacturing output. More than half of the gain was lost, however, in the national recession in 2001, as manufacturing output fell 8.3% in one year, reducing the net gain since 1997 to 6.4%. By contrast, output from general services increased nearly 40% from 1997 to 2001, and from financial services (including insurance and real estate) increased almost 32%. Output from other service areas—wholesale and retail trade, transportation and public utilities, and government—all increased more than 25% from 1997 to 2001. The national recession of 2001, however, affected Georgia's economy worse than most, as its strong annual growth rates at the end of the 20th century (8.2% in 1998, 8.5% in 1999 and 6.7% in 2000) dropped abruptly to 1.5% in 2001. The state lost more than 133,000 jobs from January 2001 to October 2002. Layoffs in the fourth quarter of 2002 amounted to a 2.2% increase over the fourth quarter of 2001, the worst performance in the country.

Georgia's gross state product (GSP) in 2005 was $364 billion, up from $343.125 billion in 2004. Manufacturing (durable and nondurable goods) in 2004 accounted for the biggest portion at $47.677 billion or nearly 13.9% of GSP, followed by real estate at $38.293 billion (11.1% of GSP), and wholesale trade at $25.847 billion (7.5% of GSP). In that same year, there were an estimated 722,089 small businesses in Georgia. Of the 202,979 businesses having employees, a total of 198,271 or 97.7% were small companies. An estimated 29,547 new businesses were established in Georgia in 2004, up 22% from the previous year. Business terminations that same year came to 27,835, up 7.5% from the previous year. Business bankruptcies totaled 2,090 in 2004, up 31.9% from 2003. In 2005, the personal bankruptcy (Chapter 7 and Chapter 13) filing rate was 930 filings per 100,000 people, ranking Georgia as the fifth-highest in the nation.

INCOME

In 2005 Georgia had a gross state product (GSP) of $364 billion which accounted for 2.9% of the nation's gross domestic product and placed the state at number 10 in highest GSP among the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, in 2004, Georgia had a per capita personal income (PCPI) of $29,782. This ranked 36th in the United States and was 90% of the national average of $33,050. The 1994–2004 average annual growth rate of PCPI was 3.7%. Georgia had a total personal income (TPI) of $265,599,116,000, which ranked 12th in the United States and reflected an increase of 5.9% from 2003. The 1994–2004 average annual growth rate of TPI was 6.0%. Earnings of persons employed in Georgia increased from $203,459,898,000 in 2003 to $216,399,592,000 in 2004, an increase of 6.4%. The 2003–04 national change was 6.3%.

The US Census Bureau reports that the three-year average median household income for 2002 to 2004 in 2004 dollars was $43,217 compared to a national average of $44,473. During the same period an estimated 12.0% of the population was below the poverty line as compared to 12.4% nationwide.

LABOR

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), in April 2006 the seasonally adjusted civilian labor force in Georgia numbered 4,693,900, with approximately 214,800 workers unemployed, yielding an unemployment rate of 4.6%, compared to the national average of 4.7% for the same period. Preliminary data for the same period placed nonfarm employment at 4,078,100. Since the beginning of the BLS data series in 1976, the highest unemployment rate recorded in Georgia was 8.3% in January 1983. The historical low was 3.4% in December 2000. Preliminary nonfarm employment data by occupation for April 2006 showed that approximately 5.2% of the labor force was employed in construction; 21.4% in trade, transportation, and public utilities; 5.6% in financial activities; 13.4% in professional and business services; 10.6% in education and health services; 9.3% in leisure and hospitality services; and 16.1% in government. Data were unavailable for manufacturing.

The trend during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s was toward increased employment in trade and service industries and toward multiple job holding. Employment in agriculture, the leading industry prior to World War II, continued its long-term decline. One indication of declining employment was the decrease in farm population, which went from 515,000 in 1960 to 228,000 in 1970, to 121,000 in 1980, and to 73,647 in 1990. Georgia's farm employment in 1996 totaled about 42,000. The mining, construction, and manufacturing industries registered employment increases but declined in importance relative to such sectors as trade and services.

Georgia is not considered to be a unionized state. Among state laws strictly regulating union activity is a right-to-work law enacted in 1947. In that year, union members in Georgia numbered 256,800.

In 1962, the Georgia legislature denied state employees the right to strike. Strikes in Georgia tend to occur less frequently than in most heavily industrialized states. One of the earliest state labor laws was an 1889 act requiring employers to provide seats for females to use when resting. A child-labor law adopted in 1906 prohibited the employment of children under 10 years of age in manufacturing. A general workers' compensation law was enacted in 1920.

The BLS reported that in 2005, a total of 190,000 of Georgia's 3,765,000 employed wage and salary workers were formal members of a union. This represented 5% of those so employed, down from 6.4% in 2004 and below the national average of 12%. Overall in 2005, a total of 226,000 workers (6%) in Georgia were covered by a union or employee association contract, which includes those workers who reported no union affiliation.

As of 1 March 2006, Georgia had a state-mandated minimum wage rate of $5.15 per hour. In 2004, women in the state accounted for 45.6% of the employed civilian labor force.

AGRICULTURE

In 2005, Georgia's farm marketings totaled $5.9 billion (12th in the United States). Georgia ranked first in the production of peanuts and pecans, harvesting 25% of all the pecans grown in the United States in 2004 and 43% of the peanuts.

Cotton, first planted near Savannah in 1734, was the mainstay of Georgia's economy through the early 20th century, and the state's plantations also grew corn, rice, tobacco, wheat, and sweet potatoes. World War I stimulated the cultivation of peanuts along with other crops. By the 1930s, tobacco and peanuts were challenging cotton for agricultural supremacy, and Georgia had also become an important producer of peaches, a product for which the "Peach State" was still widely known in the early 2000s. In 2004, Georgia produced 52,500 tons of peaches.

After 1940, farm mechanization and consolidation were rapid. The number of tractors increased from 10,000 in 1940 to 85,000 by 1955. In 1940, 6 out of 10 farms were tenant operated; by the mid-1960s, this proportion had decreased to fewer than 1 in 6. The number of farms declined from 226,000 in 1945 to 49,000 in 2004, when the average farm size was 218 acres (88 hectares). Georgia's farmland area of 10.7 million acres (4.3 million hectares) represents roughly 30% of its land area.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

In 2005, Georgia had an estimated 1.21 million cattle and calves valued at around $931.7 million, and in 2004 an estimated 275,000 hogs and pigs valued at around $25.3 million. Cows kept for milk production numbered an estimated 85,000 in 2003, when Georgia dairies produced around 1.4 billion lb (0.64 billion kg) of milk. In the same year, poultry farmers sold an estimated 6.3 billion lb (2.8 billion kg) of broilers, more than any other state, with a value of $2.14 billion, or about 47% of total farm receipts. The total egg production was 5.05 billion in 2003, valued at $395.8 million.

FISHING

In 2004, the total commercial fishing catch in Georgia brought about 6.3 million lb (2.7 million kg) with a value of $11.3 million. Commercial fishing in Georgia involves more shellfish than finfish, the most important of which are caught in the nets of shrimp trawlers. Leading finfish are snappers, groupers, tilefish, and porgy. In 2003, the state had 6 processing and 30 wholesale plants. In 2002, the commercial fleet had about 226 vessels.

In brisk mountain streams and sluggish swamps, anglers catch bass, catfish, jackfish, bluegill, crappie, perch, and trout. In 2005, Georgia had 55 catfish farms covering 1,090 acres (441 hectares), with an inventory of 1.4 million stocker-sized and 6.3 million fingerlings in early 2006. Georgia issued 667,198 sport fishing licenses in 2004.

FORESTRY

Georgia, which occupies 1.6% of the total US land area, has nearly 3.3% of the nation's forestland and nearly 5% of the nation's commercial forests. In 2004, Georgia's forest area totaled 24,405,000 acres (9,877,000 hectares), of which 23,802,000 acres (9,633,000 hectares) are commercial forest.

Forests cover about two-thirds of the state's land area. The most densely wooded counties are in the piedmont hills and northern mountains. Ware and Charlton counties in southeastern Georgia, containing the Okefenokee Swamp, are almost entirely forested. About 90% of Georgia's forestland is privately owned.

The chief products of Georgia's timber industry are pine lumber and pine panels for the building industry, hardwood lumber for the furniture industry, and pulp for the paper and box industry. In 2002, Georgia produced nearly 3 billion board feet of lumber (fourth in the United States), of which 87% was softwood (pine). Georgia is the leading softwood producer in the United States.

The chief recreational forest areas are in the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest, consisting of two main tracts in the northern and central part of the state. Georgia has 1,856,000 acres (751,123 hectares) of National Forest System lands, 99% of which are within the boundaries of the two major tracts.

MINING

According to data from the US Geological Survey, Georgia's output of nonfuel minerals was valued at $1.8 billion, up 3.4% from 2003, making it eighth among the 50 states in the production of nonfuel minerals and accounting for over 4% of the US total.

In 2004, Georgia produced about 24% of all clays in the United States and 2.7 times as much as the next highest state. Kaolin clay was the leading commodity, accounting for over 49% of all nonfuel mineral production, by value, that year and around 86% of all clay output. Crushed stone ranked second and represented over 30%, by value, of all nonfuel mineral output in 2004, followed by fuller's earth (1,4 million metric tons; $142 million), portland masonry cement, and construction sand and gravel.

Production of kaolin clay in 2004 totaled 6.78 million metric tons or $898 million, while output of crushed stone totaled 79.5 million metric tons or $544 million. Fuller's earth production came to 1.4 million metric tons or $142 million.

Georgia was one of two states that produced barite (used by the chemical and industrial filler and pigments industries). Georgia ranked third in the production of mica (out of five states) and in dimension stone; fourth in the output of common clays and crushed stone; fifth in feldspar dimension stone; and eighth in masonry cement. The state is also a producer of blue-gray granite, known as "Elberton granite," which is commonly used for road curbing in the northeastern United States. Overall, Georgia's production of dimension stone totaled 146 million metric tons and was valued at $22.1 million in 2004.

ENERGY AND POWER

Georgia is an energy-dependent state that produces only a small proportion of its energy needs, most of it through hydroelectric power. There are no commercially recoverable petroleum or natural gas reserves, and the state's coal deposits are of no more than marginal importance. Georgia does have large amounts of timberland, however, and it has been estimated that 20%-40% of the state's energy demands could be met by using wood that is currently wasted. The state's southern location and favorable weather conditions also make solar power an increasingly attractive energy alternative. Georgia's extensive river system also offers the potential for further hydroelectric development.

As of 2003, Georgia had 98 electrical power service providers, of which 53 were publicly owned and 43 were cooperatives. Of the remaining two, both were investor owned. As of that same year there were 4,156,052 retail customers. Of that total, 2,158,412 received their power from investor-owned service providers. Cooperatives accounted for 1,668,488 customers, while publicly owned providers had 329,152 customers.

Total net summer generating capability by the state's electrical generating plants in 2003 stood at 34.815 million kW, with total production that same year at 124.076 billion kWh. Of the total amount generated, 93.3% came from electric utilities, with the remainder coming from independent producers and combined heat and power service providers. The largest portion of all electric power generated, 78.638 billion kWh (63.3%), came from coal-fired plants, with nuclear fueled plants in second place with 33.256 billion kWh (26.8%). Other renewable power sources, natural gas plants, hydroelectric and petroleum fired plants accounted for the remainder.

As of 2006, Georgia had two operating nuclear power plants: the Edwin I. Hatch power station near Baxley and the Vogtle plant in Burke County, near Augusta.

All utilities are regulated by the Georgia Public Service Commission, which must approve their rates.

Although exploration for oil has taken place off the coast, the state's offshore oil resources are expected to be slight. As of 2004, Georgia had no known proven reserves or production of crude oil or natural gas. The state's only refinery is used to produce asphalt.

INDUSTRY

Georgia was primarily an agrarian state before the Civil War, but afterward its cities developed a strong industrial base by taking advantage of abundant waterpower to operate factories. Textiles have long been dominant, but new industries have also been developed. Charles H. Herty, a chemist at the University of Georgia, discovered a new method of extracting turpentine that worked so well that Georgia led the nation in producing turpentine, tar, rosin, and pitch by 1982. Herty also perfected an economical way of making newsprint from southern pines, which was adopted by Georgia's paper mills. With the onset of World War II, meat-processing plants were built at rail centers, and fertilizer plants and cottonseed mills were expanded.

The state's—and Atlanta's—most famous product was created in 1886 when druggist John S. Pemberton developed a formula that he sold to Asa Griggs Candler, who in 1892 formed the Coca-Cola Co. In 1919, the Candlers sold the company to a syndicate headed by Ernest Woodruff, whose son Robert made "Coke" into the world's most widely known commercial product. The transport equipment, chemical, food-processing, apparel, and forest-products industries today rival textiles in economic importance.

According to the US Census Bureau's Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) for 2004, Georgia's manufacturing sector covered some 20 product subsectors. The shipment value of all products manufactured in the state that same year was $131.454 billion. Of that total, food manufacturing accounted for the largest portion at $18.936 billion, followed by transportation equipment manufacturing at $17.266 billion; chemical manufacturing at $12.403 billion; textile product mills at $12.291 billion; paper manufacturing at $9.584 billion; and machinery manufacturing at $7.599 billion.

In 2004, a total of 419,562 people in Georgia were employed in the state's manufacturing sector, according to the ASM. Of that total, 318,415 were actual production workers. In terms of total employment, the food manufacturing industry accounted for the largest portion of all manufacturing employees at 57,116, of which 45,793 were actual production workers, followed by the transportation equipment manufacturing industry at 39,757 (19,562 actual production workers); textile product mills at 34,776 employees (28,756 actual production workers); textile mills at 33,331 employees (29,844 actual production workers); fabricated metal product manufacturing at 28,796 employees (21,670 actual production workers); and plastics and rubber products manufacturing at 28,050 employees (22,499 actual production workers).

ASM data for 2004 showed that Georgia's manufacturing sector paid $15.518 billion in wages. Of that amount, the transportation equipment manufacturing sector accounted for the largest share at $1.921 billion. It was followed by food manufacturing at $1.661 billion; paper manufacturing at $1.058 billion; textile product mills at $1.034 billion; and chemical manufacturing at $1.021 billion.

COMMERCE

According to the 2002 Census of Wholesale Trade, Georgia's wholesale trade sector had sales that year totaling $201.09 billion from 13,794 establishments. Wholesalers of durable goods accounted for 8,509 establishments, followed by nondurable goods wholesalers at 4,077 and electronic markets, agents, and brokers, accounting for 1,208 establishments. Sales by durable goods wholesalers in 2002 totaled $112.1 billion, while wholesalers of nondurable goods saw sales of $73.4 billion. Electronic markets, agents, and brokers in the wholesale trade industry had sales of $15.4 billion.

In the 2002 Census of Retail Trade, Georgia was listed as having 34,050 retail establishments with sales of $90.09 billion. The leading types of retail businesses by number of establishments were gasoline stations (4,695); clothing and clothing accessories stores (4,640); food and beverage stores (3,998); motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts dealers (3,949); and miscellaneous store retailers (3,471). In terms of sales, motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts stores accounted for the largest share of retail sales at $24.6 billion, followed by general merchandise stores at $13.5 billion; food and beverage stores at $13.1 billion; gasoline stations at $8.7 billion; and clothing and clothing accessories stores at $5.09 billion. A total of 447,618 people were employed by the retail sector in Georgia that year.

Georgia exported goods worth $20.5 billion in 2005. Savannah is Georgia's most important export center.

CONSUMER PROTECTION

Georgia's basic consumer protection law is the Fair Business Practices Act of 1975, which forbids representing products as having official approval when they do not, outlaws advertising without the intention of supplying a reasonable number of the items advertised, and empowers the administrator of the law to investigate and resolve complaints and seek penalties for unfair practices. The administrator heads the Office of Consumer Affairs, which now also administers laws that regulate charitable solicitation, offers to sell or buy business opportunities, buying services or clubs, and telemarketing.

A comprehensive "Lemon Law" was passed in 1990. In 1997, a number of changes were made in Georgia's basic consumer protection laws. The Consumers' Utility Counsel became a division of the Office of Consumer Affairs. The counsel represents the interests of consumers and small businesses before the Georgia Public Service Commission. Telemarketing, Internet, and home remodeling/home repair fraud became criminal offenses under the jurisdiction of the Office of Consumer Affairs, with maximum sentences of up to 10 years. Multilevel marketing is now covered along with business opportunities. A Consumer Insurance Advocate represents citizens before the Georgia Commissioner of Insurance, the courts, and federal administrative agencies that speak on behalf of consumers with regard to insurance, such as insurance rate increases or the denial of health care services. The Office of Consumer Education attempts to create a more informed marketplace so consumers can protect themselves against fraud.

The state's Attorney General's Office can also become involved in consumer protection. However, these activities are limited to the initiation of civil and criminal proceedings; and the representation of the state before state and federal regulatory agencies. The office has only limited subpoena powers and it has no authority to act in antitrust actions.

The state's Office of Consumer Affairs is located in Atlanta.

BANKING

The state's first bank was a branch of the Bank of the United States, established at Savannah in 1802. Eight years later, the Georgia legislature chartered the Bank of Augusta and the Planters' Bank of Savannah, with the state holding one-sixth of the stock of each bank. The state also subscribed two-thirds of the stock of the Bank of the State of Georgia, which opened branches throughout the region. To furnish small, long-term agricultural loans, in 1828 the state established the Central Bank of Georgia, but this institution collapsed in 1856 because the state kept dipping into its reserves. After the Civil War, the lack of capital and the high cost of credit forced farmers to borrow from merchants under the lien system. By 1900, there were 200 banks in Georgia; with an improvement in cotton prices, their number increased to nearly 800 by World War I. During the agricultural depression of the 1920s, about half these banks failed, and the number has remained relatively stable since 1940. Georgia banking practices came under national scrutiny in 1979, when Bert Lance, President Jimmy Carter's former budget director and the former president of the National Bank of Georgia, was indicted on 33 counts of bank fraud. The federal government dropped its case after Lance was acquitted on nine of the charges, and most of the rest were dismissed.

As of June 2005, Georgia had 346 insured banks, savings and loans, and saving banks, plus 69 state-chartered and 126 federally chartered credit unions (CUs). Excluding the CUs, the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta market area had 138 financial institutions in 2004, with $94.461 billion in deposits, followed by the Chattanooga area (which includes a portion of Georgia) at 26, with $6.612 billion in deposits. As of June 2005, CUs accounted for 4.6% of all assets held by all financial institutions in the state, or some $12.544 billion. Banks, savings and loans, and savings banks collectively accounted for the remaining 95.4% or $260.170 billion in assets held.

The Georgia Department of Banking and Finance regulates state-chartered banks, CUs, and trust companies. Federally chartered financial institutions are regulated by the US government.

In 2005, Georgia's community banks saw improvements in profitability. Return on assets that year rose to 1.34%, and strong loan growth signifigantly boosted net interest income. Led by a double-digit growth in construction and development, overall loans increased by 14% in 2005. In 2004, the median net interest margin (the difference between the lower rates offered to savers and the higher rates charged on loans) stood at 4.28%, up from 4.23% in 2003. In addition, commercial real estate (CRE) loans grew from 39.7% of assets ($7.5 billion) in 1996 to 61% of assets ($34.5 billion) in 2005.

INSURANCE

In 2004 there were over 5.6 million individual life insurance policies in force with a total value of over $422.9 billion; total value for all categories of life insurance (individual, group, and credit) was about $684.7 billion. The average coverage amount is $74,600 per policy holder. Death benefits paid that year totaled $1.8 billion.

In 2003 there were 20 life and health insurance companies and 37 property and casualty insurance companies domiciled in Georgia. In 2004, direct premiums for property and casualty insurance totaled $12.6 billion. That year, there were 70,475 flood insurance policies in force in the state, at a total value of $13 billion. About $2.6 billion of coverage was offered through FAIR plans, which are designed to offer coverage for some natural circumstances, such as wind and hail, in high risk areas.

In 2004, 56% of state residents held employment-based health insurance policies, 4% held individual policies, and 23% were covered under Medicare and Medicaid; 17% of residents were uninsured. In 2003, employee contributions for employment-based health coverage averaged at 19% for single coverage and 27% for family coverage. The state offers a three-month health benefits expansion program for small-firm employees in connection with the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA, 1986), a health insurance program for those who lose employment-based coverage due to termination or reduction of work hours.

In 2003, there were over 6 million auto insurance policies in effect for private passenger cars. Required minimum coverage includes bodily injury liability of up to $25,000 per individual and $50,000 for all persons injured in an accident, as well as property damage liability of $25,000. In 2003, the average expenditure per vehicle for insurance coverage was $758.69.

SECURITIES

There are no stock or commodity exchanges in Georgia. In 2005, there were 2,770 personal financial advisers employed in the state and 3,950 securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. In 2004, there were over 231 publicly traded companies within the state, with 91 NASDAQ companies, 58 NYSE listings, and 13 AMEX listings. In 2006, the state had 17 Fortune 500 companies; Home Depot ranked first in the state and 14th in the nation with revenues of over $81.5 billion, followed by United Parcel Service, Coca-Cola, BellSouth, and Coca-Cola Enterprises. All five companies are based in Atlanta and listed on the NYSE.

PUBLIC FINANCE

Because the Georgia constitution forbids the state to spend more than it takes in from all sources, the governor attempts to reconcile the budget requests of the state department heads with the revenue predicted by economists for the coming fiscal year. The governor's Office of Planning and Budget prepares the budget, which is then presented to the General Assembly at the beginning of each year's session. The assembly may decide to change the revenue estimate, but it usually goes along with the governor's forecast. The fiscal year begins on 1 July, and the first question for the assembly when it convenes the following January is whether to raise or lower the current year's budget estimate. If the revenues are better than expected, the legislators enact a supplemental budget. If the income is below expectations, cuts can be made.

In fiscal year 2006, general funds were estimated at $19.1 billion for resources and $17.8 billion for expenditures. In fiscal year 2004, federal government grants to Georgia were nearly $11.7 billion.

TAXATION

In 2005, Georgia collected $15,676 million in tax revenues or $1,728 per capita, which placed it 42nd among the 50 states in per capita tax burden. The national average was $2,192 per capita. Property taxes accounted for 0.4% of the total, sales taxes 33.9%, selective sales taxes 10.6%, individual income taxes 46.7%, corporate income taxes 4.5%, and other taxes 3.8%.

As of 1 January 2006, Georgia had six individual income tax brackets ranging from 1.0% to 6.0%. The state taxes corporations at a flat rate of 6.0%.

In 2004, state and local property taxes amounted to $7,844,826,000 or $880 per capita. The per capita amount ranks the state 34th highest nationally. Local governments collected $7,779,708,000 of the total and the state government $65,118,000.

Georgia taxes retail sales at a rate of 4%. In addition to the state tax, local taxes on retail sales can reach as much as 3%, making

Georgia—State Government Finances
(Dollar amounts in thousands. Per capita amounts in dollars.)
	AMOUNT	PER CAPITA
Abbreviations and symbols: - zero or rounds to zero; (NA) not available; (X) not applicable.
source: U.S. Census Bureau, Governments Division, 2004 Survey of State Government Finances, January 2006.
Total Revenue	34,814,306	3,903.82
General revenue	28,204,763	3,162.68
Intergovernmental revenue	9,095,862	1,019.94
Taxes	14,570,573	1,633.84
General sales	4,921,337	551.84
Selective sales	1,547,448	173.52
License taxes	617,663	69.26
Individual income tax	6,830,486	765.92
Corporate income tax	494,701	55.47
#x00A0; Other taxes	158,938	17.82
Current charges	2,388,566	267.84
Miscellaneous general revenue	2,149,762	241.06
Utility revenue	2,353	.26
Liquor store revenue	-	-
Insurance trust revenue	6,607,190	740.88
Total expenditure	34,196,775	3,834.58
Intergovernmental expenditure	9,335,405	1,046.80
Direct expenditure	24,861,370	2,787.77
Current operation	17,587,719	1,972.16
Capital outlay	2,434,332	272.97
Insurance benefits and repayments	3,325,304	372.88
Assistance and subsidies	1,052,824	118.06
Interest on debt	461,191	51.71
Exhibit: Salaries and wages	3,990,821	447.50
Total expenditure	34,196,775	3,834.58
General expenditure	30,869,198	3,461.45
Intergovernmental expenditure	9,335,405	1,046.80
Direct expenditure	21,533,793	2,414.64
General expenditures, by function:
Education	13,305,305	1,491.96
Public welfare	9,215,633	1,033.37
Hospitals	687,846	77.13
Health	1,003,217	112.49
Highways	1,393,760	156.29
Police protection	241,000	27.02
Correction	1,304,039	146.23
Natural resources	518,165	58.10
Parks and recreation	139,116	15.60
Government administration	758,981	85.11
Interest on general debt	461,191	51.71
Other and unallocable	1,840,945	206.43
Utility expenditure	2,273	.25
Liquor store expenditure	-	-
Insurance trust expenditure	3,325,304	372.88
Debt at end of fiscal year	8,664,363	971.56
Cash and security holdings	64,062,476	7,183.50

for a potential total tax on retail sales of 7%. Food purchased for consumption offpremises is tax exempt. The tax on cigarettes is 37 cents per pack, which ranks 41st among the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Georgia taxes gasoline at 15.3 cents per gallon. This is in addition to the 18.4 cents per gallon federal tax on gasoline.

For every dollar of federal tax collected in 2004, Georgia citizens received $0.96 in federal spending.

ECONOMIC POLICY

Since the time of journalist Henry Grady (1851–89), spokesman for the "New South," Georgia has courted industry. Corporate taxes have traditionally been low, wages also low, and unions weak. Georgia's main attractions for new businesses are a favorable location for air, highway, and rail transport, a mild climate, a rapidly expanding economy, tax incentives and competitive wage scales, and an abundance of recreational facilities. During the 1990s, Georgia governors aggressively sought out domestic and foreign investors, and German, Japanese, and South American corporations were lured to the state. The state offers loans to businesses that are unable to obtain conventional financing, provides venture capital to start-up companies, and extends loans to small businesses and to companies in rural areas.

The Georgia Department of Economic Development (GDEcD) is the lead agency for promoting economic development in the state, tasked with recruiting businesses, trade partners, and tourists. The GDEcD was established by law in 1949 as the Department of Commerce (replacing the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board), and later renamed. The GDEcD is overseen by a board of 20 members appointed by the governor. The main operational units are Small Business, International, Innovation and Technology, Existing Industry Support, Tourism, and Film, Video and Music. The state funds city and county development plans, aids recreational projects, promotes research and development, and supports industrial training programs.

HEALTH

The infant mortality rate in October 2005 was estimated at 7.8 per 1,000 live births. The birth rate in 2003 was 15.7 per 1,000 population. The abortion rate stood at 16.9 per 1,000 women in 2000. In 2003, about 84% of pregnant woman received prenatal care beginning in the first trimester. In 2004, approximately 85% of children received routine immunizations before the age of three.

The crude death rate in 2003 was 7.7 deaths per 1,000 population. As of 2002, the death rates for major causes of death (per 100,000 resident population) were as follows heart disease, 204.8; cancer, 163.3; cerebrovascular diseases, 49.8; chronic lower respiratory diseases, 36.9; and diabetes, 18.4. The mortality rate from HIV infection was 8.3 per 100,000 population. In 2004, the reported AIDS case rate was at about 18.6 per 100,000 population. In 2002, about 56.1% of the population was considered overweight or obese. As of 2004, about 20.1% of state residents were smokers.

In 2003, Georgia had 146 community hospitals with about 24,600 beds. There were about 926,000 patient admissions that year and 12.8 million outpatient visits. The average daily inpatient census was about 16,500 patients. The average cost per day for hospital care was $1,044. Also in 2003, there were about 360 certified nursing facilities in the state with 39,998 beds and an overall occupancy rate of about 90.9%. In 2004, it was estimated that about 68.2% of all state residents had received some type of dental care within the year. Georgia had 219 physicians per 100,000 resident population in 2004 and 658 nurses per 100,000 in 2005. In 2004, there was a total of 4,024 dentists in the state.

About 23% of state residents were enrolled in Medicaid and Medicare programs in 2004. Approximately 17% of the state population was uninsured in 2004. In 2003, state health care expenditures totaled $10.7 million.

The Medical College of Georgia, established at Augusta in 1828, is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States and the center of medical research in the state. The federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were established in Atlanta in 1973; in 1992, the CDC retain its acronym but changed its name to the Centers for Disease and Prevention.

SOCIAL WELFARE

As a responsibility of state government, social welfare came late to Georgia. The state waited two years before agreeing to participate in the federal Social Security system in 1937. Eighteen years later, Georgia was distributing only $62 million to the aged, blind, and disabled and to families with dependent children. By 1970, the amount had risen to $150 million, but the state still lagged far behind the national average.

In 2004, about 208,000 people received unemployment benefits, with the average weekly unemployment benefit at $242. In fiscal year 2005, the estimated average monthly participation in the food stamp program included about 921,427 persons (375,739 households); the average monthly benefit was about $94.77 per person. That year, the total of benefits paid through the state for the food stamp program was about $1 billion.

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), the system of federal welfare assistance that officially replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in 1997, was reauthorized through the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. TANF is funded through federal block grants that are divided among the states based on an equation involving the number of recipients in each state. In 2004, the state program had 124,000 recipients; state and federal expenditures on this TANF program totaled $203 million in fiscal year 2003.

In December 2004, Social Security benefits were paid to 1,192,050 Georgians. This number included 708,670 retired workers, 118,250 widows and widowers, 187,620 disabled workers, 54,720 spouses, and 122,790 children. Social Security beneficiaries represented 13.5% of the total state population and 91.5% of the state's population age 65 and older. Retired workers received an average monthly payment of $929; widows and widowers, $836; disabled workers, $878; and spouses, $466. Payments for children of retired workers averaged $471 per month; children of deceased workers, $605; and children of disabled workers, $268. Federal Supplemental Security Income payments went to 199,898 Georgia residents in December 2004, averaging $372 a month.

HOUSING

Post-World War II housing developments provided Georgia families with modern, affordable dwellings. The home-loan guarantee programs of the Federal Housing Administration and the Veterans Administration made modest down payments, low interest rates, and long-term financing the norm in Georgia. The result was a vast increase in both the number of houses constructed and the percentage of families owning their own homes.

In 2004, there were an estimated 3,672,677 housing units in Georgia, of which 3,210,006 were occupied; 67.7% were owner occupied. About 65.9% of all units were single-family, detached homes; about 10.9% were mobile homes. It was estimated that about 190,323 units were without telephone service, 7,692 lacked complete plumbing facilities, and 9,071 lacked complete kitchen facilities. Most households relied on gas and electricity for heating. The average household had 2.67 members.

In 2004, 108,400 privately owned housing units were authorized for construction. The median value of a one-family home was about $136,910. The median monthly cost for mortgage owners was $1,126, while renters paid a median of $677 per month. In September 2005, the state received grants of $999,875 from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for rural housing and economic development programs. For 2006, HUD allocated over $40.2 million in community development block grants to the state.

EDUCATION

During the colonial period, education was in the hands of private schoolmasters. Georgia's first constitution called for the establishment of a school in each county. The oldest school in the state is Richmond Academy (Augusta), founded in 1788. The nation's oldest chartered public university, the University of Georgia, dates from 1784. Public education was inadequately funded, however, until the inauguration of the sales tax in 1951, then at a 3% rate. By 1960, rural one-teacher schools had disappeared, and children were riding buses to consolidated schools.

Georgia has a comprehensive prekindergarten program, Bright from the Start, for children ages birth to four years old, the HOPE (Helping Outstanding Pupils Educationally) scholarship program, and special programs administered by the Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education. In 2004, 85.2% of the population age 25 or older had a high school diploma; 27.6% had obtained a bachelor's degree or higher. The Board of Regents of the state university system increased its requirements for students starting college After 1988.

The total enrollment for fall 2002 in Georgia's public schools stood at 1,496,000. Of these, 1,089,000 attended schools from kindergarten through grade eight, and 407,000 attended high school. Approximately 52.1% of the students were white, 38.3% were black, 6.9% were Hispanic, 2.5% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 0.2% were American Indian/Alaskan Native. Total enrollment was estimated at 1,508,000 in fall 2003 and expected to reach 1,627,000 by fall 2014, an increase of 8.7% during the period 2002–14. In fall 2003, there were 120,697 students enrolled in 665 private schools. Expenditures for public education in 2003/04 were estimated at $13.7 billion. Additionally, instructional services are provided for hearing- and sight-impaired students at three state schools: Atlanta Area School for the Deaf, Georgia Academy for the Blind, and Georgia School for the Deaf. Since 1969, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) has tested public school students nationwide. The resulting report, The Nation's Report Card, stated that in 2005, eighth graders in Georgia scored 272 out of 500 in mathematics compared with the national average of 278.

As of fall 2002, there were 397,604 students enrolled in college or graduate school; minority students comprised 35.6% of total postsecondary enrollment. As of 2005, Georgia had 126 degree-granting institutions. Thirty-five public colleges are components of the University System of Georgia; the largest of these is the University of Georgia (Athens). The largest private university is Emory (Atlanta). A scholarship program was established in 1978 for minority students seeking graduate and professional degrees.

ARTS

The Georgia Council for the Arts was founded in 1965. Major ongoing programs of the council include the Georgia Folklife Program (est. 1987), the Grassroots Arts Program (est. 1993), and the State Capitol Gallery (est. 1991), which features exhibits from the State Art Collection of over 600 works of art from Georgian artists. In 2005, the National Endowment for the Arts contributed 37 grants totaling $2,788,300 to Georgia's arts programs. Arts organizations in the state receiving federal funding include the Summer Atlanta Jazz Series, the Chamber Music Rural Residencies, the Center for Puppetry Arts, Inc., and the Augusta Opera. The Augusta Opera marked its 40th anniversary in 2006. The Georgia Humanities Council was founded in 1971. In 2005, the National Endowment for the Humanities contributed $1,501,272 to 19 state programs.

During the 20th century, Atlanta replaced Savannah as the major arts center of Georgia, while Athens, the seat of the University of Georgia, continued to share in the cultural life of the university. The state has eight major art museums, as well as numerous private galleries; especially notable is the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, dedicated in 1983—known not just for its expansive collection of artworks but also for its impressive architectural design. The High Museum of Art opened expanded facilities to the public in November 2005 to house its growing needs. The Atlanta Memorial Arts Center was dedicated in 1968 to the 100 members of the association who lost their lives in a plane crash. The Atlanta Art Association was chartered in 1905 and exhibits the work of contemporary Georgia artists.

The theater has enjoyed popular support since the first professional resident theater troupe began performing in Augusta in 1790. Atlanta has a resident theater, and there are community theaters in some 30 cities and counties. Georgia has actively cultivated the filmmaking industry, and in 2004, some 252 productions (including movies) were produced in the state.

Georgia has at least 11 symphony orchestras, ranging from the Atlanta Symphony (est. 1945) to community and college ensembles throughout the state. Atlanta and Augusta have professional ballet touring companies, Augusta has a professional opera company, and choral groups and opera societies perform in all major cities. Macon is home to the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. As of 2006, inductees included Ray Charles (inducted 1979), Otis Redding (inducted 1981), James Brown (inducted 1983), the B-52's (induct-ed 2000), and Patty Loveless (inducted 2005). The north Georgia mountain communities retain their traditional folk music.

LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS

For the fiscal year ending in June 2001, Georgia had 57 public library systems, with a total of 366 libraries, of which 309 were branches. The holdings of all public libraries that same year totaled 15,143,000 volumes of books and serial publications and had a total combined circulation of 36,229,000. The system also had 401,000 audio and 396,000 video items, 24,000 electronic format items (CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, and disks), and 28 bookmobiles. The University of Georgia had by far the largest academic collection, including over 3 million books in addition to government documents, microfilms, and periodicals. Emory University, in Atlanta, has the largest private academic library, with about 1,520,921 bound volumes. In 2001, total operating income for the public library system was $155,868,000, including $2,988,000 in federal grants and $34,696,000 in state grants.

Georgia has at least 179 museums, including the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences in Savannah, the Georgia State Museum of Science and Industry in Atlanta, the Columbus Museum of Arts and Sciences, and Augusta-Richmond County Museum in Augusta. Atlanta's Cyclorama depicts the 1864 Battle of Atlanta. The Crawford W. Long Medical Museum in Jefferson is a memorial to Dr. Long, a pioneer in the use of anesthetics. A museum devoted to gold mining is located at Dahlonega.

Georgia abounds in historical sites, 100 of which were selected for acquisition in 1972 by the Georgia Heritage Trust Commission. Sites administered by the National Park Service include the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Kennesaw National Battlefield Park, Ft. Pulaski National Monument, and Andersonville National Monument near Americus, all associated with the Civil War, as well as the Ft. Frederica National Monument, an 18th-century English barracks on St. Simons Island. Also of historic interest are Factors Wharf in Savannah, the Hay House in Macon, and Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Little White House" at Warm Springs. The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site was established in Atlanta in 1980. Also in Atlanta are President Jimmy Carter's library, museum, and conference center complex. The state's most important archaeological sites are the Etowah Mounds at Carterville, the Kolomoki Mounds at Blakely, and the Ocmulgee Indian village near Macon.

COMMUNICATIONS

Airmail service was introduced to Georgia about 1930, and since then the quantity of mail has increased enormously.

As of 2004, 91.2% of Georgian residences had telephones. Additionally, by June of that same year there were 5,332,517 mobile wireless telephone subscribers. In 2003, 60.6% of Georgia households had a computer and 53.5% had Internet access. By June 2005, there were 1,351,237 high-speed lines in Georgia, 1,142,806 residential and 208,431 for business. In 2005, Georgia had 112 major radio stations, 24 AM and 88 FM. There were 37 major television stations in the same year. Atlanta had 1,774,720 television-owning households in 1999, 70% of which received cable.

On 1 June 1980, Atlanta businessman Ted Turner inaugurated the independent Cable News Network (CNN), which made round-the-clock news coverage available to 4,100 cable television systems throughout the United States. By 1985, CNN was available to 32.3 million households in the United States through 7,731 cable television systems and broadcast to 22 other countries. By the late 1980s, CNN had become well known worldwide. In addition, Turner broadcasts CNN Headline News. A total of 183,093 Internet domain names were registered in Georgia as of 2000.

PRESS

Georgia's first newspaper was the Georgia Gazette, published by James Johnston from 1763 until 1776. When royal rule was temporarily restored in Savannah, Johnston published the Royal Georgia Gazette ; when peace came, he changed the name again, this time to the Gazette of the State of Georgia. After the state capital was moved to Augusta in 1785, Greensburg Hughes, a Charleston printer, began publishing the Augusta Gazette. Today's Augusta Chronicle traces its origin to this paper and claims the honor of being the oldest newspaper in the state. In 1817, the Savannah Gazette became the state's first daily. After the Indian linguist Sequoyah gave the Cherokee a written language, Elias Boudinot gave them a newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, in 1828. Georgia authorities suppressed the paper in 1835 and Boudinot joined his tribe's tragic migration westward.

After the Civil War, Henry Grady made the Atlanta Constitution the most famous newspaper in the state with his "New South" campaign. Joel Chandler Harris's stories of Uncle Remus appeared in the Constitution, as did the weekly letters of humorist Charles Henry Smith, writing under the pseudonym of Bill Arp. In 1958, Ralph E. McGill, editor and later publisher of the Constitution, won a Pulitzer Prize for his editorial opposition to racial intolerance. In 2001, the Constitution and the Atlanta Journal merged to form the Journal-Constitution, owned by Cox Newspapers.

As of 2005, Georgia had 30 morning dailies, 4 evening dailies, and 29 Sunday newspapers.

The following table shows the leading daily newspapers with their 2005 estimated circulations:

AREA	NAME	DAILY	SUNDAY
Atlanta	Journal-Constitution (m,S)	441,427	606,246
Augusta	Chronicle (m,S)	78,069	94,040
Columbus	Ledger-Enquirer (m,S)	49,605	57,130
Macon	Telegraph (m,S)	69,132	86,004
Savannah	Morning News (m,S)	53,825	66,526

Periodicals published in Georgia in 2002 included Golf World, Atlanta Weekly, Savannah, Industrial Engineering, Robotics World, and Southern Accents. Among the nation's better-known scholarly presses is the University of Georgia Press, which publishes the Georgia Review.

ORGANIZATIONS

In 2006, there were over 6,580 nonprofit organizations registered within the state, of which about 4,707 were registered as charitable, educational, or religious organizations. National organizations headquartered in Georgia include the National Association of College Deans, Registrars, and Admissions Officers, located in Albany; and the Association of Information and Dissemination Centers, the American Risk and Insurance Association, and the American Business Law Association, located in Athens.

Many organizations are headquartered in Atlanta, including the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the Southern Education Foundation, the Southern Regional Council, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the American College of Rheumatology, the Arthritis Foundation, the American Academy of Psychotherapists, and the Federation of Southern Cooperatives.

The Georgia Peanut Commission, Georgia Peanut Producers Association, and the Peanut Advisory Board promote the interests of growers of this popular crop. The Georgia Wildlife Federation addresses issues concerning the environment and conservation.

State and regional organizations that promote the arts, culture, and education include the Blue Ridge Mountains Arts Association, the Georgia Writers Association, Young Georgia Writers, the Institute for the Study of American Cultures, and the National Indian Festival Association. A national Circus Historical Society is located in Alpharetta.

The Carter Center of Emory University in Atlanta was established in 1982 by former president Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn as a peace and human rights advocacy organization. The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, the headquarters for the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, and the US office of CARE International are all in Atlanta.

TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION

In 2005, travelers spent $28.2 billion on visits to Georgia. The Atlanta Metro Region received the most visitor expenditures, about 60%. More than 217,000 jobs are supported by the tourism industry in Georgia. The travel/tourism payroll generated over $1.28 billion in tax revenue.

Major tourist attractions include national forests, national parks, state parks, and historical areas. Other places of interest include the impressive hotels and convention facilities of downtown Atlanta; the Okefenokee Swamp in southern Georgia; Stone Mountain near Atlanta; former President Jimmy Carter's home in Plains; the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, in Atlanta; the birthplace, church, and gravesite of Martin Luther King Jr., in Atlanta; and the historic squares and riverfront of Savannah. Georgia Aquarium, the world's largest, opened on 23 November 2005.

The varied attractions of the Golden Isles include fashionable Sea Island; primitive Cumberland Island, now a national seashore; and Jekyll Island, owned by the state and leased to motel operators and to private citizens for beach homes. Since 1978, the state, under its Heritage Trust Program, has acquired Ossabaw and Sapelo islands and strictly regulates public access to these wildlife sanctuaries.

Georgia has long been a hunters' paradise. Waynesboro calls itself the "bird-dog capital of the world," and Thomasville in south Georgia is popular with quail hunters.

SPORTS

There are four major professional sports teams in Georgia, all in Atlanta. Turner Field and the Georgia Dome, main venues for the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted by the city, serve as the home field for two professional teams: baseball's Atlanta Braves, for whom Henry Aaron hit many of his record 755 home runs, and the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. The Philips Arena houses the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association and the Atlanta Thrashers of the National Hockey League. The Atlanta Braves won the National League pennant in 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, and 1999. The Braves went on to win their only World Series championship since moving to Atlanta, defeating the Cleveland Indians in 1995. The Braves lost the series to the Toronto Blue Jays in 1991 and 1992, and to the New York Yankees in 1996 and 1999.

The Golden Corral 500 and the Bass Pro Shops MBNA 500 are two of the NASCAR Nextel Cup auto races held at Atlanta Motor Speedway. The Masters, the most publicized golf tournament in the world, has been played at the Augusta National Golf Club since 1934. The Atlanta Golf Classic is also listed on the professional golfers' tour.

Football and basketball dominate college sports. The University of Georgia Bulldogs, who play in the Southeastern Conference, were named National Champions in football in 1980 and advanced to the Final Four in basketball in 1983. Georgia Tech's Yellow Jackets of the Atlantic Coast Conference are a perennial basketball powerhouse. The Peach Bowl has been an annual postseason football game in Atlanta since 1968.

Professional fishing, sponsored by the Bass Anglers Sportsman's Society, is one of the fastest-growing sports in the state. Another popular summer pastime is rafting. Massive raft races on the Chattahoochee at Atlanta and Columbus, and on the Savannah River at Augusta, draw many spectators and participants.

Atlanta hosted the 1996 Summer Olympic Games at a cost of more than $1 billion.

Jackie Robinson, who broke baseball's color barrier in 1947, and Ty Cobb, nicknamed the "Georgia Peach," were both born in Georgia.

FAMOUS GEORGIANS

James Earl "Jimmy" Carter (b.1924), born in Plains, was the first Georgian to serve as president of the United States. He was governor of the state (1971–75) before being elected to the White House in 1976. Georgia has not contributed any US vice presidents; Alexander H. Stephens (1812–83) was vice president of the Confederacy during the Civil War.

Georgians who served on the US Supreme Court include James M. Wayne (1790–1867), John A. Campbell (1811–89), and Joseph R. Lamar (1857–1916). Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, appointed to the court during the George H. W. Bush administration, was born in Savannah on 23 June 1948. Several Georgians have served with distinction at the cabinet level: William H. Crawford (b.Virginia, 1772–1834), Howell Cobb (1815–68), and William G. McAdoo (1863–1941) as secretaries of the treasury; John M. Berrien (b.New Jersey, 1781–1856) as attorney general; John Forsyth (1781–1841) and Dean Rusk (1909–94) as secretaries of state; George Crawford (1798–1872) as secretary of war; and Hoke Smith (b.North Carolina, 1855–1931) as secretary of the interior.

A leader in the US Senate before the Civil War was Robert Toombs (1810–85). Notable US senators in recent years were Walter F. George (1878–1957), Richard B. Russell (1897–1971), Herman Talmadge (1913–2002), and Sam Nunn (b.1938). Carl Vinson (1883–1981) was chairman of the House Armed Services Committee.

Many Georgians found fame in the ranks of the military. Confederate General Joseph Wheeler (1836–1906) became a major general in the US Army during the Spanish-American War. Other Civil War generals included W. H. T. Walker (1816–64); Thomas R. R. Cobb (1823–62), who also codified Georgia's laws; and John B. Gordon (1832–1904), later a US senator and governor of the state. Gordon, Alfred Colquitt (1824–94), and wartime governor Joseph E. Brown (b.South Carolina, 1821–94) were known as the "Bourbon triumvirate" for their domination of the state's Democratic Party from 1870 to 1890. Generals Courtney H. Hodge (1887–1966) and Lucius D. Clay (1897–1978) played important roles in Europe during and After World War II.

Sir James Wright (b.South Carolina 1714–85) was Georgia's most important colonial governor. Signers of the Declaration of Independence for Georgia were George Walton (b.Virginia, 1741–1804), Button Gwinnett (b.England, 1735–77), and Lyman Hall (b.Connecticut, 1724–90). Signers of the US Constitution were William Few (b.Maryland, 1748–1828) and Abraham Baldwin (b.Connecticut, 1754–1807). Revolutionary War hero James Jackson (b.England, 1757–1806) organized the Democratic-Republican Party (today's Democratic Party) in Georgia.

The first Georgians, the Indians, produced many heroes. Tomochichi (c.1664–1739) was the Yamacraw chief who welcomed James Edward Oglethorpe and the first Georgians. Alexander McGillivray (c.1759–93), a Creek chief who was the son of a Scottish fur trader, signed a treaty with George Washington in a further attempt to protect the Creek lands. Osceola (1800–1838) led his Seminole into the Florida swamps rather than move west. Sequoyah (b.Tennessee, 1773–1843) framed an alphabet for the Cherokee, and John Ross (Coowescoowe, b.Tennessee, 1790–1866) was the first president of the Cherokee Republic.

Among influential Georgian educators were Josiah Meigs (b.Connecticut, 1757–1822), the first president of the University of Georgia, and Milton Antony (1784–1839), who established the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta in 1828. Crawford W. Long (1815–78) was one of the first doctors to use ether successfully in surgical operations. Paul F. Eve (1806–77) was a leading teacher of surgery in the South, and Joseph Jones (1833–96) pioneered in the study of the causes of malaria.

Distinguished black Georgians include churchmen Henry M. Turner (b.South Carolina, 1834–1915) and Charles T. Walker (1858–1921), educators Lucy Laney (1854–1933) and John Hope (1868–1936), and civil rights activists William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) DuBois (b.Massachusetts, 1968–1963) and Walter F. White (1893–1955). One of the best-known Georgians was Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–68), born in Atlanta, leader of the March on Washington in 1963 and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his leadership in the campaign for civil rights; he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, while organizing support for striking sanitation workers. Black Muslim leader Elijah Muhammad (Elijah Poole, 1897–1975) was also a Georgian. Other prominent black leaders include Atlanta mayor and former United Nations ambassador Andrew Young (b.Louisiana, 1932), former Atlanta mayor Maynard Jackson (b.Texas, 1938–2003), and Georgia senator Julian Bond (b.Tennessee, 1940).

Famous Georgia authors include Sidney Lanier (1842–81), Joel Chandler Harris (1848–1908), Lillian Smith (1857–1966), Conrad Aiken (1889–1973), Erskine Caldwell (1902–87), Caroline Miller (1903–92), Frank Yerby (1916–91), Carson McCullers (1917–67), James Dickey (1923–97), and Flannery O'Connor (1925–64). Also notable is Margaret Mitchell (1900–49), whose Pulitzer Prize-winning Gone with the Wind (1936) typifies Georgia to many readers.

Entertainment celebrities include songwriter Johnny Mercer (1909–76); actors Charles Coburn (1877–1961) and Oliver Hardy (1877–1961); singers and musicians Harry James (1916–83), Ray Charles (Ray Charles Robinson, 1930–2004), James Brown (b.1933), Little Richard (Richard Penniman, b.1935), Jerry Reed (b.1937), Gladys Knight (b.1944), and Brenda Lee (b.1944); and actors Melvyn Douglas (1901–81), Sterling Holloway (1905–92), Ossie Davis (1917–2005), Barbara Cook (b.1927), Jane Withers (b.1927), Joanne Woodward (b.1930), and Burt Reynolds (b.1936).

Major sports figures include baseball's "Georgia Peach," Tyrus Raymond "Ty" Cobb (1886–1961); Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (1919–72), the first black to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame; and Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones (1902–71), winner of the "grand slam" of four major golf tournaments in 1930.

Robert E. "Ted" Turner (b.Ohio, 1939), an Atlanta businessman-broadcaster, owns the Atlanta Hawks and the Atlanta Braves and skippered the Courageous to victory in the America's Cup yacht races in 1977. Architect John C. Portman Jr. (b.South Carolina, 1924), was the developer of Atlanta's Peachtree Center.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Carter, Jimmy. An Hour before Daylight: Memories of a Rural Boyhood. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

Coastal Southeast 2005: Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina. Park Ridge, Ill.: ExxonMobil Travel Publications, 2005.

Coleman, Kenneth, et al. A History of Georgia. 2nd ed. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.

Council of State Governments. The Book of the States, 2006 Edition. Lexington, Ky.: Council of State Governments, 2006.

DeGrove, John Melvin. Planning Policy and Politics: Smart Growth and the States. Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2005.

Doak, Robin S. Voices from Colonial America. Georgia, 1521–1776. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2006.

Grant, L. Donald. The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia. Secaucus, N.J.: Carol Publishing Group, 1993.

Inscoe, John C. (ed.). Georgia in Black and White: Explorations in the Race Relations of a Southern State, 1865–1950. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994.

Jordan, Jeffrey L. Interstate Water Allocation in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006.

King, Coretta Scott. My Life with Martin Luther King. Rev. ed. New York: H. Holt, 1993.

Lane, Mills. The People of Georgia: An Illustrated History. 2nd ed. Savannah: Library of Georgia, 1992.

Lepa, Jack H. Breaking the Confederacy: The Georgia and Tennessee Campaigns of 1864. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2005.

McAuliffe, Emily. Georgia Facts and Symbols. Mankato, Minn.: Hilltop Books, 1999.

Norman, Corrie E., and Don S. Armentrout. (eds.) Religion in the Contemporary South: Changes, Continuities, and Contexts. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005.

Olmstead, Marty. Hidden Georgia. Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses Press, 2000.

Reidy, Joseph P. From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800–1880. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.

US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau. Georgia, 2000. Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics: 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 2003.

Warren, Mervyn A. King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2001.

Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States

Georgia

views updated May 14 2018

Georgia

ABRAHAM BALDWIN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

2802 Moore Hwy.
Tifton, GA 31793
Tel: (229)386-3236
Free: 800-733-3653
Admissions: (229)391-5001
Fax: (229)386-7006
E-mail: esaxon@abac.edu
Web Site: http://www.abac.edu/
President/CEO: Michael Vollmer
Registrar: Beth Saxon
Admissions: Beth Saxon
Financial Aid: Jenelle Handcox
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia % Accepted: 60 Admission Plans: Open Admission; Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: September 24 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1542 full-time, $65 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6166 full-time, $257 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $232 full-time, $52 per term part-time. College room and board: $5040. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,237, PT 1,186 Faculty: FT 100, PT 54 Student-Faculty Ratio: 22:1 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 28 Library Holdings: 69,986 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Professional Accreditation: NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M; Golf M; Soccer W; Softball W; Tennis M & W

AGNES SCOTT COLLEGE

141 East College Ave.
Decatur, GA 30030-3797
Tel: (404)471-6000
Free: 800-868-8602
Admissions: (404)471-6285
Fax: (404)471-6414
E-mail: admission@agnesscott.edu
Web Site: http://www.agnesscott.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Mary Brown Bullock
Registrar: Nancy Albert
Admissions: Stephanie Balmer
Financial Aid: Karen Smith
Type: Comprehensive Affiliation: Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Scores: 99.1% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 20.4% ACT 18-23; 59.2% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 53 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Decision Plan; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: March 01 Application Fee: $35.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $35. Comprehensive fee: $32,070 includes full-time tuition ($23,260), mandatory fees ($310), and college room and board ($8500). College room only: $4250. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Part-time tuition: $970 per credit hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $310 per year. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 879, PT 124, Grad 13 Faculty: FT 81, PT 29 Student-Faculty Ratio: 10:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 63 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 86 Library Holdings: 220,041 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 130 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Air Force Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball W; Cross-Country Running W; Soccer W; Softball W; Swimming and Diving W; Tennis W; Volleyball W

ALBANY STATE UNIVERSITY

504 College Dr.
Albany, GA 31705-2717
Tel: (229)430-4600
Admissions: (229)430-4646
Fax: (229)430-3936
Web Site: http://www.asurams.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Portia Shields
Registrar: Arna Albritten
Admissions: Robin McDermott
Financial Aid: Kathleen Caldwell
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 94.1% SAT V 400+; 93.93% SAT M 400+; 2.74% ACT 18-23 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,658, PT 554, Grad 456 Faculty: FT 142, PT 69 Student-Faculty Ratio: 16:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 82 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 35 Library Holdings: 338,744 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 credits, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: ACBSP, CSWE, NASPAA, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Football M; Softball W; Tennis M; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

ALBANY TECHNICAL COLLEGE

1704 South Slappey Blvd.
Albany, GA 31701-3514
Tel: (229)430-3500
Admissions: (229)430-3520
Fax: (229)430-5155
E-mail: lcheevers@albanytech.edu
Web Site: http://www.albanytech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Anthony O. Parker
Admissions: Lynderia S. Cheevers
Financial Aid: Kenneth Wilson
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 1,390, PT 1,397 Faculty: FT 91, PT 0 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 42,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 90 credits, Associates Professional Accreditation: ADA, COE, JRCERT

ALTAMAHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

1777 West Cherry St.
Jesup, GA 31545
Tel: (912)427-5800
Admissions: (912)427-5817
Fax: (912)427-5823
E-mail: lburns@altamahatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.altamahatech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. C. Paul Scott
Admissions: Lillian Burns
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 342, PT 517 Faculty: FT 41, PT 65 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 4,435 Professional Accreditation: COE

AMERICAN INTERCONTINENTAL UNIVERSITY (ATLANTA)

3330 Peachtree Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30326-1016
Tel: (404)231-9000; 888-999-4248
Admissions: (404)965-5772
Fax: (404)231-1062
E-mail: david.naylor@buckhead.aiuniv.edu
Web Site: http://www.aiuniv.edu/
President/CEO: Rafael Lago
Registrar: Kirk Morrison
Admissions: David Naylor
Financial Aid: Sherry Rizzi
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Career Education Corporation Admission Plans: Open Admission; Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Tuition: $16,386 full-time, $430 per credit part-time. Full-time tuition varies according to course load and program. Part-time tuition varies according to course load and program. College room only: $5400. Tuition guaranteed not to increase for student's term of enrollment. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Miscellaneous, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,319, PT 378, Grad 35 Faculty: FT 27, PT 84 Student-Faculty Ratio: 15:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 14 Library Holdings: 29,672 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 90 credit hours, Associates; 180 credit hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: FIDER

AMERICAN INTERCONTINENTAL UNIVERSITY (DUNWOODY CAMPUS)

6600 Peachtree-Dunwoody Rd.
500 Embassy Row
Atlanta, GA 30328
Tel: (404)965-6500
Free: 800-255-6839
Admissions: (404)965-8050
Fax: (404)965-6501
Web Site: http://www.aiudunwoody.com/
President/CEO: Dr. Richard Farmer
Admissions: Jeff Bostick
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: AIU is owned by Career Education Corporation Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 22% ACT 18-23; 59% ACT 24-29 Application Fee: $50.00 Calendar System: Miscellaneous Enrollment: FT 924, PT 183, Grad 43 Faculty: FT 39, PT 80 Student-Faculty Ratio: 18:1 Exams: Other, SAT I or ACT Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools

ANDREW COLLEGE

413 College St.
Cuthbert, GA 39840-1313
Tel: (229)732-2171
Free: 800-664-9250
Admissions: (229)732-5934
Fax: (229)732-2176
E-mail: admissions@andrewcollege.edu
Web Site: http://www.andrewcollege.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. David A. Palmer
Registrar: C. Larry Brown
Admissions: Janna Powell
Financial Aid: Amy Thompson
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: United Methodist Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. Comprehensive fee: $15,980 includes full-time tuition ($9814) and college room and board ($6166). Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 328, PT 3 Faculty: FT 35, PT 6 Student-Faculty Ratio: 12:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 90 Library Holdings: 40,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 64 credit hours, Associates Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Golf M; Soccer M & W; Softball W

APPALACHIAN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

100 Campus Dr.
Jasper, GA 30143
Tel: (706)253-4500
Admissions: (706)253-4537
Fax: (706)253-4510
E-mail: nfaix@appalachiantech.edu
Web Site: http://www.appalachiantech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Sanford Chandler
Admissions: Nina Faix
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 414, PT 633 Faculty: FT 31, PT 46 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

ARGOSY UNIVERSITY/ATLANTA

990 Hammond Dr., 11th Floor
Atlanta, GA 30328-5505
Tel: (770)671-1200; 888-671-4777
Fax: (770)671-0476
Web Site: http://www.argosyu.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Harry O'Donnell
Registrar: Sheri E. Jones
Admissions: Andrew Horn
Financial Aid: Anna Mendez
Type: Two-Year Upper Division Sex: Coed Affiliation: Education Management Corporation Application Fee: $50.00 Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester Enrollment: FT 4, PT 9 Faculty: FT 1, PT 12 % Receiving Financial Aid: 67 Regional Accreditation: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools Professional Accreditation: APA

ARMSTRONG ATLANTIC STATE UNIVERSITY

11935 Abercorn St.
Savannah, GA 31419-1997
Tel: (912)927-5211
Free: 800-633-2349
Admissions: (912)927-5275
Fax: (912)921-5462
E-mail: westkim@mail.armstrong.edu
Web Site: http://www.armstrong.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Thomas Z. Jones
Registrar: Kim West
Admissions: Kim West
Financial Aid: Lee Ann Kirkland
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 99% SAT V 400+; 98% SAT M 400+; 67% ACT 18-23; 16% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 100 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: July 01 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $2894 full-time, $102 per hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $10,210 full-time, $407 per hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $456 full-time, $213 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to program. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load and program. College room only: $4980. Room charges vary according to housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 3,677, PT 2,238, Grad 795 Faculty: FT 224, PT 200 Student-Faculty Ratio: 17:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 55 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 10 Library Holdings: 223,412 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates; 123 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Navy Professional Accreditation: ABET, AACN, ADA, APTA, CARC, CEPH, JRCERT, NAACLS, NASM, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Golf M; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

THE ART INSTITUTE OF ATLANTA

6600 Peachtree Dunwoody Rd., 100 Embassy Row
Atlanta, GA 30328
Tel: (770)394-8300
Free: 800-275-4242
Fax: (770)394-0008
Web Site: http://www.aia.artinstitutes.edu/
President/CEO: Janet S. Day
Registrar: Martha Richardson
Admissions: Donna Scott
Financial Aid: Rena Marroquin
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Education Management Corporation Admission Plans: Deferred Admission Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Tuition: $18,000 full-time, $375 per credit part-time. Full-time tuition varies according to course load. Part-time tuition varies according to course load. College room only: $7311. Room charges vary according to housing facility. Tuition guaranteed not to increase for student's term of enrollment. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,322, PT 329 Faculty: FT 91, PT 74 Student-Faculty Ratio: 21:1 % Receiving Financial Aid: 88 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 13 Library Holdings: 40,799 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 96 credits, Associates; 192 credits, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: ACF, FIDER

ASHWORTH COLLEGE

430 Technology Parkway
Norcross, GA 30092
Tel: (770)729-8400
Free: 800-223-4542
Fax: (770)729-9296
Web Site: http://www.ashworthcollege.com/
President/CEO: Dr. F. Milton Miller
Admissions: John Graves
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Professional Career Development, LLC H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Faculty: FT 2, PT 53 Credit Hours For Degree: 20 courses, Associates Professional Accreditation: DETC

ATHENS TECHNICAL COLLEGE

800 US Hwy. 29 North
Athens, GA 30601-1500
Tel: (706)355-5000
Admissions: (706)355-5124
Fax: (706)369-5753
E-mail: lreid@athenstech.org
Web Site: http://www.athenstech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Coy Hodges
Registrar: Andrea Daniel
Admissions: Lenzy Reid
Financial Aid: Wanda Hicks
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,436, PT 2,369 Faculty: FT 81, PT 208 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 33,891 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 credit hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ADA, APTA, ACBSP, CARC, JRCERT, NLN

ATLANTA CHRISTIAN COLLEGE

2605 Ben Hill Rd.
East Point, GA 30344-1999
Tel: (404)761-8861
Free: 800-776-1ACC
Web Site: http://www.acc.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. R. Edwin Groover
Registrar: Kathy David
Admissions: Keith Wagner
Financial Aid: Blair Walker
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Christian Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Decision Plan; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Comprehensive fee: $17,180 includes full-time tuition ($11,800), mandatory fees ($580), and college room and board ($4800). Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course level. Part-time tuition: $495 per hour. Part-time tuition varies according to course level and student level. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 370, PT 73 Student-Faculty Ratio: 16:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 60 Library Holdings: 50,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 64 semester hours, Associates; 128 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: NCATE Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Golf M; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Volleyball W

ATLANTA METROPOLITAN COLLEGE

1630 Metropolitan Parkway, SW
Atlanta, GA 30310-4498
Tel: (404)756-4000
Admissions: (404)756-4004
E-mail: admissions@atlm.edu
Web Site: http://www.atlm.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Harold E. Wade
Registrar: John Brown
Admissions: Audrey Reid
Financial Aid: Vera Brooks
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia % Accepted: 57 Application Deadline: July 15 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1560 full-time, $65 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6168 full-time, $257 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $230 full-time, $115 per term part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 860, PT 888 Faculty: FT 44, PT 28 Student-Faculty Ratio: 23:1 Library Holdings: 48,719 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 credit hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ACBSP Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M & W; Cheerleading M & W

ATLANTA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

1560 Metropolitan Parkway
Atlanta, GA 30310
Tel: (404)756-3700
Admissions: (404)225-4446
Fax: (404)752-0809
E-mail: jtriplet@atlantatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.atlantatech.org/
President/CEO: Dr. Brenda Watts Jones
Admissions: Jill Triplett
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 1,535, PT 1,988 Faculty: FT 86, PT 102 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: ADA, COE

AUGUSTA STATE UNIVERSITY

2500 Walton Way
Augusta, GA 30904-2200
Tel: (706)737-1400
Free: 800-341-4373
Admissions: (706)737-1632
Fax: (706)737-1774
E-mail: admissions@ac.edu
Web Site: http://www.aug.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. William A. Bloodworth, Jr.
Registrar: Katherine Sweeney
Admissions: Katherine Sweeney
Financial Aid: Willene C. Holmes
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 88.7% SAT V 400+; 86.6% SAT M 400+; 53.5% ACT 18-23; 8.1% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 63 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: July 21 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $2438 full-time, $102 per hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9754 full-time, $407 per hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $482 full-time, $241 per term part-time. College room only: $4920. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 3,686, PT 1,775, Grad 851 Faculty: FT 215, PT 115 Student-Faculty Ratio: 19:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 51 Library Holdings: 454,590 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 credits, Associates; 120 credits, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: AACSB, NASAD, NASM, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

AUGUSTA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

3200 Augusta Tech Dr.
Augusta, GA 30906
Tel: (706)771-4000
Admissions: (706)771-4027
Fax: (706)771-4016
E-mail: bcrobert@augustatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.augustatech.edu/
President/CEO: Terry Elam
Registrar: Denise Anderson
Admissions: Brian Roberts
Financial Aid: Beverly Smyre
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Preferred Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,986, PT 2,185 Faculty: FT 136, PT 240 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 70,816 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 101 quarter hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ABET, ARCEST, ADA, AOTA, CARC, JRCECT

BAINBRIDGE COLLEGE

2500 East Shotwell St.
Bainbridge, GA 39819
Tel: (229)248-2500
Admissions: (229)248-2504
Fax: (229)248-2525
Web Site: http://www.bainbridge.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Clifford M. Brock
Registrar: Connie Snyder
Admissions: Connie Snyder
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia % Accepted: 78 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: August 01 Application Fee: $0.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $0. State resident tuition: $1542 full-time, $65 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6166 full-time, $257 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $124 full-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 954, PT 1,521 Faculty: FT 62, PT 68 Exams: Other, SAT I or ACT Library Holdings: 37,387 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates

BAUDER COLLEGE

Phipps Plaza, 3500 Peachtree Rd, NE
Atlanta, GA 30326
Tel: (404)237-7573
Free: 800-241-3797
Fax: (404)237-1642
Web Site: http://www.bauder.edu/
President/CEO: Jo Ann Wilson
Registrar: Brantley Taylor
Admissions: Lyn Diaz
Financial Aid: Rhonda Staines
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Application Fee: $0.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Faculty: FT 52, PT 23 Library Holdings: 4,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 90 credit hours, Associates

BEACON UNIVERSITY

6003 Veterans Parkway
Columbus, GA 31909
Tel: (706)323-5364
Fax: (706)323-3236
E-mail: registrar@beacon.edu
Web Site: http://www.beacon.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Ronald E. Cottle
Admissions: Rita Roberts
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Student-Faculty Ratio: 5:1 Exams: Other, SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 100 Library Holdings: 25,000 Credit Hours For Degree: 66 semester hours, Associates; 126 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: TACCS

BERRY COLLEGE

PO Box 490159
Mount Berry, GA 30149-0159
Tel: (706)232-5374
Free: 800-237-7942
Admissions: (706)236-2215
Fax: (706)236-2248
E-mail: admissions@berry.edu
Web Site: http://www.berry.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. John Scott Colley
Registrar: Linda Tennant
Admissions: Richard D. Paul
Financial Aid: William G. Fron
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: interdenominational Scores: 99.2% SAT V 400+; 99.7% SAT M 400+; 33% ACT 18-23; 53.6% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 83 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: July 21 Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Comprehensive fee: $26,114 includes full-time tuition ($18,950) and college room and board ($7164). College room only: $4024. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,829, PT 34, Grad 107 Faculty: FT 134, PT 62 Student-Faculty Ratio: 13:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 57 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 72 Library Holdings: 321,335 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 124 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: AAFCS, NASM, NCATE Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cheerleading M & W; Crew M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Equestrian Sports M & W; Golf M & W; Lacrosse M & W; Soccer M & W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

BEULAH HEIGHTS BIBLE COLLEGE

892 Berne St., SE, PO Box 18145
Atlanta, GA 30316
Tel: (404)627-2681; 888-777-BHBC
Fax: (404)627-0702
Web Site: http://www.beulah.org/
President/CEO: Dr. Benson M. Karanja
Registrar: Jackie Armstrong
Admissions: Jacquelyn B. Armstrong
Financial Aid: Patricia Banks
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Pentecostal Admission Plans: Open Admission; Early Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 256, PT 364 Faculty: FT 18, PT 21 Student-Faculty Ratio: 17:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 60 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 10 Library Holdings: 40,000 Credit Hours For Degree: 66 semester hours, Associates; 129 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: AABC, TACCS

BRENAU UNIVERSITY

500 Washington St. SE
Gainesville, GA 30501
Tel: (770)534-6299
Free: 800-252-5119
Admissions: (770)718-5320
Fax: (770)534-6114
Web Site: http://www.brenau.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. John S. Burd
Registrar: Laura Ledford
Admissions: Christina White
Financial Aid: Pam Barrett
Type: Comprehensive Scores: 94.86% SAT V 400+; 92.96% SAT M 400 + % Accepted: 38 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $35.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $35. Comprehensive fee: $24,990 includes full-time tuition ($16,440) and college room and board ($8550). Full-time tuition varies according to class time, location, and program. Room and board charges vary according to housing facility. Part-time tuition: $548 per semester hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $75 per term. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to class time, location, and program. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 670, PT 41, Grad 32 Faculty: FT 72, PT 33 Student-Faculty Ratio: 9:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 73 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 55 Library Holdings: 61,059 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: AOTA, FIDER, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Crew W; Cross-Country Running W; Soccer W; Softball W; Tennis W; Volleyball W

BREWTON-PARKER COLLEGE

Hwy. 280
Mt. Vernon, GA 30445-0197
Tel: (912)583-2241
Free: 800-342-1087
Admissions: (912)583-3265
Fax: (912)583-4498
Web Site: http://www.bpc.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. David R. Smith
Admissions: Brad Kissell
Financial Aid: Ione Maze
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Southern Baptist Scores: 88% SAT V 400+; 82% SAT M 400+; 42% ACT 18-23; 8% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 97 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Comprehensive fee: $17,504 includes full-time tuition ($11,584), mandatory fees ($1100), and college room and board ($4820). College room only: $2150. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Part-time tuition: $362 per credit hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $275 per term. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 846, PT 248 Faculty: FT 50, PT 87 Student-Faculty Ratio: 13:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 90 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 34 Library Holdings: 74,331 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 61 semesters, Associates; 121 semesters, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: NASM Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cheerleading M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Volleyball W

BROWN MACKIE COLLEGE-ATLANTA

4975 Jimmy Carter Blvd., Ste. 600
Norcross, GA 30093
Tel: (770)638-0121
Admissions: (770)510-2312
Fax: (770)638-0479
E-mail: rlcampbell@brownmackie.edu
Web Site: http://www.brownmackie.edu/locations.asp?locid=3
President/CEO: Darrell Woodrum
Admissions: Robert L. Campbell
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $0.00 Costs Per Year: Application fee: $0. Tuition: $6084 full-time, $169 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $360 full-time, $10 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Enrollment: FT 150 Faculty: FT 4, PT 4 Student-Faculty Ratio: 19:1 Professional Accreditation: COE

CARVER BIBLE COLLEGE

437 Nelson St.
Atlanta, GA 30313
Tel: (404)527-4520
Fax: (404)527-4526
Web Site: http://www.carver.edu/
President/CEO: Robert W. Crummie, Sr.
Admissions: Patsy S. Singh
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: nondenominational Admission Plans: Open Admission H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 47, PT 103 Faculty: FT 3, PT 18 Student-Faculty Ratio: 10:1 Credit Hours For Degree: 65 hours, Associates; 130 hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: AABC Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M

CENTRAL GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

3300 Macon Tech Dr.
Macon, GA 31206-3628
Tel: (478)757-3400
Admissions: (478)757-3408
Fax: (478)757-3454
E-mail: amymc@cgtcollege.edu
Web Site: http://www.cgtcollege.org/
President/CEO: Dr. Melton Palmer, Jr.
Registrar: Rosemary Culverhouse
Admissions: Amy McDonald
Financial Aid: Pennie Strong
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $61 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Not available Enrollment: FT 3,057, PT 2,990 Faculty: FT 109, PT 375 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 16,500 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 90 quarter hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ADA, COE, NAACLS

CHATTAHOOCHEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

980 South Cobb Dr.
Marietta, GA 30060
Tel: (770)528-4500
Fax: (770)528-4578
Web Site: http://www.chattcollege.com
President/CEO: Dr. Harlon Crimm
Registrar: Nancy Beaver
Financial Aid: Lori Burnett
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Not available Enrollment: FT 2,260, PT 3,983 Faculty: FT 66, PT 234 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 22,127 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 90 credit hours, AssociatesProfessional Accreditation: ABET, ACF, ACBSP

CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY

223 James P. Brawley Dr., SW
Atlanta, GA 30314
Tel: (404)880-8000
Free: 800-688-3228
Fax: (404)880-6174
Web Site: http://www.cau.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Walter D. Broadnax
Registrar: Amy Graham
Admissions: Julius Dodds
Financial Aid: Dolores S. Davis
Type: University Sex: Coed Affiliation: United Methodist Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $35.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $35. Comprehensive fee: $21,338 includes full-time tuition ($14,522) and college room and board ($6816). Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 3,557, PT 144, Grad 897 Faculty: FT 260, PT 4 Student-Faculty Ratio: 13:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 90 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 37 Library Holdings: 520,727 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 122 credits, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Air Force Professional Accreditation: AACSB, AHIMA, ALA, CSWE, NASPAA, NCATE Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M & W; Cheerleading W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Football M; Golf M; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

CLAYTON STATE UNIVERSITY

5900 North Lee St.
Morrow, GA 30260-0285
Tel: (678)466-4000
Admissions: (678)466-4115
E-mail: csc-info@ce.clayton.peachnet.edu
Web Site: http://www.clayton.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Thomas K. Harden
Registrar: Rebecca Gmeiner
Admissions: Anne Meservey
Financial Aid: Melissa Belle
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 97.5% SAT V 400+; 96.9% SAT M 400+; 67% ACT 18-23;9.7% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 55 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: July 17 Application Fee: $40.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $40. State resident tuition: $2802 full-time, $102 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9770 full-time, $407 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $488 full-time, $244 per term part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 3,291, PT 2,861 Faculty: FT 197, PT 170 Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 60 Library Holdings: 77,043 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 credit hours, Associates; 120 credit hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Navy, Air Force Professional Accreditation: ADA, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M & W; Cheerleading W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M; Soccer M & W; Tennis W; Track and Field M & W

COASTAL GEORGIA COMMUNITY COLLEGE

3700 Altama Ave.
Brunswick, GA 31520
Tel: (912)264-7235
Free: 800-675-7235
Admissions: (912)264-7253
Fax: (912)262-3072
Web Site: http://www.cgcc.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Dorothy L. Lord
Admissions: Lisa Lessig
Financial Aid: Betty Coen
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia % Accepted: 54 Admission Plans: Deferred Admission Application Deadline: August 15 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted. For technical and industrial programs: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1468 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $245 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $212 full-time, $52 per term part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,002, PT 2,060 Faculty: FT 73, PT 67 Student-Faculty Ratio: 18:1 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: JRCERT, NAACLS, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M; Softball W

COLUMBUS STATE UNIVERSITY

4225 University Ave.
Columbus, GA 31907-5645
Tel: (706)568-2001; (866)264-2035
Admissions: (706)568-2035
Fax: (706)568-2123
Web Site: http://www.colstate.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Frank D. Brown
Registrar: Beverly Johnson
Admissions: Susan Lovell
Financial Aid: Janis Bowles
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 92.96% SAT V 400+; 92.06% SAT M 400+; 57.83% ACT 18-23; 11.36% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 64 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: July 01 Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. State resident tuition: $2438 full-time, $102 per semester hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9754 full-time, $407 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $506 full-time. College room and board: $5720. College room only: $3510. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and location. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 4,414, PT 2,210, Grad 851 Faculty: FT 216, PT 195 Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 47 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 13 Library Holdings: 250,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 63 credits, Associates; 123 credits, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: AACSB, ACA, NASAD, NASM, NAST, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M; Soccer W; Softball W; Tennis M & W

COLUMBUS TECHNICAL COLLEGE

928 Manchester Expressway
Columbus, GA 31904-6572
Tel: (706)649-1800
Admissions: (706)649-1174
Fax: (706)649-1937
E-mail: nkennedy@columbustech.edu
Web Site: http://www.columbustech.edu
President/CEO: Robert Jones
Registrar: Dr. Pamela Robinson
Admissions: Nichole Kennedy
Financial Aid: Debbie Henshaw
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 1,536, PT 1,994 Faculty: FT 77, PT 153 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 26,072 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 100 credits, Associates Professional Accreditation: ARCEST, ADA

COOSA VALLEY TECHNICAL COLLEGE

One Maurice Culberson Dr.
Rome, GA 30161
Tel: (706)295-6963
Admissions: (706)624-1117
Fax: (706)295-6944
E-mail: sphillip@coosavalleytech.edu
Web Site: http://www.coosavalleytech.edu/
President/CEO: Craig McDaniel
Admissions: Stuart Phillips
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 1,219, PT 1,674 Faculty: FT 73, PT 118 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

COVENANT COLLEGE

14049 Scenic Hwy.
Lookout Mountain, GA 30750
Tel: (706)820-1560; 888-451-2683
Admissions: (706)419-1127
E-mail: admissions@covenant.edu
Web Site: http://www.covenant.edu/
President/CEO: Neil B. Nielson
Registrar: Rodney Miller
Admissions: Wallace Anderson
Financial Aid: Brenda Rapier
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: Presbyterian Church in America Scores: 99% SAT V 400+; 98% SAT M 400+; 40% ACT 18-23; 49% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 33 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $35.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $35. Comprehensive fee: $28,030 includes full-time tuition ($21,100), mandatory fees ($750), and college room and board ($6180). Part-time tuition: $880 per credit hour. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 898 Faculty: FT 58, PT 19 Student-Faculty Ratio: 15:1 Exams: ACT, SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 68 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 86 Library Holdings: 85,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 62 units, Associates; 126 units, Bachelors Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

DALTON STATE COLLEGE

213 North College Dr.
Dalton, GA 30720-3797
Tel: (706)272-4436
Free: 800-829-4436
Fax: (706)272-2530
Web Site: http://www.daltonstate.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. James A. Burran
Registrar: Jodi Johnson
Admissions: Jodi Johnson
Financial Aid: Dianne Cox
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia % Accepted: 69 Admission Plans: Open Admission; Early Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Area resident tuition: $66.75 per credit hour part-time. State resident tuition: $1592 full-time. Nonresident tuition: $5996 full-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,914, PT 2,353 Faculty: FT 125, PT 62 Student-Faculty Ratio: 23:1 % Receiving Financial Aid: 61 Library Holdings: 119,515 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates; 120 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: AAMAE, NAACLS, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M & W; Golf W; Softball M & W; Table Tennis M & W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball M & W

DARTON COLLEGE

2400 Gillionville Rd.
Albany, GA 31707-3098
Tel: (229)430-6000
Admissions: (229)430-6740
Fax: (229)430-2926
E-mail: darton@cavalier.dartnet.peachnet.edu
Web Site: http://www.darton.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Peter J. Sireno
Registrar: Holly Basko
Admissions: Terri Carroll
Financial Aid: Martha Whittle
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 71% SAT V 400+; 66% SAT M 400+; 28% ACT 18-23; 1% ACT 24-29 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1542 full-time, $65 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6166 full-time, $257 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $300 full-time, $150 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,904, PT 2,222 Faculty: FT 88, PT 129 Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II Library Holdings: 67,507 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: ADA, AHIMA, AOTA, APTA, CARC, NAACLS, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball W; Golf M; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Swimming and Diving M & W

DEKALB TECHNICAL COLLEGE

495 North Indian Creek Dr.
Clarkston, GA 30021-2397
Tel: (404)297-9522
Fax: (404)294-4234
E-mail: richardt@dekalbtech.org
Web Site: http://www.dekalbtech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Robin W. Hoffman
Registrar: Karen Sills
Admissions: Terry Richardson
Financial Aid: John Gottardy
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,535, PT 2,548 Faculty: FT 96, PT 363 Student-Faculty Ratio: 15:1 Exams: Other Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 100 credit hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ABET, COptA, NAACLS

DEVRY UNIVERSITY (ALPHARETTA)

2555 Northwinds Parkway
Alpharetta, GA 30004
Tel: (770)521-4900; (866)338-7934
Web Site: http://www.devry.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Donna Loraine
Registrar: Marie Brown
Financial Aid: David Pickett
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: DeVry University Admission Plans: Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. One-time mandatory fee: $40. Tuition: $11,790 full-time, $440 per credit part-time. Mandatory fees: $270 full-time, $160 per year part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 452, PT 399, Grad 193 Faculty: FT 36, PT 40 Student-Faculty Ratio: 14:1 % Receiving Financial Aid: 71 Library Holdings: 7,659 Regional Accreditation: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 66 credit hours, Associates; 122 credit hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: ABET

DEVRY UNIVERSITY (ATLANTA)

Fifteen Piedmont Center, Plaza Level 100
Atlanta, GA 30305-1543
Tel: (404)296-7400
Fax: (404)240-0227
Web Site: http://www.devry.edu/
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Costs Per Year: One-time mandatory fee: $40. Tuition: $11,790 full-time, $440 per credit part-time. Mandatory fees: $60 full-time, $60 per year part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Calendar System: Semester Regional Accreditation: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools

DEVRY UNIVERSITY (DECATUR)

250 North Arcadia Ave.
Decatur, GA 30030-2198
Tel: (404)292-7900; (866)338-7934
Fax: (404)292-2321
Web Site: http://www.devry.edu/
President/CEO: Donna Loraine
Registrar: Marie Brown
Financial Aid: Beverly Love
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: DeVry University Admission Plans: Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. One-time mandatory fee: $40. Tuition: $11,790 full-time, $440 per credit part-time. Mandatory fees: $270 full-time, $160 per year part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 977, PT 891, Grad 329 Faculty: FT 53, PT 80 Student-Faculty Ratio: 18:1 % Receiving Financial Aid: 85 Library Holdings: 18,849 Regional Accreditation: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 66 credit hours, Associates; 122 credit hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: ABET

DEVRY UNIVERSITY (DULUTH)

3505 Koger Blvd., Ste. 170
Duluth, GA 30096-7671
Tel: (678)380-9780
Fax: (678)924-0958
Web Site: http://www.devry.edu/
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Costs Per Year: One-time mandatory fee: $40. Tuition: $11,790 full-time, $440 per credit part-time. Mandatory fees: $60 full-time, $30 per year part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Calendar System: Semester Regional Accreditation: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools

EAST CENTRAL TECHNICAL COLLEGE

667 Perry House Rd.
Fitzgerald, GA 31750
Tel: (229)468-2000
Admissions: (229)468-2033
Fax: (229)468-2110
E-mail: ccoffey@ectcollege.org
Web Site: http://www.eastcentraltech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Diane Harper
Admissions: Connie Coffey
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 561, PT 677 Faculty: FT 47, PT 43 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

EAST GEORGIA COLLEGE

131 College Circle
Swainsboro, GA 30401-2699
Tel: (478)289-2000
Admissions: (478)289-2009
Fax: (478)289-2038
Web Site: http://www.ega.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Jeremiah J. Ashcroft
Registrar: Donald D. Avery
Admissions: Donald D. Avery
Financial Aid: Barbara Green
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 70% SAT V 400+; 61% SAT M 400 + Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1560 full-time, $65 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6168 full-time, $257 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $38 per term part-time. Full-time tuition varies according to course load and location. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load and location. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 887, PT 431 Faculty: FT 33, PT 28 Student-Faculty Ratio: 23:1 Library Holdings: 43,780 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 64 semester hours, Associates

EMMANUEL COLLEGE

PO Box 129
181 Springs St.
Franklin Springs, GA 30639-0129
Tel: (706)245-7226
E-mail: admissions@emmanuel-college.edu
Web Site: http://www.emmanuelcollege.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. David Hopkins
Registrar: Debra F. Grizzle
Admissions: Kirk McConnell
Financial Aid: Donna Quick
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Pentecostal Holiness Church % Accepted: 38 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: August 01 Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Comprehensive fee: $14,850 includes full-time tuition ($9800), mandatory fees ($350), and college room and board ($4700). College room only: $2150. Room and board charges vary according to board plan. Part-time tuition: $408 per hour. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 594, PT 113 Faculty: FT 44, PT 24 Student-Faculty Ratio: 12:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 73 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 44 Library Holdings: 74,735 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 64 semester hours, Associates; 124 semester hours, Bachelors Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W

EMORY UNIVERSITY

1380 South Oxford Rd.
Atlanta, GA 30322-1100
Tel: (404)727-6123
Free: 800-727-6036
Admissions: (404)727-6036
E-mail: admiss@unix.cc.emory.edu
Web Site: http://www.emory.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. James W. Wagner
Registrar: Charles R. Nicolaysen
Admissions: Daniel C. Walls
Financial Aid: Julia Perreault
Type: University Sex: Coed Affiliation: Methodist Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 4.2% ACT 18-23; 49.2% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 37 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Decision Plan; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: January 15 Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted. For transfer students with a full year of college credit: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Comprehensive fee: $40,546 includes full-time tuition ($30,400), mandatory fees ($394), and college room and board ($9752). College room only: $6112. Room and board charges vary according to board plan, housing facility, and student level. Part-time tuition: $1267 per credit. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 6,421, PT 89, Grad 3,980 Faculty: FT 1,236, PT 199 Student-Faculty Ratio: 7:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 38 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 70 Library Holdings: 2,500,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 132 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Air Force Professional Accreditation: AACSB, ARCAA, AACN, ABA, ACNM, ADtA, APTA, APA, AClPE, AALS, ATS, CEPH, JCAHPO, JRCERT, LCMEAMA, NANPWH, NASM, NCATE Intercollegiate Athletics: Badminton M & W; Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Bowling M & W; Crew M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Equestrian Sports M & W; Fencing M & W; Field Hockey W; Golf M; Gymnastics M & W; Lacrosse M & W; Racquetball M & W; Rugby M; Sailing M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Swimming and Diving M & W; Table Tennis M & W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Ultimate Frisbee M & W; Volleyball M & W; Water Polo M & W; Wrestling M

EMORY UNIVERSITY, OXFORD COLLEGE

100 Hamill St., PO Box 1328
Oxford, GA 30054
Tel: (770)784-8888
Free: 800-723-8328
Admissions: (770)784-8328
Fax: (770)784-8359
Web Site: http://www.emory.edu/OXFORD/
President/CEO: Dr. Dana Greene
Admissions: Jennifer B. Taylor
Financial Aid: Jennifer B. Taylor
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Methodist; Emory University Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 24.4% ACT 18-23; 61.8% ACT 24-29 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Action; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $40.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 554 Faculty: FT 43, PT 11 Student-Faculty Ratio: 10:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 95 Library Holdings: 80,099 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 67 semester hours, Associates Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M; Soccer W; Tennis M & W

FLINT RIVER TECHNICAL COLLEGE

1533 US Hwy. 19 South
Thomaston, GA 30286
Tel: (706)646-6148
Free: 800-752-9681
Fax: (706)646-6163
E-mail: gwilliams@flintrivertech.edu
Web Site: http://www.flintrivertech.edu/
President/CEO: Kathy S. Love
Admissions: Gary Williams
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 425, PT 380 Faculty: FT 29, PT 59 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 2,653 Professional Accreditation: COE

FORT VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY

1005 State University Dr.
Fort Valley, GA 31030-4313
Tel: (478)825-6211
Free: 800-248-7343
Admissions: (478)825-6307
Fax: (478)825-6394
Web Site: http://www.fvsu.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Kofi Lomotey
Registrar: Sharee Lawrence
Admissions: Debra McGhee
Financial Aid: Russelle Keese
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 65.82% SAT V 400+; 64.12% SAT M 400 + % Accepted: 36 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: August 01 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $3044 full-time, $102 per credit part-time. Nonresident tuition: $10,360 full-time, $407 per credit part-time. Mandatory fees: $606 full-time, $303 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. College room and board: $4496. College room only: $2200. Room and board charges vary according to board plan. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,723, PT 274, Grad 177 Faculty: FT 105, PT 16 Student-Faculty Ratio: 22:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 59 Library Holdings: 186,365 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 hours, Associates; 120 hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: ABET, AAFCS, CORE, MACTE, NCATE Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M & W; Football M; Golf M; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

GAINESVILLE COLLEGE

PO Box 1358
Gainesville, GA 30503-1358
Tel: (770)718-3639
Admissions: (770)718-3641
Fax: (770)718-3859
E-mail: mpalmour@gsc.edu
Web Site: http://www.gc.peachnet.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Martha T. Nesbitt
Registrar: Janice Hartsoe
Admissions: W. Palmour
Financial Aid: Susan A. Smith
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 91% SAT V 400+; 88.5% SAT M 400 + % Accepted: 84 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: July 01 Application Fee: $35.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $35. State resident tuition: $1542 full-time, $65 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6166 full-time, $257 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $164 full-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 3,550, PT 2,435 Student-Faculty Ratio: 24:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT Library Holdings: 70,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ADA, ACBSP

GEORGIA AVIATION & TECHNICAL COLLEGE

71 Airport Rd., Heart of Georgia Regional Airport
Eastman, GA 31023
Tel: (478)374-6980
Fax: (478)374-6809
E-mail: tspires@gaaviationtech.edu
Web Site: http://www.gavtc.org/
President/CEO: Andy Lundell
Admissions: Teresa Spires
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 158, PT 94 Faculty: FT 23, PT 0 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

GEORGIA COLLEGE & STATE UNIVERSITY

Hancock St.
Milledgeville, GA 31061
Tel: (478)445-5004
Admissions: (478)445-1283
Fax: (478)445-6795
E-mail: paul.jones@gcsu.edu
Web Site: http://www.gcsu.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Dorothy Leland
Registrar: Sarah L. Scott
Admissions: Dr. Paul Jones
Financial Aid: Suzanne Buttram
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 60% ACT 18-23; 34% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 60 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Action; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: April 01 Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. State resident tuition: $3404 full-time, $142 per semester hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $13,616 full-time, $568 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $738 full-time, $369 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to location. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load and location. College room and board: $6878. College room only: $3690. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 4,243, PT 555, Grad 861 Faculty: FT 268, PT 134 Student-Faculty Ratio: 15:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 40 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 36 Library Holdings: 169,735 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: AACSB, NASM, NASPAA, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Fencing M & W; Golf M; Soccer W; Softball W; Tennis M & W

GEORGIA HIGHLANDS COLLEGE

3175 Cedartown Hwy., SE
PO Box 1864
Rome, GA 30162-1864
Tel: (706)802-5000
Free: 800-332-2406
Admissions: (706)295-6339
Fax: (706)295-6610
E-mail: tjones@highlands.edu
Web Site: http://www.highlands.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. J. Randolph Pierce
Registrar: Sandie Davis
Admissions: Todd Jones
Financial Aid: Wendy Shapiro
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia % Accepted: 84 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1542 full-time, $65 per hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6168 full-time, $257 per hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $198 full-time, $99 per term part-time. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,059, PT 1,758 Faculty: FT 89, PT 165 Student-Faculty Ratio: 40:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT Library Holdings: 65,090 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ADA, NLN

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

225 North Ave., NW
Atlanta, GA 30332-0001
Tel: (404)894-2000
Admissions: (404)894-4154
Fax: (404)853-9163
E-mail: admission@gatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.gatech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. G. Wayne Clough
Registrar: M. Jo McIver
Admissions: Ingrid Hayes
Type: University Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 7% ACT 18-23; 61% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 67 Admission Plans: Preferred Admission; Early Admission Application Deadline: January 15 Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. State resident tuition: $3638 full-time, $152 per hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $17,980 full-time, $750 per hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $1010 full-time, $505 per term part-time. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. College room and board: $6802. College room only: $3992. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 10,992, PT 849, Grad 5,294 Faculty: FT 810, PT 27 Student-Faculty Ratio: 14:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 30 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 53 Library Holdings: 213,128 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 122 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Navy, Air Force Professional Accreditation: AACSB, ABET, ACCE, ACSP Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Equestrian Sports M & W; Football M; Golf M; Ice Hockey M; Lacrosse M & W; Rugby M; Softball W; Swimming and Diving M & W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W; Wrestling M

GEORGIA MEDICAL INSTITUTE-DEKALB

1706 Northeast Expressway
Atlanta, GA 30329
Tel: (404)327-8787
Fax: (404)327-8980
Web Site: http://www.georgia-med.com/
President/CEO: John England
Admissions: Trish Sherwood
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Calendar System: Continuous Faculty: FT 19, PT 2 Student-Faculty Ratio: 18:1 Professional Accreditation: ACCSCT

GEORGIA MILITARY COLLEGE

201 East Greene St.
Milledgeville, GA 31061-3398
Tel: (478)445-2700
Free: 800-342-0413
Admissions: (478)445-2751
Fax: (478)445-2688
Web Site: http://www.gmc.cc.ga.us/
President/CEO: Maj. Gen. Peter J. Boylan, Jr.
Registrar: Patricia Smith
Admissions: Donna W. Findley
Financial Aid: Cindy Allard
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,471, PT 1,591 Faculty: FT 82, PT 149 Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT Library Holdings: 20,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 90 quarter hours, Associates ROTC: Army Intercollegiate Athletics: Football M; Riflery M & W

GEORGIA PERIMETER COLLEGE

3251 Panthersville Rd.
Decatur, GA 30034-3897
Tel: (404)244-5090; 888-696-2780
Admissions: (404)299-4551
Fax: (404)244-2996
Web Site: http://www.gpc.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Jacquelyn Belcher
Admissions: Erin Hart
Financial Aid: Mary Knellman
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 8,548, PT 10,438 Faculty: FT 336, PT 1,317 Student-Faculty Ratio: 21:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT Library Holdings: 369,969 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 62 semester hours, Associates ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: ADA, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W

GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY

PO Box 8055
Statesboro, GA 30460
Tel: (912)681-5611
Admissions: (912)681-5391
Fax: (912)681-5635
E-mail: admissions@gasou.edu
Web Site: http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Bruce Grube
Registrar: Michael Deal
Admissions: Susan Davies
Financial Aid: Connie Murphey
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 72% ACT 18-23; 21% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 55 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: May 01 Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted. For applicants out of high school at least 5 years: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. State resident tuition: $2438 full-time, $102 per semester hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9754 full-time, $407 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $1024 full-time, $512 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to degree level and location. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load, degree level, and location. College room and board: $6300. College room only: $3968. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 13,119, PT 1,531, Grad 1,996Faculty: FT 660, PT 53 Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 52 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 23 Library Holdings: 568,551 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 125 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: AACSB, ABET, AACN, AAFCS, ACCE, FIDER, JRCEPAT, NAIT, NASAD, NASM, NASPAA, NCATE, NLN, NRPA Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Bowling M & W; Cheerleading M & W; Cross-Country Running W; Equestrian Sports M & W; Fencing M & W; Football M; Golf M; Lacrosse M; Rugby M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Swimming and Diving W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field W; Ultimate Frisbee M & W; Volleyball W; Wrestling M & W

GEORGIA SOUTHWESTERN STATE UNIVERSITY

800 Wheatley St.
Americus, GA 31709-4693
Tel: (229)928-1273
Free: 800-338-0082
Fax: (229)931-2983
E-mail: ghayes@gsw.edu
Web Site: http://www.gsw.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Michael L. Hanes
Registrar: Lori Urbani
Admissions: Gaye S. Hayes
Financial Aid: Freida Jones
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 99% SAT V 400+; 97% SAT M 400+; 61% ACT 18-23; 8% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 74 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Decision Plan Application Deadline: July 21 Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted. For students out of high school 5 years or more: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. State resident tuition: $2438 full-time, $102 per semester hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9754 full-time, $407 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $596 full-time, $289 per term part-time. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. College room and board: $4810. College room only: $2620. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,699, PT 539, Grad 189 Faculty: FT 96, PT 55 Student-Faculty Ratio: 17:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 62 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 27 Library Holdings: 428,197 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates; 120 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Golf M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY

Atlanta, GA 30303-3083
Tel: (404)651-2000
Admissions: (404)651-2365
E-mail: admdmw@langate.gsu.edu
Web Site: http://www.gsu.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Carl V. Patton
Admissions: Diane Weber
Financial Aid: David R. Bledsoe
Type: University Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 99% SAT V 400+; 99% SAT M 400+; 65% ACT 18-23; 25% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 50 Admission Plans: Deferred Admission Application Deadline: March 01 Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. State resident tuition: $3638 full-time, $152 per semester hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $14,552 full-time, $607 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $826 full-time, $413 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load, degree level, and program. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load, degree level, and program. College room and board: $6980. College room only: $5380. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 13,752, PT 5,208, Grad 6,308 Faculty: FT 1,054, PT 376 Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 66 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 10 Library Holdings: 2,204,853 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Navy, Air Force

Professional Accreditation: AACSB, ACEHSA, AACN, ABA, ACA, ADtA, APTA, APA, ASLHA, AALS, CARC, CORE, CSWE, NASAD, NASM, NASPAA, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

GORDON COLLEGE

419 College Dr.
Barnesville, GA 30204-1762
Tel: (770)358-5000
Admissions: (770)358-5354
Fax: (770)358-3031
Web Site: http://www.gdn.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Lawrence V. Weill
Registrar: Janet Adams Barras
Admissions: Dr. Patricia Lemmons
Financial Aid: Larry Mitcham
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 75% SAT V 400+; 73% SAT M 400 + Admission Plans: Open Admission; Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,297, PT 1,152 Faculty: FT 84, PT 60 Student-Faculty Ratio: 25:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 20 Library Holdings: 118,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 64 semester hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis W

GRIFFIN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

501 Varsity Rd.
Griffin, GA 30223
Tel: (770)228-7348
Admissions: (770)228-7371
Fax: (770)229-3227
E-mail: cbrown@griftec.org
Web Site: http://www.griffintech.edu
President/CEO: Dr. Robert H. Arnold
Registrar: Karen Williams
Admissions: Christine James-Brown
Financial Aid: Debbie Bowles
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Not available Enrollment: FT 1,494, PT 1,913 Faculty: FT 68, PT 172 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 12,493 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 100 credit hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ARCEST, COE

GUPTON-JONES COLLEGE OF FUNERAL SERVICE

5141 Snapfinger Woods Dr.
Decatur, GA 30035-4022
Tel: (770)593-2257
Free: 800-848-5352
Fax: (770)593-1891
Web Site: http://www.gupton-jones.edu/
President/CEO: Patty Hutcheson
Registrar: Beverly A. Wheaton
Admissions: Patty S. Hutcheson
Financial Aid: Jacqueline B. Houze
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Pierce Mortuary Colleges, Inc Admission Plans: Open Admission Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 198 Faculty: FT 9, PT 0 Student-Faculty Ratio: 25:1 Library Holdings: 3,500 Credit Hours For Degree: 107 quarter hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ABFSE

GWINNETT TECHNICAL COLLEGE

PO Box 1505
Lawrenceville, GA 30046-1505
Tel: (770)962-7580
E-mail: mmcintire@gwinnett.tec.ga.us
Web Site: http://www.gwinnetttech.edu/
President/CEO: Sharon J. Rigsby
Registrar: Sandra Causey
Admissions: Michelle McIntire
Financial Aid: Vincent Walters
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,617, PT 2,587 Faculty: FT 71, PT 135 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 19,547 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 98 quarter hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ADA, APTA, CARC, JRCERT

HEART OF GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

560 Pinehill Rd.
Dublin, GA 31021
Tel: (478)275-6589
Admissions: (478)274-7837
Fax: (478)275-6642
E-mail: lisak@hgtc.org
Web Site: http://www.hgtc.org/
President/CEO: Randall Peters
Admissions: Lisa Kelly
Financial Aid: Ramona Wooten
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 576, PT 1,179 Faculty: FT 64, PT 122 Exams: Other Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Professional Accreditation: COE

HERZING COLLEGE

3355 Lenox Rd., Ste. 100
Atlanta, GA 30326
Tel: (404)816-4533
Free: 800-573-4533
Fax: (404)816-5576
E-mail: rwhite@ath.lerzing.edu
Web Site: http://www.herzing.edu/atlanta/
President/CEO: Dr. Robert Spicer
Registrar: Doreen McNemar
Admissions: Rose White
Financial Aid: Latasha Watkins
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Herzing Institutes, Inc % Accepted: 75 Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Tuition: $11,200 full-time, $350 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $125 full-time, $30 per credit hour part-time, $25 per term part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester Enrollment: FT 161, PT 115 Faculty: FT 10, PT 15 Student-Faculty Ratio: 8:1 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 6,000 Credit Hours For Degree: 80 credit hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ACICS

HIGH-TECH INSTITUTE

1090 Northchase Parkway, Ste. 150
Marietta, GA 30067
Tel: (770)988-9877
Free: 800-987-0110
Fax: (770)988-8824
E-mail: ckusema@hightechschools.com
Web Site: http://www.high-techinstitute.com/
President/CEO: Frank Webster
Admissions: Frank Webster
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Calendar System: Semester Professional Accreditation: ACCSCT

INTERACTIVE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

5303 New Peachtree Rd.
Chamblee, GA 30341
Tel: (770)216-2960
Free: 800-550-3475
Fax: (770)216-2989
Web Site: http://www.ict-ils.edu/
President/CEO: Elmer R. Smith
Admissions: Nicole Caruso
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Interactive Learning Systems Admission Plans: Open Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Tuition: $6480 full-time. Enrollment: FT 1,063, PT 6 Faculty: FT 18, PT 44 Student-Faculty Ratio: 18:1 Library Holdings: 1,600 Professional Accreditation: COE

ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE (DULUTH)

10700 Abbotts Bridge Rd., Ste. 190
Duluth, GA 30097
Tel: (678)957-8510; (866)489-8818
Web Site: http://www.itt-tech.edu/
President/CEO: Sue Schmith
Admissions: Nick Karimi
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: ITT Educational Services, Inc Admission Plans: Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $100.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $100. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Not available Exams: Other Credit Hours For Degree: 96 credit hours, Associates; 180 credit hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: ACICS

ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE (KENNESAW)

1000 Cobb Place Blvd., NW
Kennesaw, GA 30144-3605
Admissions: (770)426-2300
Web Site: http://www.itt-tech.edu/
Admissions: Jerry L. Causey
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $100.00 Costs Per Year: Application fee: $100. Calendar System: Quarter Exams: Other

KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

1000 Chastain Rd.
Kennesaw, GA 30144-5591
Tel: (770)423-6000
Admissions: (770)423-6300
Fax: (770)423-6541
E-mail: ksuadmit@ksumail.kennesaw.edu
Web Site: http://www.kennesaw.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Betty L. Siegel
Registrar: William L. Hamrick
Admissions: Joe Head
Financial Aid: Dr. Terry L. Faust
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 99% SAT V 400+; 99% SAT M 400+; 72% ACT 18-23; 25% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 62 Admission Plans: Deferred Admission Application Deadline: May 19 Application Fee: $40.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $40. State resident tuition: $2438 full-time, $102 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9754 full-time, $407 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $606 full-time, $303 per term part-time. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. College room only: $5880. Room charges vary according to housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 11,411, PT 5,328, Grad 1,817 Faculty: FT 586, PT 329 Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 38 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 9 Library Holdings: 608,342 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 123 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Air Force Professional Accreditation: AACSB, AACN, NASAD, NASM, NAST, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cheerleading W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M; Softball W; Tennis W

LAGRANGE COLLEGE

601 Broad St.
LaGrange, GA 30240-2999
Tel: (706)880-8000
Free: 800-593-2885
Admissions: (706)880-8253
Fax: (706)880-8040
Web Site: http://www.lagrange.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. F. Stuart Gulley
Registrar: Jimmy G. Herring
Admissions: Wells Shepard
Financial Aid: Sylvia Smith
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: United Methodist Scores: 98% SAT V 400+; 97% SAT M 400+; 56% ACT 18-23; 30% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 48 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: August 30 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. Comprehensive fee: $22,874 includes full-time tuition ($16,200) and college room and board ($6674). Full-time tuition varies according to class time, degree level, location, and program. Room and board charges vary according to housing facility. Part-time tuition: $668 per hour. Part-time tuition varies according to class time, degree level, location, and program. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: 4-1-4, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 898, PT 88, Grad 60 Faculty: FT 65, PT 53 Student-Faculty Ratio: 10:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 73 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 61 Library Holdings: 108,389 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 90 quarter hours, Associates; 108 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: ACBSP, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Swimming and Diving M & W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

LANIER TECHNICAL COLLEGE

2990 Landrun Education Dr.
PO Box 58
Oakwood, GA 30566
Tel: (770)531-6300
Admissions: (770)531-6332
Fax: (770)531-6328
E-mail: mike@laniertech.edu
Web Site: http://www.laniertech.edu/
President/CEO: Michael D. Moye
Admissions: Mike Marlowe
Financial Aid: Patsy Griffin
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 1,248, PT 1,948 Faculty: FT 72, PT 190 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 7,096 Professional Accreditation: ADA, COE, NAACLS

LE CORDON BLEU COLLEGE OF CULINARY ARTS, ATLANTA

1957 Lakeside Parkway, Ste. 515
Tucker, GA 30084
Web Site: http://www.atlantaculinary.com/
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed

LIFE UNIVERSITY

1269 Barclay Circle
Marietta, GA 30060-2903
Tel: (770)426-2600
Admissions: (770)426-2884
E-mail: drdeb@life.edu
Web Site: http://www.life.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Guy Riekeman
Registrar: Brian Sheres
Admissions: Dr. Deb Heairlston
Financial Aid: Julie Lacour
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Scores: 91.31% SAT V 400+; 85.19% SAT M 400+; 54.55% ACT 18-23 % Accepted: 100 Admission Plans: Open Admission Application Deadline: September 01 Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Comprehensive fee: $18,045 includes full-time tuition ($6750), mandatory fees ($315), and college room and board ($10,980). Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Part-time tuition: $148 per hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $105 per term. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Faculty: FT 93, PT 15 Student-Faculty Ratio: 12:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 68 Library Holdings: 53,619 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 185 hours, Associates; 95 hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: ADtA, CCE

LUTHER RICE UNIVERSITY

3038 Evans Mill Rd.
Lithonia, GA 30038-2454
Tel: (770)484-1204
Free: 800-442-1577
Web Site: http://www.lrs.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. James Flanagan
Registrar: Dr. Bruce Kreutzer
Admissions: Russ Sorrow
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: Baptist Admission Plans: Open Admission; Early Admission Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Tuition: $4128 full-time, $516 per course part-time. Mandatory fees: $100 full-time, $50 per term part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester Enrollment: FT 60, PT 595, Grad 853 Faculty: FT 10, PT 23 Exams: Other % Receiving Financial Aid: 9 Library Holdings: 45,200 Credit Hours For Degree: 126 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: TACCS

MACON STATE COLLEGE

100 College Station Dr.
Macon, GA 31206
Tel: (478)471-2800
Free: 800-272-7619
Fax: (478)471-2846
E-mail: mscinfo@mail.maconstate.edu
Web Site: http://www.maconstate.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. David A. Bell
Registrar: Thomas Waugh
Admissions: Bruce Applewhite
Financial Aid: Pat Simmons
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. One-time mandatory fee: $25. State resident tuition: $1542 full-time, $65 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6166 full-time, $257 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $188 full-time, $94 per term part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,786, PT 3,364 Faculty: FT 163, PT 77 Student-Faculty Ratio: 21:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 55 Library Holdings: 80,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 64 semester hours, Associates; 124 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: AHIMA, CARC, NLN

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA

1120 Fifteenth St.
Augusta, GA 30912
Tel: (706)721-0211
Admissions: (706)721-2725
Fax: (706)721-3461
E-mail: underadm@mail.mcg.edu
Web Site: http://www.mcg.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Daniel W. Rahn
Registrar: Dr. Michael H. Miller
Admissions: Carol S. Nobles
Financial Aid: Cynthia Parks
Type: Two-Year Upper Division Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Admission Plans: Preferred Admission H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: State resident tuition: $3638 full-time, $152 per hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $14,552 full-time, $607 per hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $418 full-time, $209 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to location. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load and location. College room only: $2334. Room charges vary according to housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 637, PT 88, Grad 445 Faculty: FT 646, PT 118 Student-Faculty Ratio: 3:1 % Receiving Financial Aid: 74 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 9 Library Holdings: 164,154 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Professional Accreditation: ARCMI, AANA, ADA, AHIMA, AOTA, APTA, APA, CARC, JRCEDMS, JRCERT, JRCNMT, LCMEAMA, NAACLS, NLN

MERCER UNIVERSITY

1400 Coleman Ave.
Macon, GA 31207-0003
Tel: (478)301-2700
Free: 800-840-8577
Admissions: (478)301-2650
Fax: (478)301-2828
E-mail: admissions@mercer.edu
Web Site: http://www.mercer.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. R. Kirby Godsey
Registrar: Paul Schnepf
Admissions: John Cole
Financial Aid: Carol K. Williams
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: Baptist Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 43% ACT 18-23; 44% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 80 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Action; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: July 01 Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Comprehensive fee: $30,873 includes full-time tuition ($23,460) and college room and board ($7413). College room only: $3570. Full-time tuition varies according to class time, course load, and location. Room and board charges vary according to board plan, housing facility, and location. Part-time tuition: $782 per credit hour. Part-time tuition varies according to class time, course load, and location. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 3,796, PT 702, Grad 1,221 Faculty: FT 345, PT 269 Student-Faculty Ratio: 13:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 64 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 65 Library Holdings: 692,225 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 128 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: AACSB, ABET, AAMFT, AACN, ABA, ACPhE, AALS, ATS, LCMEAMA, NASM Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M & W; Riflery M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

MIDDLE GEORGIA COLLEGE

1100 Second St., SE
Cochran, GA 31014-1599
Tel: (478)934-6221
Admissions: (478)934-3138
Fax: (478)934-3199
Web Site: http://www.mgc.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Richard J. Federinko
Registrar: Dianne Barlow
Admissions: Jennifer Brannon
Financial Aid: Charlene Morgan
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 80% SAT V 400+; 79% SAT M 400+; 26% ACT 18-23; 5% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 91 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted. For Georgia Academy of Mathematics, Engineering, and Science Program: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1542 full-time, $65 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $6166 full-time, $257 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $424 full-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to location. Part-time tuition varies according to location. College room and board: $4200. College room only: $1950. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,808, PT 869 Faculty: FT 77, PT 52 Student-Faculty Ratio: 22:1 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 32 Library Holdings: 110,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: AOTA, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W

MIDDLE GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

80 Cohen Walker Dr.
Warner Robins, GA 31088
Tel: (912)988-6800
Free: 800-474-1031
Admissions: (478)988-6843
Fax: (912)988-6813
E-mail: cjackson@middlegatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.middlegatech.edu/
President/CEO: Billy G. Edenfield
Admissions: Craig B. Jackson
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 1,078, PT 1,273 Faculty: FT 110, PT 125 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 2,124 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Professional Accreditation: ADA, COE

MOREHOUSE COLLEGE

830 Westview Dr., SW
Atlanta, GA 30314
Tel: (404)681-2800
Free: 800-851-1254
Admissions: (404)215-2632
Fax: (404)659-6536
Web Site: http://www.morehouse.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Walter E. Massey
Admissions: Terrance Dixon
Financial Aid: James Stotts
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Men Scores: 96% SAT V 400+; 96% SAT M 400+; 54% ACT 18-23; 28% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 53 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Decision Plan; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: February 15 Application Fee: $45.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $45. Comprehensive fee: $26,284 includes full-time tuition ($15,284), mandatory fees ($1546), and college room and board ($9454). College room only: $5388. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,857, PT 172 Faculty: FT 167, PT 56 Student-Faculty Ratio: 16:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 89 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 40 Library Holdings: 560,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Navy, Air Force Professional Accreditation: AACSB Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M; Cross-Country Running M; Football M; Tennis M; Track and Field M

MOULTRIE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

361 Industrial Dr.
Moultrie, GA 31768
Tel: (229)891-7000
Admissions: (229)891-4144
Fax: (229)891-7010
E-mail: lwallace@moultrietech.edu
Web Site: http://www.moultrietech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Tina K. Anderson
Admissions: Leigh Wallace
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 831, PT 1,120 Faculty: FT 47, PT 49 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

NORTH GEORGIA COLLEGE & STATE UNIVERSITY

82 College Circle
Dahlonega, GA 30597
Tel: (706)864-1400
Free: 800-498-9581
Admissions: (706)864-2885
Fax: (706)864-1478
Web Site: http://www.ngcsu.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Nathaniel Hansford
Registrar: Jason Pruitt
Admissions: Robert J. LaVerriere
Financial Aid: Deborah Barbone
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 99.8% SAT V 400+; 99.79% SAT M 400+; 59.88% ACT 18-23;30.25% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 68 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: July 01 Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. State resident tuition: $2438 full-time, $102 per semester hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9754 full-time, $407 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $630 full-time. Part-time tuition varies according to course load. College room and board: $4596. College room only: $2292. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 3,353, PT 837, Grad 575 Faculty: FT 191, PT 123 Student-Faculty Ratio: 16:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 30 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 37 Library Holdings: 146,888 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates; 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: APTA, ACBSP, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cheerleading W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Equestrian Sports M & W; Riflery M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W

NORTH GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Georgia Hwy. 197, North
PO Box 65
Clarkesville, GA 30523
Tel: (706)754-7700
Admissions: (706)754-7724
Fax: (706)754-7777
E-mail: gtaylor@northgatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.northgatech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Ruth R. Nichols
Admissions: Gail Taylor
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 974, PT 838 Faculty: FT 68, PT 121 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 15,684 Professional Accreditation: COE, NAACLS

NORTH METRO TECHNICAL COLLEGE

5198 Ross Rd.
Acworth, GA 30102
Tel: (770)975-4000
Admissions: (770)975-4079
Fax: (770)975-4044
E-mail: mcusack@northmetrotech.edu
Web Site: http://www.northmetrotech.edu/
President/CEO: Steve Dougherty
Admissions: Missy Cusack
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 790, PT 1,113 Faculty: FT 34, PT 76 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

NORTHWESTERN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

PO Box 569, 265 Bicentennial Trail
Rock Spring, GA 30739
Tel: (706)764-3510
Free: 800-735-5726
Admissions: (706)764-3511
E-mail: csolmon@northwesterntech.edu
Web Site: http://www.northwesterntech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Ray Brooks
Registrar: Selena Magnusson
Admissions: Carolyn Solmon
Financial Aid: Sarah Twiggs
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 891, PT 1,412 Faculty: FT 49, PT 61 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 350,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 110 quarter hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ARCEST, AAMAE, AOTA, COE

OGEECHEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

One Joe Kennedy Blvd.
Statesboro, GA 30458
Tel: (912)681-5500
Free: 800-646-1316
Admissions: (912)871-1600
E-mail: rfoley@ogeecheetech.edu
Web Site: http://www.ogeecheetech.edu
Admissions: Ryan Foley
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 1,008, PT 942 Faculty: FT 73, PT 69 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 2,477 Professional Accreditation: ABFSE, ADA, COptA, COE

OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY

4484 Peachtree Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30319-2797
Tel: (404)261-1441
Free: 800-428-4484
Admissions: (404)364-8307
Fax: (404)364-8500
E-mail: admission@oglethorpe.edu
Web Site: http://www.oglethorpe.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Larry D. Large
Registrar: Susan Bacher
Admissions: David Rhodes
Financial Aid: Patrick Bonones
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Scores: 98% SAT V 400+; 97% SAT M 400+; 42% ACT 18-23; 46% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 64 Admission Plans: Early Action; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $35.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $35. Comprehensive fee: $30,300 includes full-time tuition ($22,200), mandatory fees ($100), and college room and board ($8000). Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Part-time tuition: $925 per credit hour. Part-time tuition varies according to program. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 886, PT 132, Grad 65 Faculty: FT 56, PT 59 Student-Faculty Ratio: 13:1 Exams: SAT I and SAT II or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 58 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 58 Library Holdings: 150,000 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M & W; Soccer M & W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

OKEFENOKEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

1701 Carswell Ave.
Waycross, GA 31503
Tel: (912)287-6584
Admissions: (912)287-5806
Fax: (912)287-4865
E-mail: reba@okefenokeetech.org
Web Site: http://www.okefenokeetech.org/
President/CEO: John Pike
Admissions: Reba Smith
Financial Aid: Angie Wilson
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 595, PT 1,136 Faculty: FT 48, PT 65 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 1,714 Professional Accreditation: COE, NAACLS

PAINE COLLEGE

1235 15th St.
Augusta, GA 30901-3182
Tel: (706)821-8200
Free: 800-476-7703
Admissions: (706)821-8320
Fax: (706)821-8293
E-mail: tinsleyi@mail.paine.edu
Web Site: http://www.paine.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Shirley A. R. Lewis
Registrar: Carolyn Martin
Admissions: Joseph Tinsley
Financial Aid: Gerri Bogan
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Methodist Scores: 60.5% SAT V 400+; 55% SAT M 400+; 16.2% ACT 18-23; 1.5% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 29 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: August 01 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. Comprehensive fee: $14,418 includes full-time tuition ($8952), mandatory fees ($738), and college room and board ($4728). Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load and reciprocity agreements. Room and board charges vary according to housing facility. Part-time tuition: $373 per credit hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $369 per term. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load, location, and reciprocity agreements. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 760, PT 68 Faculty: FT 74, PT 17 Student-Faculty Ratio: 10:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 58 Library Holdings: 88,809 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 124 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: ACBSP Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M; Softball W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

PIEDMONT COLLEGE

PO Box 10
165 Central Ave.
Demorest, GA 30535-0010
Tel: (706)778-3000
Free: 800-277-7020
Admissions: (706)776-0103
Fax: (706)776-6635
E-mail: cpeterson@piedmont.edu
Web Site: http://www.piedmont.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. W. Ray Cleere
Registrar: Linda Wofford
Admissions: Cynthia L. Peterson
Financial Aid: Kimberly C. Lovell
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: United Church of Christ Scores: 98% SAT V 400+; 94% SAT M 400+; 55% ACT 18-23; 28% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 66 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: July 01 Application Fee: $0.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted. For home schooled students can submit a portfolio in lieu of transcripts: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $0. Comprehensive fee: $20,500 includes full-time tuition ($15,500) and college room and board ($5000). College room only: $2600. Full-time tuition varies according to course load and program. Room and board charges vary according to housing facility. Part-time tuition: $646 per semester hour. Part-time tuition varies according to course load and program. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 845, PT 94, Grad 999 Faculty: FT 98, PT 102 Student-Faculty Ratio: 13:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 80 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 16 Library Holdings: 118,750 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

REINHARDT COLLEGE

7300 Reinhardt College Circle
Waleska, GA 30183-2981
Tel: (770)720-5600; (87R)EINHARDT
Admissions: (770)720-5526
Fax: (770)720-5602
E-mail: admissions@reinhardt.edu
Web Site: http://www.reinhardt.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. J. Thomas Isherwood
Admissions: Julie Fleming
Financial Aid: Robert K. Gregory
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: United Methodist Church Scores: 86.3% SAT V 400+; 86.1% SAT M 400+; 61% ACT 18-23; 7% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 52 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Comprehensive fee: $20,020 includes full-time tuition ($13,020), mandatory fees ($200), and college room and board ($6800). Part-time tuition: $435 per hour. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 881, PT 129 Faculty: FT 52, PT 60 Student-Faculty Ratio: 13:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 39 Library Holdings: 48,614 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 credit hours, Associates; 120 credit hours, Bachelors Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis M & W

SANDERSVILLE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

1189 Deepstep Rd.
Sandersville, GA 31082
Tel: (478)553-2050
Admissions: (478)553-2065
Fax: (478)553-2118
E-mail: pwilson@sandervilletech.edu
Web Site: http://www.sandersvilletech.org/
President/CEO: John H. Sterrett
Admissions: Patrick Wilson
Financial Aid: Vivian Spivey
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 237, PT 528 Faculty: FT 30, PT 70 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

SAVANNAH COLLEGE OF ART AND DESIGN

342 Bull St., PO Box 3146
Savannah, GA 31402-3146
Tel: (912)525-5000
Free: 800-869-7223
Admissions: (912)525-5100
Fax: (912)238-2436
E-mail: admission@scad.edu
Web Site: http://www.scad.edu/
President/CEO: Paula S. Wallace
Registrar: Margo McLeod
Admissions: Pamela Rhame
Financial Aid: Cindy Bradley
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Scores: 96% SAT V 400+; 94% SAT M 400+; 40% ACT 18-23; 39% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 68 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. Comprehensive fee: $33,045 includes full-time tuition ($22,950), mandatory fees ($500), and college room and board ($9595). College room only: $6250. Part-time tuition: $2550 per course. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 5,528, PT 608, Grad 1,220 Faculty: FT 366, PT 53 Student-Faculty Ratio: 18:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 51 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 33 Library Holdings: 126,680 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 180 quarter credit hours, Bachelors Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cheerleading W; Crew M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Equestrian Sports M & W; Fencing M & W; Golf M & W; Sailing M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Swimming and Diving M & W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

SAVANNAH RIVER COLLEGE

2528 Center West Parkway
Augusta, GA 30909
Tel: (706)738-5046
Web Site: http://www.savannahrivercollege.edu/Type: Two-YearCollege Sex: Coed

SAVANNAH STATE UNIVERSITY

3219 College Ave.
Savannah, GA 31404
Tel: (912)356-2186
Free: 800-788-0478
Admissions: (912)356-2181
Fax: (912)356-2529
E-mail: mooreg@savstate.edu
Web Site: http://www.savstate.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Carlton E. Brown
Registrar: Matthew Latson
Admissions: Gwendolyn J. Moore
Financial Aid: Mark Adkins
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 86.7% SAT V 400+; 83.2% SAT M 400+; 45.6% ACT 18-23; 1.9% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 50 Admission Plans: Preferred Admission; Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: June 01 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $3056 full-time. Nonresident tuition: $10,372 full-time. College room and board: $4716. College room only: $2136. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,365, PT 574, Grad 116 Faculty: FT 123, PT 44 Student-Faculty Ratio: 19:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT I, SAT II % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 45 Library Holdings: 187,916 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Navy Professional Accreditation: ABET, CSWE, NASPAA Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running W; Football M; Tennis W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

SAVANNAH TECHNICAL COLLEGE

5717 White Bluff Rd.
Savannah, GA 31405
Tel: (912)351-6362
Admissions: (912)303-1772
Fax: (912)352-4362
E-mail: asoutherland@savannahtech.edu
Web Site: http://www.savannahtech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. C. B. Rathburn, III
Registrar: Verlene Lampley
Admissions: Angela Southerland
Financial Aid: Timothy Cranford
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 1,577, PT 2,209 Faculty: FT 61, PT 229 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 20,804 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 104 credits, Associates Professional Accreditation: ABET, ACF, ADA

SHORTER COLLEGE

315 Shorter Ave.
Rome, GA 30165
Tel: (706)291-2121
Free: 800-868-6980
Admissions: (706)233-7342
Fax: (706)236-1515
E-mail: admissions@shorter.edu
Web Site: http://www.shorter.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Ed L. Schrader
Registrar: Katharine Lovvorn
Admissions: John Head
Financial Aid: Philip Hawkins
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Baptist Scores: 97% SAT V 400+; 94% SAT M 400+; 51% ACT 18-23; 24% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 75 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: August 25 Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Comprehensive fee: $19,700 includes full-time tuition ($13,200), mandatory fees ($300), and college room and board ($6200). College room only: $3400. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Part-time tuition: $285 per semester hour. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 929, PT 38 Faculty: FT 65, PT 55 Student-Faculty Ratio: 11:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 68 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 63 Library Holdings: 134,201 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 126 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: NASM Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cheerleading M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M & W; Soccer M & W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball W

SOUTH GEORGIA COLLEGE

100 West College Park Dr.
Douglas, GA 31533-5098
Tel: (912)389-4510
Admissions: (912)389-4200
Fax: (912)389-4392
E-mail: rbraswell@sga.edu
Web Site: http://www.sga.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Edward D. Jackson, Jr.
Registrar: Dr. Randy Braswell
Admissions: Dr. Randy L. Braswell
Financial Aid: Robin Fowler
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 40% SAT V 400+; 53% SAT M 400 + Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Faculty: FT 45, PT 10 Student-Faculty Ratio: 24:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 11 Library Holdings: 79,190 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 64 semester hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Soccer M; Softball W

SOUTH GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

1583 Southerfield Rd.
Americus, GA 31709
Tel: (229)931-2394
Admissions: (229)931-2299
Fax: (229)931-2459
E-mail: kwerling@southgatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.southgatech.edu/
Admissions: Karen Werling
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 886, PT 783 Faculty: FT 69, PT 74 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball M & W

SOUTH UNIVERSITY

709 Mall Blvd. Savannah, GA 31406-4805
Tel: (912)201-8000; (866)629-2901
Fax: (912)201-8070
E-mail: mmills@southuniversity.edu
Web Site: http://www.southuniversity.edu/
President/CEO: David P. Higley
Registrar: Bryan Logie
Admissions: Matthew Mills
Financial Aid: Anne Rader
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Tuition: $11,475 full-time, $2995 per term part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Faculty: FT 41, PT 50 Student-Faculty Ratio: 13:1 Exams: SAT I and SAT II, SAT I and SAT II or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 72 Library Holdings: 22,240 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 quarter hours, Associates; 180 quarter hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: AAMAE, ACPhE, APTA

SOUTHEASTERN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

3001 East First St.
Vidalia, GA 30474
Tel: (912)538-3100
Admissions: (912)538-3121
Fax: (912)538-3156
E-mail: ccarroll@southeasterntech.edu
Web Site: http://www.southeasterntech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Cathryn T. Meehan
Admissions: Christopher P. Carroll
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 447, PT 535 Faculty: FT 40, PT 62 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

SOUTHERN POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

1100 South Marietta Parkway
Marietta, GA 30060-2896
Tel: (678)915-7778
Free: 800-635-3204
Admissions: (678)915-4188
E-mail: vhead@sct.edu
Web Site: http://www.spsu.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Lisa A. Rossbacher
Admissions: Virginia Head
Financial Aid: Helen Spivak
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 62% ACT 18-23; 28% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 66 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: August 01 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $2622 full-time, $110 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $10,486 full-time, $437 per credit hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $552 full-time. College room and board: $5490. College room only: $3210. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 2,193, PT 1,137, Grad 476 Faculty: FT 135, PT 91 Student-Faculty Ratio: 17:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 44 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 12 Library Holdings: 117,963 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates; 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Navy, Air Force Professional Accreditation: ABET, ACCE, ACBSP Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Soccer M

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

15689 US 19 North
Thomasville, GA 31792
Tel: (229)225-4096
Admissions: (229)225-5077
Fax: (229)225-4330
E-mail: lhoover@southwestgatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.southwestgatech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Freida Hill
Registrar: Sabine Herring
Admissions: Lorette Hoover
Financial Aid: Mike Rayburn
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required. For welding certificate: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 588, PT 903 Faculty: FT 62, PT 0 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 19,767 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 142 credit hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: APTA, CARC, COE, NAACLS

SPELMAN COLLEGE

350 Spelman Ln., SW
Atlanta, GA 30314-4399
Tel: (404)681-3643
Free: 800-982-2411
Fax: (404)215-7788
E-mail: admiss@spelman.edu
Web Site: http://www.spelman.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Beverly Daniel Tatum
Registrar: Dr. Fred Buddy
Admissions: Arlene Cash
Financial Aid: Lenora Jackson
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Women Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 99% SAT M 400+; 65% ACT 18-23; 32% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 39 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Action; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: February 01 Application Fee: $35.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $35. Comprehensive fee: $24,250 includes full-time tuition ($13,525), mandatory fees ($2270), and college room and board ($8455). Part-time tuition: $565 per credit hour. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Not available Enrollment: FT 2,226, PT 92 Faculty: FT 169, PT 76 Student-Faculty Ratio: 12:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 85 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 53 Library Holdings: 727,767 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 124 hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Air Force Professional Accreditation: NASM, NCATE Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball W; Cross-Country Running W; Golf W; Soccer W; Tennis W; Track and Field W; Volleyball W

SWAINSBORO TECHNICAL COLLEGE

346 Kite Rd.
Swainsboro, GA 30401
Tel: (478)289-2200
Admissions: (478)289-2259
Fax: (478)289-2263
E-mail: mfagler@swainsborotech.edu
Web Site: http://www.swainsborotech.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Glenn Deibert
Admissions: Mitchell Fagler
Financial Aid: Diane Claxton
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 286, PT 398 Faculty: FT 41, PT 38 Exams: Other Professional Accreditation: COE

THOMAS UNIVERSITY

1501 Millpond Rd.
Thomasville, GA 31792-7499
Tel: (229)226-1621
Free: 800-538-9784
E-mail: hmueller@thomasu.edu
Web Site: http://www.thomasu.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. John M. Hutchinson
Admissions: Heather Mueller
Financial Aid: Debbie White
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed % Accepted: 68 Admission Plans: Open Admission; Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Tuition: $10,050 full-time, $395 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $520 full-time, $130 per term part-time. College room only: $2500. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 445, PT 190, Grad 104 Faculty: FT 46, PT 33 Student-Faculty Ratio: 10:1 % Receiving Financial Aid: 86 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 9 Library Holdings: 61,096 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates; 120 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: CORE Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Golf M & W; Soccer M & W; Softball W

TOCCOA FALLS COLLEGE

325 Chapel Dr.
Toccoa Falls, GA 30598
Tel: (706)886-6831
Fax: (706)282-6012
E-mail: admissions@tfc.edu
Web Site: http://www.tfc.edu/
Registrar: Kelly Vickers
Admissions: Christy Meadows
Financial Aid: Vince Welch
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: interdenominational Scores: 91% SAT V 400+; 86% SAT M 400+; 43% ACT 18-23; 34% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 61 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. One-time mandatory fee: $475. Comprehensive fee: $16,650 includes full-time tuition ($12,050) and college room and board ($4600). Full-time tuition varies according to course load. Room and board charges vary according to board plan. Part-time tuition: $502 per credit hour. Part-time tuition varies according to course load. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 863, PT 59 Faculty: FT 45, PT 38 Student-Faculty Ratio: 16:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 78 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 63 Library Holdings: 139,082 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 54 credit hours, Associates; 126 credit hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: AABC, NASM Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Soccer M & W; Volleyball W

TRUETT-MCCONNELL COLLEGE

100 Alumni Dr.
Cleveland, GA 30528
Tel: (706)865-2134
Fax: (706)219-3339
E-mail: ploggins@truett.edu
Web Site: http://www.truett.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. T. Clark Bryan
Registrar: Carol Parker
Admissions: Penny Loggins
Financial Aid: Robert Gregory
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Baptist Scores: 85% SAT V 400+; 81% SAT M 400+; 46% ACT 18-23; 1% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 42 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: August 01 Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Comprehensive fee: $17,450 includes full-time tuition ($11,950), mandatory fees ($500), and college room and board ($5000). College room only: $2300. Part-time tuition: $398 per credit hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $250 per term. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 340, PT 35 Faculty: FT 25, PT 19 Student-Faculty Ratio: 11:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 73 Library Holdings: 30,779 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 61 semester hours, Associates; 120 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: NASM Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Golf M; Soccer M & W; Softball W

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

Athens, GA 30602
Tel: (706)542-3000
Admissions: (706)542-8776
E-mail: adm-info@uga.edu
Web Site: http://www.uga.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Michael F. Adams
Registrar: Rebecca L. Macon
Admissions: Nancy McDuff
Financial Aid: Susan D. Little
Type: University Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 99.77% SAT V 400+; 99.9% SAT M 400+; 19.2% ACT 18-23; 66% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 65 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Action; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: January 15 Application Fee: $50.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $50. State resident tuition: $3638 full-time, $152 per credit part-time. Nonresident tuition: $15,858 full-time, $661 per credit part-time. Mandatory fees: $990 full-time, $495 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load, location, program, and reciprocity agreements. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load, location, program, and reciprocity agreements. College room and board: $6376. College room only: $3436. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 22,730, PT 2,474, Grad 6,835 Faculty: FT 1,661, PT 450 Student-Faculty Ratio: 18:1 Exams: Other, SAT I or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 25 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 27 Library Holdings: 3,955,004 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 65 semester hours, Associates; 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army, Air Force Professional Accreditation: AACSB, ABET, ACEJMC, AAMFT, AAFCS, ABA, ACPhE, ACA, ADtA, APA, ASLA, ASLHA, AVMA, AALS, CSWE, FIDER, JRCEPAT, NASAD, NASM, NASPAA NAST, NCATE, NRPA, SAF Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cheerleading M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Equestrian Sports M & W; Football M; Golf M & W; Gymnastics W; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Swimming and Diving M & W; Tennis M & W; Track and Field M & W; Volleyball M & W

UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX-ATLANTA CAMPUS

8200 Roberts Dr., Ste. 300
Atlanta, GA 30350-4153
Tel: (678)731-0555
Free: 800-228-7240
Admissions: (480)557-1712
Fax: (770)821-5399
Web Site: http://www.phoenix.edu/
President/CEO: Shane Clem
Admissions: Nina Omelchanko
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $110.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $110. Tuition: $10,590 full-time, $353 per credit part-time. Mandatory fees: $560 full-time, $70 per course part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Continuous, Summer Session Not available Enrollment: FT 1,741, Grad 754 Faculty: FT 9, PT 208 Student-Faculty Ratio: 9:1 Library Holdings: 444 Regional Accreditation: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 credits, Associates; 120 credits, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: NLN

UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX-COLUMBUS GEORGIA CAMPUS

4747 Hamilton Rd., Ste. E
Columbus, GA 31904
Tel: (706)320-1262
Free: 800-228-7240
Admissions: (480)557-1712
Web Site: http://www.phoenix.edu/
Admissions: Nina Omelchanko
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $110.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $110. Tuition: $10,320 full-time, $344 per credit part-time. Mandatory fees: $560 full-time, $70 per course part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Continuous, Summer Session Not available Enrollment: FT 581, Grad 95 Faculty: FT 9, PT 73 Student-Faculty Ratio: 8:1 Library Holdings: 444 Regional Accreditation: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 credits, Associates; 120 credits, Bachelors

UNIVERSITY OF WEST GEORGIA

1601 Maple St.
Carrollton, GA 30118
Tel: (678)839-5000
Admissions: (678)839-4000
E-mail: admiss@westga.edu
Web Site: http://www.westga.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Beheruz N. Sethna
Registrar: Bonita Stevens
Admissions: Dr. Robert Johnson
Financial Aid: Kimberly Jordan
Type: Comprehensive Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 74% ACT 18-23; 15% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 55 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: July 01 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted. For nontraditional students: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $2438 full-time, $102 per semester hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9754 full-time, $407 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $832 full-time, $25.17 per semester hour part-time, $114 per term part-time. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. College room and board: $5568. College room only: $3540. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 6,921, PT 1,425, Grad 1,809 Faculty: FT 383, PT 135 Student-Faculty Ratio: 19:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 49 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 30 Library Holdings: 391,330 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Army Professional Accreditation: AACSB, ABET, AACN, ACA, NASAD, NASM, NASPAA, NAST, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cheerleading M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Football M; Golf M & W; Soccer W; Softball W; Volleyball W

VALDOSTA STATE UNIVERSITY

1500 North Patterson St.
Valdosta, GA 31698
Tel: (229)333-5800
Free: 800-618-1878
Admissions: (229)333-5791
Fax: (229)333-5482
E-mail: wpeacock@valdosta.edu
Web Site: http://www.valdosta.edu/
President/CEO: Ronald M. Zaccari
Registrar: Gerald Wright
Admissions: Walter Peacock
Financial Aid: Douglas Tanner
Type: University Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 78% ACT 18-23; 12% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 63 Admission Plans: Early Admission Application Deadline: July 01 Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED not accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $20. State resident tuition: $2438 full-time, $102 per semester hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $9754 full-time, $407 per semester hour part-time. Mandatory fees: $840 full-time, $38. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to course load. College room and board: $5524. College room only: $2904. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 7,557, PT 1,536, Grad 1,410 Faculty: FT 435, PT 110 Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT, SAT I and SAT II or ACT, SAT II % Receiving Financial Aid: 51 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 17 Library Holdings: 467,560 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates; 120 semester hours, Bachelors ROTC: Air Force Professional Accreditation: AACSB, AAMFT, AACN, ADA, ASLHA, CSWE, JRCEPAT, NASAD, NASM, NASPAA, NAST, NCATE, NLN Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Basketball M & W; Cross-Country Running M & W; Football M; Golf M; Softball W; Tennis M & W; Volleyball W

VALDOSTA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

4089 Val Tech Rd.
PO Box 928
Valdosta, GA 31603-0928
Tel: (229)333-2100
Admissions: (229)333-1394
Fax: (229)333-2129
E-mail: aleavy@valdostatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.valdostatech.edu/
President/CEO: James Bridges
Admissions: Amanda Leavy
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 992, PT 1,452 Faculty: FT 67, PT 119 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 3,373 Professional Accreditation: ADA, COE, JRCERT, NAACLS

WAYCROSS COLLEGE

2001 South Georgia Parkway
Waycross, GA 31503-9248
Tel: (912)285-6133
Fax: (912)287-4909
E-mail: jporter@mail.way.peachnet.edu
Web Site: http://www.waycross.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Barbara P. Losty
Registrar: Dr. Robert T. Stewart
Admissions: J. Porter
Financial Aid: William E. Deason
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: University System of Georgia Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $20.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 326, PT 700 Faculty: FT 20, PT 27 Student-Faculty Ratio: 22:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT Library Holdings: 32,461 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 60 semester hours, Associates

WESLEYAN COLLEGE

4760 Forsyth Rd.
Macon, GA 31210-4462
Tel: (478)477-1110
Free: 800-447-6610
Admissions: (478)757-5206
Fax: (478)757-4030
E-mail: admissions@wesleyancollege.edu
Web Site: http://www.wesleyancollege.edu/
President/CEO: Ruth A. Knox
Registrar: Patricia Hardeman
Admissions: Patricia Gibbs
Financial Aid: Sylvia Jones
Type: Comprehensive Affiliation: United Methodist Scores: 100% SAT V 400+; 100% SAT M 400+; 63% ACT 18-23; 25% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 55 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Early Action; Early Decision Plan; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: April 01 Application Fee: $30.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $30. Comprehensive fee: $19,560 includes full-time tuition ($11,260), mandatory fees ($850), and college room and board ($7450). Full-time tuition and fees vary according to class time, course load, and program. Room and board charges vary according to board plan and housing facility. Part-time tuition: $355 per semester hour. Part-time tuition varies according to class time, course load, and program. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 400, PT 151, Grad 89 Faculty: FT 47, PT 33 Student-Faculty Ratio: 8:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Receiving Financial Aid: 62 % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 63 Library Holdings: 141,818 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 semester hours, Bachelors Professional Accreditation: NASM Intercollegiate Athletics: Basketball W; Equestrian Sports W; Soccer W; Softball W; Tennis W; Volleyball W

WEST CENTRAL TECHNICAL COLLEGE

176 Murphy Campus Blvd.
Waco, GA 30182
Tel: (770)537-6000
Admissions: (770)537-5712
Fax: (770)836-4719
E-mail: malderhold@westcentral.edu
Web Site: http://www.westcentraltech.edu/
President/CEO: Janet B. Ayers
Admissions: Mary Alderhold
Financial Aid: Judy Akers
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $25.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 877, PT 2,011 Faculty: FT 83, PT 227 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 18,462 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 120 credit hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: ADA, COE, NAACLS

WEST GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

303 Fort Dr.
LaGrange, GA 30240
Tel: (706)845-4323
Admissions: (706)837-4244
Fax: (706)845-4339
E-mail: lbasham@westgatech.edu
Web Site: http://www.westgatech.edu/
President/CEO: Daryl Gilley
Admissions: Lori Basham
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Admission Plans: Open Admission; Deferred Admission Application Fee: $15.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent not required Costs Per Year: Application fee: $15. State resident tuition: $1116 full-time, $31 per credit hour part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2232 full-time, $62 per credit hour part-time. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Quarter Enrollment: FT 843, PT 1,015 Faculty: FT 46, PT 96 Exams: Other Library Holdings: 19,683 Professional Accreditation: COE

WESTWOOD COLLEGE-ATLANTA MIDTOWN

1100 Spring St.
Atlanta, GA 30309
Tel: (404)745-9096
Admissions: (404)870-8982
Fax: (404)892-7253
Web Site: http://www.westwood.edu/
President/CEO: Bill Armour
Admissions: Rory Laney
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Application Fee: $100.00 Calendar System: Continuous Professional Accreditation: ACCSCT

WESTWOOD COLLEGE-ATLANTA NORTHLAKE

2220 Parklake Dr.
Ste. 175
Atlanta, GA 30345
Tel: (404)962-2999
Web Site: http://www.westwood.edu/
Type: Four-Year College Sex: Coed Application Fee: $0.00 Student-Faculty Ratio: 12:1

YOUNG HARRIS COLLEGE

PO Box 98
Young Harris, GA 30582-0098
Tel: (706)379-3111
Fax: (706)379-4306
E-mail: admissions@yhc.edu
Web Site: http://www.yhc.edu/
President/CEO: Dr. Thomas S. Yow, III
Registrar: Pat Strickland
Admissions: Clinton G. Hobbs
Financial Aid: Linda Adams
Type: Two-Year College Sex: Coed Affiliation: United Methodist Scores: 96% SAT V 400+; 95% SAT M 400+; 51% ACT 18-23; 28% ACT 24-29 % Accepted: 58 Admission Plans: Early Admission; Deferred Admission Application Deadline: Rolling Application Fee: $30.00 H.S. Requirements: High school diploma required; GED accepted Costs Per Year: Application fee: $30. Comprehensive fee: $19,510 includes full-time tuition ($14,730) and college room and board ($4780). College room only: $1970. Part-time tuition: $500 per hour. Scholarships: Available Calendar System: Semester, Summer Session Available Enrollment: FT 508, PT 25 Faculty: FT 50, PT 4 Student-Faculty Ratio: 14:1 Exams: SAT I or ACT % Residing in College-Owned, -Operated, or -Affiliated Housing: 90 Library Holdings: 55,201 Regional Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Credit Hours For Degree: 62 semester hours, Associates Professional Accreditation: NASM Intercollegiate Athletics: Baseball M; Soccer M & W; Softball W; Tennis W

College Blue Book

Georgia

views updated Jun 11 2018

Georgia

ABRAHAM BALDWIN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agricultural Business and Management, A

Agricultural Economics, A

Agricultural Mechanization, A

Agriculture, A

Animal Sciences, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Chemistry, A

Child Development, A

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Science, A

Computer Typography and Composition Equipment Operator, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Criminal Justice/Police Science, A

Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician, A

Ecology, A

Education, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

English Language and Literature, A

Environmental Design/Architecture, A

Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences, A

Farm/Farm and Ranch Management, A

Fashion Merchandising, A

Forestry, A

Forestry Technology/Technician, A

History, A

Horticultural Science, A

Hospitality Administration/Management, A

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, A

Journalism, A

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, A

Landscaping and Groundskeeping, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Mathematics, A

Music, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Ornamental Horticulture, A

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, A

Pharmacy Technician/Assistant, A

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, A

Physical Sciences, A

Political Science and Government, A

Poultry Science, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Psychology, A

Social Sciences, A

Social Work, A

Sociology, A

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, A

Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management, A

AGNES SCOTT COLLEGE

Anthropology, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Astrophysics, B

Biochemistry, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Chemistry, B

Classics and Classical Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, B

Comparative Literature, B

Creative Writing, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Economics, B

English Education, M

English Language and Literature, B

French Language and Literature, B

German Language and Literature, B

History, B

Interdisciplinary Studies, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Mathematics, B

Music, B

Philosophy, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Women's Studies, B

ALBANY STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business Education, M

Business Teacher Education, B

Chemistry, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, M

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, B

Criminology, M

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, M

Economics, M

Education, BMO

Educational Administration and Supervision, MO

English Education, M

English Language and Literature, B

French Language and Literature, B

Health Education, M

Health Professions and Related Clinical Sciences, B

Health Services Administration, M

History, B

Human Resources Management and Services, M

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, M

Middle School Education, M

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, M

Nursing, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, BM

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Public Administration, M

Public Policy Analysis, M

Reading Teacher Education, M

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, BM

Social Studies Teacher Education, M

Social Work, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, BM

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, B

Water Resources, M

ALBANY TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Adult Development and Aging, A

Child Development, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Corrections and Criminal Justice, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologies/Technicians, A

Forestry Technology/Technician, A

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Human Development and Family Studies, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Manufacturing Technology/Technician, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Pharmacy Technician/Assistant, A

Tourism and Travel Services Management, A

ALTAMAHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Machine Tool Technology/Machinist, A

Manufacturing Technology/Technician, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

AMERICAN INTERCONTINENTAL UNIVERSITY (ATLANTA)

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Cinematography and Film/Video Production, AB

Design and Visual Communications, B

Fashion Merchandising, AB

Fashion/Apparel Design, AB

Interior Design, AB

International Business/Trade/Commerce, B

Marketing, M

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

AMERICAN INTERCONTINENTAL UNIVERSITY (DUNWOODY CAMPUS)

Design and Visual Communications, AB

Information Science/Studies, M

Information Technology, B

International Business/Trade/Commerce, BM

Management Information Systems and Services, M

Marketing/Marketing Management, AB

ANDREW COLLEGE

Agriculture, A

Athletic Training and Sports Medicine, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Comparative Literature, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Education, A

English Language and Literature, A

Environmental Sciences, A

Health and Physical Education, A

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

History, A

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, A

International/Global Studies, A

Kinesiology and Exercise Science, A

Mass Communication/Media Studies, A

Mathematics, A

Music, A

Occupational Therapy/Therapist, A

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Physician Assistant, A

Pre-Dentistry Studies, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Pre-Law Studies, A

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, A

Pre-Nursing Studies, A

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, A

Pre-Theology/Pre-Ministerial Studies, A

Pre-Veterinary Studies, A

Psychology, A

Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer, A

Social Sciences, A

Social Work, A

Sociology, A

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, A

Visual and Performing Arts, A

APPALACHIAN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Forensic Science and Technology, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

ARGOSY UNIVERSITY/ATLANTA

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Clinical Psychology, MD

Counseling Psychology, M

Curriculum and Instruction, MD

Education, MD

Educational Leadership and Administration, D

Psychology, MD

ARMSTRONG ATLANTIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching, M

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Teacher Education, B

Chemistry, B

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, B

Computer Science, BM

Criminal Justice/Police Science, A

Criminology, M

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, AB

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, M

Economics, B

Education, M

Elementary Education and Teaching, M

English Language and Literature, B

Exercise and Sports Science, M

Health Professions and Related Clinical Sciences, B

Health Services Administration, M

Health Teacher Education, B

History, BM

Information Science/Studies, B

Information Technology, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, AB

Liberal Studies, M

Mathematics, B

Middle School Education, M

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Nursing, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Physical Therapy/Therapist, BM

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Public Health, M

Public Health (MPH, DPH), B

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, M

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, BM

Sports Medicine, M

Visual and Performing Arts, B

THE ART INSTITUTE OF ATLANTA

Advertising, B

Animation, Interactive Technology, Video Graphics and Special Effects, B

Cinematography and Film/Video Production, AB

Commercial and Advertising Art, AB

Commercial Photography, AB

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Interior Design, B

Intermedia/Multimedia, A

Restaurant, Culinary, and Catering Management/Manager, B

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, AB

ATHENS TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Biology Technician/BioTechnology Laboratory Technician, A

Child Development, A

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Communications Technology/Technician, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Dental Assisting/Assistant, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Diagnostic Medical Sonography/Sonographer and Ultrasound Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic), A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse Training, A

Logistics and Materials Management, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Tourism and Travel Services Management, A

Veterinary/Animal Health Technology/Technician and Veterinary Assistant, A

ATLANTA CHRISTIAN COLLEGE

Bible/Biblical Studies, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business/Commerce, A

Counseling Psychology, B

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Music, B

Pre-Theology/Pre-Ministerial Studies, B

Theology/Theological Studies, B

ATLANTA METROPOLITAN COLLEGE

African-American/Black Studies, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Chemistry, A

Child Development, A

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Computer Science, A

Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Engineering Technology, A

English Language and Literature, A

Foreign Languages and Literatures, A

General Studies, A

Health and Physical Education, A

Health Services/Allied Health/Health Sciences, A

History, A

Human Services, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Information Technology, A

Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse Training, A

Mathematics, A

Music, A

Operations Management and Supervision, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Psychology, A

Social Work, A

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, A

ATLANTA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Child Development, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Information Technology, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Tourism and Travel Services Management, A

AUGUSTA STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Chemistry, B

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, B

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MO

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, AB

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, MO

Education, MO

Education/Teaching of Individuals with Mental Retardation, B

Educational Leadership and Administration, MO

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

Finance, B

French Language and Literature, B

History, B

Intermedia/Multimedia, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, B

Middle School Education, MO

Music, B

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Physical Sciences, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, BM

Psychology, BM

Secondary Education and Teaching, MO

Social Work, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, BMO

AUGUSTA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

BioTechnology, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Cardiovascular Technology/Technologist, A

Child Development, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

E-Commerce/Electronic Commerce, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic), A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/Technician, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Occupational Therapist Assistant, A

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, A

Pharmacy Technician/Assistant, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Respiratory Therapy Technician/Assistant, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

BAINBRIDGE COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agriculture, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Business Teacher Education, A

Chemistry, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Education, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

English Language and Literature, A

Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences, A

Forestry, A

Health Teacher Education, A

History, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Journalism, A

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse Training, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Mathematics, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Political Science and Government, A

Psychology, A

Sociology, A

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, A

Welding Technology/Welder, A

BAUDER COLLEGE

Business Administration and Management, A

Fashion Merchandising, A

Fashion/Apparel Design, A

Information Technology, A

Interior Design, A

BEACON UNIVERSITY

Bible/Biblical Studies, AB

Business Administration and Management, B

Psychology, B

BERRY COLLEGE

Accounting, B

Animal Sciences, B

Anthropology, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biochemistry, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Chemistry, B

Communication, Journalism and Related Programs, B

Computer Science, B

Curriculum and Instruction, O

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, BM

Economics, B

Education, MO

Engineering Technology, B

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Sciences, B

Finance, B

French Language and Literature, B

German Language and Literature, B

History, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, B

Middle School Education, M

Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, B

Music, B

Music Management and Merchandising, B

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Philosophy and Religious Studies, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Reading Teacher Education, M

Secondary Education and Teaching, M

Social Sciences, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Theatre/Theatre Arts Management, B

BEULAH HEIGHTS BIBLE COLLEGE

Bible/Biblical Studies, AB

Urban Studies/Affairs, AB

BRENAU UNIVERSITY

Accounting, BM

Art Teacher Education, B

Arts Management, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business/Corporate Communications, B

Commercial and Advertising Art, B

Conflict Resolution and Mediation/Peace Studies, O

Dance, B

Drama and Dance Teacher Education, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, MO

Education, BMO

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Studies, B

Fashion Merchandising, B

Fine/Studio Arts, B

General Studies, B

Health Services Administration, M

History, B

Interior Design, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Legal Professions and Studies, B

Management, M

Management Strategy and Policy, M

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Middle School Education, MO

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Nursing - Advanced Practice, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Occupational Therapy/Therapist, BM

Organizational Management, M

Piano and Organ, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Law Studies, B

Psychology, BM

Special Education and Teaching, BM

Voice and Opera, B

BREWTON-PARKER COLLEGE

Accounting, B

Biology Teacher Education, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, AB

Business Administration and Management, B

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, B

Education, B

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

General Studies, AB

Health and Physical Education/Fitness, B

History, B

History Teacher Education, B

Information Science/Studies, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, B

Music, B

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Law Studies, B

Psychology, B

Religion/Religious Studies, AB

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, B

Social Sciences, B

Sociology, B

BROWN MACKIE COLLEGE-ATLANTA

Accounting Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Computer Software Technology/Technician, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

CENTRAL GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Adult Development and Aging, A

Banking and Financial Support Services, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Cabinetmaking and Millwork/Millwright, A

Cardiovascular Technology/Technologist, A

Carpentry/Carpenter, A

Child Care and Support Services Management, A

Child Development, A

Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

E-Commerce/Electronic Commerce, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Tourism and Travel Services Management, A

Veterinary/Animal Health Technology/Technician and Veterinary Assistant, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

CHATTAHOOCHEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Biomedical Technology/Technician, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Child Development, A

Civil Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Computer and Information Systems Security, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Horticultural Science, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Logistics and Materials Management, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

African-American/Black Studies, MD

Applied Mathematics, M

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, MD

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business Teacher Education, B

Chemistry, BMD

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Science, BM

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MD

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, B

Criminology, M

Curriculum and Instruction, MO

Developmental and Child Psychology, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, B

Economics, BM

Education, BMDO

Education/Teaching of the Gifted and Talented, MO

Educational Leadership and Administration, MDO

Educational Psychology, MD

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

Engineering, B

English, M

English Language and Literature, B

Fashion/Apparel Design, B

Finance and Banking, M

French Language and Literature, B

Health Information/Medical Records Administration/Administrator, B

Health Teacher Education, B

History, BM

History Teacher Education, B

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, D

Information Science/Studies, BMO

Inorganic Chemistry, MD

Interdisciplinary Studies, B

International Affairs, MD

International Business/Trade/Commerce, M

International Development, MD

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Library Science, MO

Marketing, BM

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Medical Illustration/Medical Illustrator, B

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Organic Chemistry, MD

Philosophy, B

Physical Chemistry, MD

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Physics, BM

Political Science and Government, BMD

Psychology, B

Public Administration, M

Quantitative Analysis, M

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Romance Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, M

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, BD

Secondary Education and Teaching, B

Social Sciences, B

Social Work, BMD

Sociology, BM

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, B

Women's Studies, MD

CLAYTON STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, AB

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agricultural Business and Management, A

Agricultural Mechanization, A

Agriculture, A

Airframe Mechanics and Aircraft Maintenance Technology/Technician, A

Apparel and Accessories Marketing Operations, A

Architectural Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Art Teacher Education, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, A

Aviation/Airway Management and Operations, A

Avionics Maintenance Technology/Technician, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, AB

Business Teacher Education, A

Chemistry, A

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician, A

Communication and Media Studies, B

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Computer Science, A

Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, B

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, AB

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Drafting/Design Engineering Technologies/Technicians, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Economics, A

Education, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Electromechanical Technology/Electromechanical Engineering Technology, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic), A

Engineering, A

Engineering Technology, A

English Language and Literature, A

Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences, A

Fashion Merchandising, A

Finance, A

Forestry, A

French Language and Literature, A

General Merchandising, Sales, and Related Marketing Operations, A

Geology/Earth Science, A

Health Information/Medical Records Administration/Administrator, A

Health Teacher Education, A

Health/Health Care Administration/Management, B

History, B

Human Services, B

Information Science/Studies, AB

Instrumentation Technology/Technician, A

Journalism, A

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, A

Law and Legal Studies, A

Legal Administrative Assistant/Secretary, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Management Information Systems and Services, B

Marketing, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Mass Communication/Media Studies, A

Mathematics, A

Medical Illustration/Medical Illustrator, A

Medical/Clinical Assistant, A

Merchandising and Buying Operations, A

Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, B

Music, AB

Music Performance, B

Music Theory and Composition, B

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Occupational Therapy/Therapist, A

Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness Studies, A

Pharmacy, A

Philosophy, A

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Psychology, B

Public/Applied History and Archival Administration, B

Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer, A

Social Sciences, A

Sociology, A

Spanish Language and Literature, A

Specialized Merchandising, Sales, and Marketing Operations, A

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, A

Telecommunications Technology/Technician, A

COASTAL GEORGIA COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Agricultural Business and Management, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Chemistry, A

Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician, A

Computer Science, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

English Language and Literature, A

Foreign Languages and Literatures, A

Forestry, A

Geology/Earth Science, A

Health and Physical Education, A

History, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Mathematics, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Occupational Therapy/Therapist, A

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, A

Philosophy, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Physician Assistant, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Dentistry Studies, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, A

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, A

Pre-Veterinary Studies, A

Psychology, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Sociology, A

Teacher Education, Multiple Levels, A

COLUMBUS STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

Applied Mathematics, B

Art Education, M

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Athletic Training and Sports Medicine, B

Biology Teacher Education, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business/Commerce, B

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemistry, B

Chemistry Teacher Education, B

Comparative Literature, B

Computer Science, ABM

Counseling Psychology, M

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MO

Creative Writing, B

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, AB

Drama and Dance Teacher Education, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, BMO

Education, MO

Educational Leadership and Administration, MO

Engineering, A

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

Environmental Sciences, M

Finance, B

Forest Engineering, A

Forestry, A

French Language Teacher Education, B

Geology/Earth Science, B

Health Services/Allied Health/Health Sciences, B

Health Teacher Education, B

History, B

History Teacher Education, B

Information Science/Studies, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kinesiology and Exercise Science, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, B

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, B

Middle School Education, MO

Music, B

Music Pedagogy, B

Music Teacher Education, BM

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, BM

Piano and Organ, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Dentistry Studies, B

Pre-Engineering, A

Pre-Law Studies, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, B

Pre-Veterinary Studies, B

Psychology, B

Public Administration, M

Public Health (MPH, DPH), B

Public Relations/Image Management, B

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, BMO

Social Science Teacher Education, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language Teacher Education, B

Special Education and Teaching, BO

Speech Teacher Education, B

Teacher Education, Multiple Levels, B

Violin, Viola, Guitar and Other Stringed Instruments, B

Voice and Opera, B

COLUMBUS TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Child Development, A

Computer Engineering, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Diagnostic Medical Sonography/Sonographer and Ultrasound Technician, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic), A

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Horticultural Science, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Machine Tool Technology/Machinist, A

Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/Technician, A

Medical Office Management/Administration, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Pharmacy Technician/Assistant, A

Respiratory Therapy Technician/Assistant, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

COOSA VALLEY TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Child Development, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental Technology, A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Office Management/Administration, A

Respiratory Therapy Technician/Assistant, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

COVENANT COLLEGE

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Bible/Biblical Studies, AB

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, AB

Chemistry, B

Computer Science, B

Economics, B

Education, M

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

Foreign Languages and Literatures, B

History, B

Interdisciplinary Studies, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Mathematics, B

Music, B

Natural Sciences, B

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, AB

Philosophy, B

Physics, B

Pre-Engineering, A

Pre-Law Studies, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Pre-Nursing Studies, B

Psychology, B

Public Health (MPH, DPH), A

Sociology, B

DALTON STATE COLLEGE

Agriculture, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Business/Commerce, A

Chemistry, A

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Computer Installation and Repair Technology/Technician, A

Computer Science, A

Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology, A

Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Criminal Justice/Police Science, A

Criminology, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Economics, A

Education, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

English Language and Literature, A

Family and Consumer Economics and Related Services, A

Foreign Languages and Literatures, A

Forestry, A

General Studies, A

Geography, A

Geology/Earth Science, A

Health Information/Medical Records Administration/Administrator, A

History, A

Industrial Electronics Technology/Technician, A

Industrial Mechanics and Maintenance Technology, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Journalism, A

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, A

Machine Shop Technology/Assistant, A

Management Information Systems and Services, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, AB

Mathematics, A

Medical Office Management/Administration, A

Medical Transcription/Transcriptionist, A

Nuclear Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Occupational Therapy/Therapist, A

Office Management and Supervision, A

Operations Management and Supervision, B

Philosophy, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Physician Assistant, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, A

Psychology, A

Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Sales, Distribution and Marketing Operations, AB

Secondary Education and Teaching, A

Social Work, AB

Sociology, A

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, A

Technology Education/Industrial Arts, A

DARTON COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agriculture, A

Anthropology, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Business Teacher Education, A

Cardiovascular Technology/Technologist, A

Chemistry, A

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Science, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Diagnostic Medical Sonography/Sonographer and Ultrasound Technician, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Economics, A

Education, A

Engineering Technology, A

English Language and Literature, A

Environmental Studies, A

Foreign Languages and Literatures, A

Forensic Science and Technology, A

Forestry, A

General Office Occupations and Clerical Services, A

General Studies, A

Geography, A

Health and Physical Education, A

Health Information/Medical Records Administration/Administrator, A

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Histologic Technician, A

History, A

Journalism, A

Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse Training, A

Mathematics, A

Music, A

Nuclear Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Occupational Therapist Assistant, A

Optometric Technician/Assistant, A

Pharmacy Technician/Assistant, A

Philosophy, A

Physical Therapist Assistant, A

Physician Assistant, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Dentistry Studies, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Pre-Law Studies, A

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, A

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, A

Pre-Veterinary Studies, A

Psychiatric/Mental Health Services Technician, A

Psychology, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Social Work, A

Sociology, A

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, A

DEKALB TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Business/Commerce, A

Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician, A

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Electromechanical Technology/Electromechanical Engineering Technology, A

Engineering Technology, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology/Technician, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Instrumentation Technology/Technician, A

Legal Administrative Assistant/Secretary, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Machine Tool Technology/Machinist, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical/Clinical Assistant, A

Operations Management and Supervision, A

Ophthalmic Laboratory Technology/Technician, A

Opticianry/Ophthalmic Dispensing Optician, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Telecommunications Technology/Technician, A

DEVRY UNIVERSITY (ALPHARETTA)

Business Administration, Management and Operations, BM

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Computer Programming, Specific Applications, B

Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst, B

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, AB

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, AB

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, B

Medical Informatics, B

Operations Management and Supervision, B

DEVRY UNIVERSITY (ATLANTA)

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

DEVRY UNIVERSITY (DECATUR)

Biomedical/Medical Engineering, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, BM

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Computer Programming, Specific Applications, B

Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst, B

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, AB

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, AB

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, B

Medical Informatics, B

Operations Management and Supervision, B

DEVRY UNIVERSITY (DULUTH)

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

EAST CENTRAL TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Information Science/Studies, A

EAST GEORGIA COLLEGE

Agriculture, A

Anthropology, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Business Teacher Education, A

Chemistry, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Education, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

English Language and Literature, A

Family and Consumer Sciences/Home Economics Teacher Education, A

Geology/Earth Science, A

Health Teacher Education, A

History, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Mathematics, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness Studies, A

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, A

Political Science and Government, A

Psychology, A

Sociology, A

EMMANUEL COLLEGE

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, AB

Business Teacher Education, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

Health/Medical Preparatory Programs, AB

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kinesiology and Exercise Science, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, B

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Office Management and Supervision, A

Organizational Communication, B

Pastoral Studies/Counseling, B

Pre-Law Studies, B

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, A

Psychology, B

Religious/Sacred Music, B

Social Science Teacher Education, B

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, B

Youth Ministry, B

EMORY UNIVERSITY

Accounting, BD

African Studies, B

African-American/Black Studies, B

Allied Health and Medical Assisting Services, MD

Allopathic Medicine, PO

American/United States Studies/Civilization, B

Anthropology, BD

Art History, Criticism and Conservation, BD

Asian Studies/Civilization, B

Asian-American Studies, B

Banking and Financial Support Services, B

Biochemistry, D

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, D

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Biomedical Sciences, B

Biopsychology, D

Biostatistics, MD

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, MDO

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Cell Biology and Anatomy, D

Chemistry, BD

Chinese Language and Literature, B

Classics and Classical Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, B

Clinical Psychology, D

Clinical Research, M

Cognitive Sciences, D

Community Health and Preventive Medicine, MD

Comparative Literature, BDO

Computer Science, BMD

Creative Writing, B

Dance, B

Developmental Biology and Embryology, D

Developmental Psychology, D

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Ecology, D

Economics, BD

Education, BMDO

English, DO

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental and Occupational Health, M

Epidemiology, MD

Evolutionary Biology, D

Film, Television, and Video Theory and Criticism, MO

Film/Cinema Studies, B

Finance, B

Finance and Banking, D

Fine/Studio Arts, B

French Language and Literature, BDO

Genetics, D

German Language and Literature, B

Health Informatics, M

Health Promotion, M

Health Services Administration, MD

Health Services Research, D

History, BD

Immunology, D

Interdisciplinary Studies, BD

International Public Health/International Health, MD

International Relations and Affairs, B

Italian Language and Literature, B

Japanese Language and Literature, B

Jewish/Judaic Studies, BM

Journalism, B

Latin American Studies, B

Latin Language and Literature, B

Law and Legal Studies, MPO

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, AB

Management Information Systems and Services, D

Marketing, D

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Maternal and Child Health, M

Mathematics, BMD

Medical Informatics, M

Medical Technology, M

Medieval and Renaissance Studies, B

Microbiology, D

Middle School Education, M

Modern Greek Language and Literature, B

Molecular Biology, D

Molecular Genetics, D

Music, BM

Neuroscience, BD

Nurse Anesthetist, M

Nurse Midwife/Nursing Midwifery, M

Nursing, MDO

Nursing - Adult, M

Nursing - Advanced Practice, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Nursing Administration, M

Nutritional Sciences, MD

Organizational Management, D

Pediatric Nurse/Nursing, M

Pharmacology, D

Philosophy, BD

Physical Therapy/Therapist, D

Physician Assistant, M

Physics, BD

Political Science and Government, BD

Portuguese Language and Literature, DO

Psychology, BD

Public Health, MDO

Religion/Religious Studies, BD

Russian Language and Literature, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, M

Sociology, BMD

Spanish Language and Literature, BDO

Theology and Religious Vocations, MDPO

Vision Science/Physiological Optics, M

Women's Health Nursing, M

Women's Studies, BDO

EMORY UNIVERSITY, OXFORD COLLEGE

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

FLINT RIVER TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Computer and Information Systems Security, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Manufacturing Technology/Technician, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

FORT VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, AB

African Studies, B

Agricultural Economics, B

Agricultural/Biological Engineering and Bioengineering, B

Agronomy and Crop Science, B

Animal Sciences, BM

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Botany/Plant Biology, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Chemistry, B

Computer Science, B

Counseling Psychology, M

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MO

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, AB

Developmental and Child Psychology, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, M

Economics, B

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, AB

Environmental and Occupational Health, M

Family and Consumer Sciences/Home Economics Teacher Education, B

Foods, Nutrition, and Wellness Studies, B

French Language and Literature, B

Health Teacher Education, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Middle School Education, M

Ornamental Horticulture, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Engineering, A

Psychology, B

Public Health, M

Rehabilitation Counseling, M

Social Sciences, B

Social Work, B

Sociology, B

Veterinary/Animal Health Technology/Technician and Veterinary Assistant, A

Zoology/Animal Biology, B

GAINESVILLE COLLEGE

Anthropology, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Chemistry, A

Computer Science, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, AB

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

Engineering Technology, A

English Language and Literature, A

Environmental Design/Architecture, B

Foreign Languages and Literatures, A

Forestry, A

General Studies, A

Geography, A

Geology/Earth Science, A

History, A

Information Technology, B

Journalism, A

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, A

Kinesiology and Exercise Science, A

Mass Communication/Media Studies, A

Mathematics, A

Music, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, A

Pre-Nursing Studies, A

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, A

Psychology, A

Secondary Education and Teaching, A

Social Work, A

Sociology, A

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, A

GEORGIA AVIATION & TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Air Traffic Controller, A

Airline/Commercial/Professional Pilot and Flight Crew, A

Aviation/Airway Management and Operations, A

GEORGIA COLLEGE & STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, BM

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, M

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemistry, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Creative Writing, B

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, B

Criminology, M

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, BMO

Education, MO

Educational Administration and Supervision, MO

Educational Media/Instructional Technology, M

English, M

English Education, M

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Studies, B

French Language and Literature, B

Health Education, MO

Health Teacher Education, B

History, BM

International Business/Trade/Commerce, B

Journalism, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Logistics and Materials Management, M

Management Information Systems and Services, M

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, M

Middle School Education, MO

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Music Therapy/Therapist, BM

Nursing, MO

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Office Management and Supervision, B

Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness Studies, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, BMO

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Public Administration, M

Public Affairs, M

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, MO

Secondary Education and Teaching, MO

Social Studies Teacher Education, MO

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, BM

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, B

Writing, M

GEORGIA HIGHLANDS COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Agriculture, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Criminal Justice/Police Science, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Economics, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic), A

English Language and Literature, A

Foreign Languages and Literatures, A

Forestry, A

Geology/Earth Science, A

History, A

Horticultural Science, A

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Human Services, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Journalism, A

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Occupational Therapy/Therapist, A

Philosophy, A

Physical Therapist Assistant, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Physician Assistant, A

Political Science and Government, A

Psychology, A

Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Secondary Education and Teaching, A

Sociology, A

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Accounting, MD

Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, BMD

Applied Mathematics, BM

Architecture, BMDO

Architecture and Related Services, B

Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, MD

Biochemistry, MD

Bioengineering, MDO

Bioinformatics, MD

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, MD

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Biomedical Engineering, MDO

Biomedical/Medical Engineering, B

Building Science, MD

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, MO

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemical Engineering, BMD

Chemistry, BMD

Civil Engineering, BMDO

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Engineering, BMD

Computer Science, MD

Construction Engineering and Management, MD

Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia, B

Economics, M

Electrical Engineering, MD

Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, B

Electronic Commerce, O

Engineering and Applied Sciences, MDO

Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies, MO

Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental Technology, MD

Environmental Policy, M

Environmental Sciences, MD

Finance and Banking, MD

Geochemistry, MD

Geographic Information Systems, M

Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, B

Geophysics and Seismology, MD

Geosciences, MD

Health Physics/Radiological Health, MD

Health Services Administration, M

History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, B

History of Science and Technology, MD

Human-Computer Interaction, M

Hydrology and Water Resources Science, MD

Industrial and Organizational Psychology, B

Industrial Design, B

Industrial Engineering, B

Industrial/Management Engineering, MD

International Affairs, M

International Business/Trade/Commerce, MO

International Relations and Affairs, B

International/Global Studies, B

Internet and Interactive Multimedia, M

Management, MD

Management Information Systems and Services, MD

Management of Technology, MO

Management Strategy and Policy, MD

Marketing, MD

Materials Engineering, BMD

Mathematical and Computational Finance, M

Mathematics, MD

Mechanical Engineering, BMD

Mechanics, MD

Medical Physics, M

Modern Languages, B

Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, B

Natural Resources and Conservation, MD

Nuclear Engineering, BMD

Ocean Engineering, MD

Operations Management and Supervision, B

Operations Research, M

Organizational Behavior Studies, MD

Physics, BMD

Physiology, M

Polymer Chemistry, B

Polymer/Plastics Engineering, MD

Psychology, MD

Public Policy Analysis, BMD

Science, Technology and Society, B

Statistics, M

Systems Engineering, MD

Textile Sciences and Engineering, BMD

Urban and Regional Planning, MDO

Urban Design, M

GEORGIA MEDICAL INSTITUTE-DEKALB

Massage Therapy/Therapeutic Massage, A

Medical Administrative Assistant/Secretary, A

Medical Insurance Specialist/Medical Biller, A

Renal/Dialysis Technologist/Technician, A

Respiratory Therapy Technician/Assistant, A

GEORGIA MILITARY COLLEGE

Army JROTC/ROTC, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Engineering, A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Mass Communication/Media Studies, A

Nuclear/Nuclear Power Technology/Technician, A

Pre-Engineering, A

GEORGIA PERIMETER COLLEGE

Anthropology, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Chemistry, A

Computer Science, A

Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Education, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

English Language and Literature, A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Foreign Languages and Literatures, A

Foreign Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, A

General Studies, A

Geology/Earth Science, A

Health and Physical Education, A

History, A

Journalism, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Mathematics, A

Music, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Philosophy, A

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Dentistry Studies, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, A

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, A

Psychology, A

Sign Language Interpretation and Translation, A

Sociology, A

Teacher Education, Multiple Levels, A

GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY

Accounting, BM

Allied Health and Medical Assisting Services, MO

Anthropology, B

Apparel and Textiles, B

Art Education, MO

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Athletic Training and Sports Medicine, B

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, M

Biology Teacher Education, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business Education, M

Business Teacher Education, B

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemistry, B

Chemistry Teacher Education, B

Civil Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, B

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, B

Community Health Nursing, MO

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Construction Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MO

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, B

Curriculum and Instruction, D

Development Economics and International Development, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, M

Economics, B

Education, BMDO

Educational Administration and Supervision, D

Educational Leadership and Administration, MO

Educational Media/Instructional Technology, MO

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Engineering and Applied Sciences, M

English, M

English Education, M

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

Family and Consumer Sciences/Home Economics Teacher Education, B

Finance, B

Fine Arts and Art Studies, M

Foods, Nutrition, and Wellness Studies, B

Foreign Language Teacher Education, M

French Language and Literature, B

French Language Teacher Education, B

General Studies, B

Geography, B

Geology/Earth Science, B

German Language and Literature, B

German Language Teacher Education, B

Graphic and Printing Equipment Operator Production, B

Health and Physical Education, B

Health Education, M

Health Services Administration, M

Higher Education/Higher Education Administration, M

History, BM

History Teacher Education, B

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, B

Human Development and Family Studies, B

Industrial Production Technologies/Technicians, B

Industrial Technology/Technician, B

Interior Design, B

International Business/Trade/Commerce, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Journalism, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Kinesiology and Exercise Science, B

Kinesiology and Movement Studies, M

Logistics and Materials Management, B

Management Information Systems and Services, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, BM

Mathematics Teacher Education, BM

Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/Technician, B

Middle School Education, M

Music, BM

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, BM

Music Theory and Composition, B

Nursing, MO

Nursing - Advanced Practice, MO

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness Studies, B

Philosophy, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, BM

Physics, B

Physics Teacher Education, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, BM

Public Administration, M

Public Health, M

Public Health Education and Promotion, B

Public Relations/Image Management, B

Radio and Television, B

Reading Teacher Education, M

Recreation and Park Management, M

School Psychology, MO

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, M

Social Studies Teacher Education, M

Sociology, BM

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Spanish Language Teacher Education, B

Special Education and Teaching, BM

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, B

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, BM

Technology Teacher Education/Industrial Arts Teacher Education, B

Vocational and Technical Education, M

Women's Health Nursing, MO

GEORGIA SOUTHWESTERN STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

Accounting Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Aircraft Powerplant Technology/Technician, A

Airframe Mechanics and Aircraft Maintenance Technology/Technician, A

Applied Horticulture/Horticultural Operations, A

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Autobody/Collision and Repair Technology/Technician, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Avionics Maintenance Technology/Technician, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Chemistry, B

Child Care and Support Services Management, A

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Computer Programming, Specific Applications, AB

Computer Science, BM

Cosmetology/Cosmetologist, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Dental Assisting/Assistant, A

Diesel Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, MO

Education, BMO

Electrical/Electronics Equipment Installation and Repair, A

Electrician, A

Electromechanical and Instrumentation and Maintenance Technologies/Technicians, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

Forestry Technology/Technician, A

General Office Occupations and Clerical Services, A

Geology/Earth Science, B

Graphic and Printing Equipment Operator Production, A

Health Education, M

Heavy Equipment Maintenance Technology/Technician, A

History, B

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Human Resources Development, A

Human Resources Management/Personnel Administration, B

Information Science/Studies, M

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse Training, A

Machine Shop Technology/Assistant, A

Machine Tool Technology/Machinist, A

Management Information Systems and Services, AB

Marketing/Marketing Management, AB

Mathematics, B

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Medical/Clinical Assistant, A

Middle School Education, MO

Music, B

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, BM

Physical Sciences, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Dentistry Studies, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Pre-Veterinary Studies, B

Psychology, B

Reading Teacher Education, M

Secondary Education and Teaching, M

Sociology, B

Special Education and Teaching, BM

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Welding Technology/Welder, A

GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, BMDO

Actuarial Science, BM

African-American/Black Studies, B

Allied Health and Medical Assisting Services, MDO

Anthropology, BM

Art Education, MO

Art History, Criticism and Conservation, M

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Astronomy, D

Biochemistry, MD

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, MD

Biological Anthropology, MDO

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Cell Biology and Anatomy, MD

Chemistry, BMD

Communication and Media Studies, MD

Communication Disorders, M

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Science, MD

Counseling Psychology, MDO

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MDO

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, B

Criminology, M

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, BMDO

Economics, BMD

Education, MDO

Education/Teaching of Individuals with Multiple Disabilities, M

Educational Administration and Supervision, MDO

Educational Measurement and Evaluation, MD

Educational Media/Instructional Technology, MDO

Educational Psychology, MD

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English, MD

English as a Second Language, MD

English Education, MDO

English Language and Literature, B

Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies, M

Environmental Biology, MD

Exercise and Sports Science, MD

Facilities Planning and Management, B

Film/Cinema Studies, B

Finance, B

Finance and Banking, MD

Fine Arts and Art Studies, M

Fine/Studio Arts, B

Foods, Nutrition, and Wellness Studies, B

Foreign Language Teacher Education, O

Foundations and Philosophy of Education, MD

French Language and Literature, BM

Geography, BM

Geology/Earth Science, BM

German Language and Literature, BM

Health Promotion, D

Health Services Administration, M

Higher Education/Higher Education Administration, D

Historic Preservation and Conservation, M

History, BMD

Human Resources Development, B

Human Resources Management and Services, MD

Human Services, M

Industrial and Labor Relations, MD

Industrial and Manufacturing Management, D

Insurance, BMD

International Business/Trade/Commerce, MO

Internet and Interactive Multimedia, MD

Journalism, B

Law and Legal Studies, PO

Linguistics, MD

Management, MD

Management Information Systems and Services, MD

Marketing, MD

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, BM

Mathematics Teacher Education, MDO

Microbiology, MD

Middle School Education, MDO

Molecular Genetics, MD

Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, B

Music, M

Music Management and Merchandising, B

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, O

Neurobiology and Neurophysiology, MD

Nursing, MDO

Nursing - Adult, M

Nursing - Advanced Practice, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Nutritional Sciences, M

Operations Research, M

Pediatric Nurse/Nursing, M

Philosophy, BMO

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, M

Physical Therapy/Therapist, M

Physics, BMD

Physiology, MD

Political Science and Government, BMD

Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse/Nursing, M

Psychology, BMD

Public Administration, MO

Public Health, M

Public Policy Analysis, D

Reading Teacher Education, MO

Real Estate, BMDO

Rehabilitation Counseling, MO

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, B

Rhetoric, MD

School Psychology, MDO

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, MDO

Social Studies Teacher Education, MDO

Social Work, BM

Sociology, BMD

Spanish Language and Literature, BM

Special Education and Teaching, MDO

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, B

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, M

Sports Medicine, M

Taxation, M

Technical and Business Writing, MD

Translation and Interpretation, O

Urban Education and Leadership, M

Urban Studies/Affairs, BM

Vocational and Technical Education, M

Women's Health Nursing, M

Women's Studies, BM

Writing, MD

GORDON COLLEGE

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agriculture, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Behavioral Sciences, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Computer Science, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Education, A

English Language and Literature, A

General Studies, A

History, A

Information Technology, A

Journalism, A

Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse Training, A

Mathematics, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness Studies, A

Physical Sciences, A

Political Science and Government, A

Psychology, A

Sociology, A

Spanish Language and Literature, A

GRIFFIN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Child Development, A

Computer and Information Systems Security, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic), A

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology/Technician, A

Horticultural Science, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Manufacturing Technology/Technician, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Pharmacy Technician/Assistant, A

Respiratory Therapy Technician/Assistant, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

GUPTON-JONES COLLEGE OF FUNERAL SERVICE

Funeral Service and Mortuary Science, A

GWINNETT TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Building/Construction Finishing, Management, and Inspection, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Science, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic), A

Horticultural Science, A

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Interior Design, A

Machine Tool Technology/Machinist, A

Management Information Systems and Services, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Medical/Clinical Assistant, A

Ornamental Horticulture, A

Photography, A

Physical Therapist Assistant, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Tourism and Travel Services Management, A

Veterinary/Animal Health Technology/Technician and Veterinary Assistant, A

HEART OF GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, A

Child Development, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Machine Tool Technology/Machinist, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Respiratory Therapy Technician/Assistant, A

HERZING COLLEGE

Business Administration and Management, AB

Computer and Information Sciences, AB

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, AB

Information Science/Studies, AB

Securities Services Administration/Management, AB

System, Networking, and LAN/WAN

Management/Manager, AB

ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE (DULUTH)

Animation, Interactive Technology, Video Graphics and Special Effects, B

Business Administration and Management, B

CAD/CADD Drafting and/or Design Technology/Technician, A

Computer and Information Systems Security, B

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, B

E-Commerce/Electronic Commerce, B

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, AB

System, Networking, and LAN/WAN

Management/Manager, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE (KENNESAW)

Business Administration and Management, B

CAD/CADD Drafting and/or Design Technology/Technician, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, B

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

System, Networking, and LAN/WAN

Management/Manager, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

African Studies, B

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biochemistry, B

Biology Teacher Education, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

BioTechnology, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Cartography, B

Chemistry, B

Chemistry Teacher Education, B

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Science, BM

Conflict Resolution and Mediation/Peace Studies, M

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, BM

Economics, B

Education, M

Educational Leadership and Administration, M

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences, B

Finance, B

French Language and Literature, B

History, B

Information Science/Studies, M

International Relations and Affairs, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kinesiology and Exercise Science, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, B

Middle School Education, M

Modern Languages, B

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Nursing, M

Nursing - Advanced Practice, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Public Administration, M

Social Science Teacher Education, B

Social Work, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, M

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, B

Writing, M

LAGRANGE COLLEGE

Accounting, B

Art Education, M

Biochemistry, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business/Commerce, B

Chemistry, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Science, B

Curriculum and Instruction, M

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, B

Economics, B

Education, BM

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

History, B

Human Services, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Mathematics, B

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Dentistry Studies, B

Pre-Engineering, A

Pre-Law Studies, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Pre-Veterinary Studies, B

Psychology, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Religious Education, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, M

Social Work, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Visual and Performing Arts, B

LANIER TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Banking and Financial Support Services, A

Child Development, A

Computer and Information Systems Security, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Science, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Health Professions and Related Clinical Sciences, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Interior Design, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Occupational Safety and Health Technology/Technician, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

LIFE UNIVERSITY

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Chiropractic, P

Dietetics/Dieticians, B

Exercise and Sports Science, M

Human Nutrition, B

LUTHER RICE UNIVERSITY

Bible/Biblical Studies, B

Missions/Missionary Studies and Missiology, MP

Pastoral Studies/Counseling, BDP

Religious Education, P

Theology and Religious Vocations, MDP

MACON STATE COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agriculture, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, AB

Business Teacher Education, A

Business/Commerce, AB

Chemistry, A

Civil Engineering, A

Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician, A

Communication and Media Studies, B

Computer Programming, Specific Applications, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Science, A

Corrections, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Criminal Justice/Police Science, A

Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Economics, A

Education, A

Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

Engineering, A

Engineering Technology, A

English Language and Literature, A

Environmental Studies, A

Food Science, A

General Studies, A

Health Information/Medical Records Administration/Administrator, B

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Health/Health Care Administration/Management, B

History, A

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, A

Information Science/Studies, AB

Journalism, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Marketing, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, A

Mathematics, A

Mechanical Engineering, A

Modern Languages, A

Music, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, AB

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Pre-Pharmacy Studies, A

Psychology, A

Public Administration, A

Public Health (MPH, DPH), A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Sociology, A

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, A

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA

Allied Health and Medical Assisting Services, MD

Allopathic Medicine, PO

Anatomy, D

Biochemistry, D

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, MD

Cardiovascular Sciences, MD

Cell Biology and Anatomy, D

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, B

Community Health Nursing, M

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, BM

Dentistry, PO

Diagnostic Medical Sonography/Sonographer and Ultrasound Technician, B

Health Informatics, M

Health Information/Medical Records Administration/Administrator, B

Health Physics/Radiological Health, M

Maternal/Child Health and Neonatal Nurse/Nursing, M

Medical Illustration and Informatics, M

Medical Technology, M

Molecular Biology, D

Molecular Medicine, D

Nuclear Medical Technology/Technologist, B

Nurse Anesthetist, M

Nursing, MD

Nursing - Adult, M

Nursing - Advanced Practice, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Occupational Therapy/Therapist, BM

Oral Biology, MD

Pharmacology, D

Physical Therapy/Therapist, MD

Physician Assistant, BM

Physiology, D

Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse/Nursing, M

Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer, B

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, B

Toxicology, D

MERCER UNIVERSITY

African-American/Black Studies, B

Allopathic Medicine, MP

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biochemistry, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Biomedical Engineering, M

Business Administration, Management and Operations, BMO

Business/Commerce, B

Chemistry, B

Christian Studies, B

Classics and Classical Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, B

Communication, Journalism and Related Programs, B

Community Organization and Advocacy, B

Computer Engineering, M

Computer Science, B

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, MO

Economics, B

Education, BMO

Educational Leadership and Administration, M

Electrical Engineering, M

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

Engineering, B

Engineering and Applied Sciences, M

Engineering Management, M

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Sciences, B

Environmental Studies, B

French Language and Literature, B

German Language and Literature, B

Health/Medical Preparatory Programs, B

History, B

Human Services, B

Information Science/Studies, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Journalism, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Latin Language and Literature, B

Law and Legal Studies, PO

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, B

Management of Technology, M

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Mechanical Engineering, M

Middle School Education, MO

Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, B

Music, B

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Nursing, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Pharmaceutical Sciences, DPO

Pharmacy, DPO

Philosophy, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Dentistry Studies, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Psychology, B

Reading Teacher Education, M

Regional Studies (U.S., Canadian, Foreign), B

Secondary Education and Teaching, M

Sociology, B

Software Engineering, M

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Theology and Religious Vocations, DP

MIDDLE GEORGIA COLLEGE

Business Administration and Management, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Computer Engineering, A

Computer Science, A

Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, A

Criminal Justice/Police Science, A

Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician, A

Fashion Merchandising, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Occupational Therapist Assistant, A

Physical Therapist Assistant, A

Public Administration, A

Survey Technology/Surveying, A

MIDDLE GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Airframe Mechanics and Aircraft Maintenance Technology/Technician, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

MOREHOUSE COLLEGE

Accounting, B

Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching, B

African-American/Black Studies, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Chemistry, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Economics, B

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

Engineering, B

English Language and Literature, B

Finance, B

French Language and Literature, B

German Language and Literature, B

History, B

Interdisciplinary Studies, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, B

Music, B

Philosophy, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Urban Studies/Affairs, B

MOULTRIE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Civil Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

NORTH GEORGIA COLLEGE & STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemistry, B

Community Psychology, M

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Science, B

Crafts/Craft Design, Folk Art and Artisanry, B

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, B

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, B

Drawing, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, M

Education, BMO

Educational Administration and Supervision, O

Educational Leadership and Administration, B

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

Family Practice Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, B

Finance, B

French Language and Literature, B

History, B

Information Science/Studies, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, B

Middle School Education, M

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Nursing, M

Nursing - Advanced Practice, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, AB

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Physical Therapy/Therapist, M

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Dentistry Studies, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Pre-Veterinary Studies, B

Psychology, B

Public Administration, BM

Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management, B

Reading Teacher Education, B

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, BM

Social Science Teacher Education, B

Social Sciences, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, BM

NORTH GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology/Technician, A

Horticultural Science, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, A

Turf and Turfgrass Management, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

NORTH METRO TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Design and Visual Communications, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Horticultural Science, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

NORTHWESTERN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Cardiovascular Technology/Technologist, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Occupational Therapist Assistant, A

Pharmacy Technician/Assistant, A

Social Work, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

OGEECHEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agribusiness, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Banking and Financial Support Services, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Construction Trades, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Forestry Technology/Technician, A

Funeral Service and Mortuary Science, A

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Interior Design, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Opticianry/Ophthalmic Dispensing Optician, A

Tourism and Travel Services Management, A

Veterinary/Animal Health Technology/Technician and Veterinary Assistant, A

Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and Recycling Technology/Technician, A

Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management, A

Wood Science and Wood Products/Pulp and Paper Technology, A

OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

American/United States Studies/Civilization, B

Art History, Criticism and Conservation, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemistry, B

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, B

Computer Science, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, M

Economics, B

Education, M

English Language and Literature, B

French Language and Literature, B

History, B

Interdisciplinary Studies, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Philosophy, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Dentistry Studies, B

Pre-Law Studies, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Pre-Veterinary Studies, B

Psychology, B

Social Work, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Theatre/Theatre Arts Management, B

Urban Studies/Affairs, B

OKEFENOKEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology, A

Criminal Justice/Police Science, A

Forestry Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Occupational Safety and Health Technology/Technician, A

Respiratory Therapy Technician/Assistant, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

PAINE COLLEGE

Accounting, B

Biology Teacher Education, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Broadcast Journalism, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Chemistry, B

Counseling Psychology, B

Criminology, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

Environmental Sciences, B

Experimental Psychology, B

History, B

History Teacher Education, B

International Business/Trade/Commerce, B

Journalism, B

Management Information Systems and Services, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics and Computer Science, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, B

Philosophy, B

Psychology, B

Public Relations/Image Management, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Social Psychology, B

Sociology, B

PIEDMONT COLLEGE

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Chemistry, B

Computer Science, B

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, B

Curriculum and Instruction, O

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, M

Education, MO

Elementary and Middle School Administration/Principalship, B

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Sciences, B

Environmental Studies, B

Fine/Studio Arts, B

Geology/Earth Science, B

History, B

Interdisciplinary Studies, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics and Computer Science, B

Music, B

Music Performance, B

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Philosophy, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, M

Social Sciences, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, B

REINHARDT COLLEGE

Accounting, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, AB

Business/Commerce, B

Education, A

English Language and Literature, B

Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies, B

Health and Physical Education/Fitness, B

History, B

Information Science/Studies, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, AB

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Music, B

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, B

Psychology, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Sociology, B

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, B

SANDERSVILLE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Information Science/Studies, A

SAVANNAH COLLEGE OF ART AND DESIGN

Advertising and Public Relations, M

Animation, Interactive Technology, Video Graphics and Special Effects, B

Applied Arts and Design, M

Architectural History and Criticism, BM

Architecture, BM

Art History, Criticism and Conservation, BM

Cinematography and Film/Video Production, B

Computer Art and Design, M

Computer Graphics, B

Design and Applied Arts, B

Design and Visual Communications, B

Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Fashion/Apparel Design, B

Fiber, Textile and Weaving Arts, B

Film, Television, and Video Production, M

Fine Arts and Art Studies, M

Graphic Design, BM

Historic Preservation and Conservation, BM

Illustration, BM

Industrial Design, BM

Interior Design, BM

Internet and Interactive Multimedia, M

Media Studies, M

Metal and Jewelry Arts, B

Music, M

Painting, BM

Photography, BM

Recording Arts Technology/Technician, B

Textile Design, M

SAVANNAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

African-American/Black Studies, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Chemical Engineering, B

Chemistry, B

Civil Engineering, B

Civil Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Computer Engineering, B

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, B

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, B

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Studies, B

History, B

International Business/Trade/Commerce, B

Management Information Systems and Services, B

Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography, B

Marine Sciences, M

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/Technician, B

Music, B

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, B

Political Science and Government, B

Public Administration, M

Social Work, BM

Sociology, B

Urban Studies/Affairs, M

SAVANNAH TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology/Technician, A

Hotel/Motel Administration/Management, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Information Technology, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

SHORTER COLLEGE

Accounting, B

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemistry, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Divinity/Ministry (BD, MDiv.), B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Economics, B

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Studies, B

Fine/Studio Arts, B

French Language and Literature, B

General Studies, B

History, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, B

Music, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Natural Sciences, B

Organizational Communication, B

Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness Studies, B

Piano and Organ, B

Pre-Theology/Pre-Ministerial Studies, B

Psychology, B

Public Relations, Advertising, and Applied Communication, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Religious/Sacred Music, B

Social Sciences, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Therapeutic Recreation/Recreational Therapy, B

Voice and Opera, B

SOUTH GEORGIA COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agricultural Business and Management, A

Agricultural Teacher Education, A

Agriculture, A

Animal Sciences, A

Applied Mathematics, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Business Teacher Education, A

Business/Managerial Economics, A

Chemistry, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Science, A

Creative Writing, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Criminology, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Economics, A

Education, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

English Language and Literature, A

Finance, A

French Language and Literature, A

German Language and Literature, A

Health Teacher Education, A

History, A

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Journalism, A

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, A

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, A

Kinesiology and Exercise Science, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Mass Communication/Media Studies, A

Mathematics, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, A

Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness Studies, A

Philosophy, A

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, A

Physical Sciences, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Psychology, A

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, A

Sociology, A

Spanish Language and Literature, A

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, A

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, A

SOUTH GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Culinary Arts/Chef Training, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology/Technician, A

Horticultural Science, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Manufacturing Technology/Technician, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

SOUTH UNIVERSITY

Accounting, A

Business Administration and Management, AB

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, B

Health/Health Care Administration/Management, B

Information Technology, AB

Law and Legal Studies, B

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, A

Medical/Clinical Assistant, A

Pharmacy, P

Physical Therapist Assistant, A

Physician Assistant, BM

SOUTHEASTERN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Design and Visual Communications, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Respiratory Therapy Technician/Assistant, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

SOUTHERN POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Architectural Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Architecture, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Civil Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services, B

Computer Engineering, M

Computer Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Computer Science, M

Construction Engineering and Management, M

Construction Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologies/Technicians, B

Electrical Engineering, M

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, B

Engineering and Applied Sciences, M

Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies, B

Industrial Production Technologies/Technicians, B

Industrial Technology/Technician, B

Industrial/Management Engineering, M

Information Science/Studies, BM

International Relations and Affairs, B

Internet and Interactive Multimedia, M

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Mathematics, B

Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/Technician, B

Organizational Behavior Studies, B

Physics, B

Quality Management, M

Software Engineering, M

Survey Technology/Surveying, B

Systems Engineering, M

Technical and Business Writing, B

Technical Communication, M

Telecommunications Technology/Technician, B

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agricultural Mechanization, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

SPELMAN COLLEGE

Anthropology, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biochemistry, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Chemistry, B

Computer Science, B

Developmental and Child Psychology, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Economics, B

Engineering, B

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Studies, B

French Language and Literature, B

History, B

Mathematics, B

Music, B

Natural Sciences, B

Philosophy, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Sociology, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Women's Studies, B

SWAINSBORO TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Forestry Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

THOMAS UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business/Commerce, A

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, B

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, AB

Criminology, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kindergarten/PreSchool Education and Teaching, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, AB

Mathematics, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, AB

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Rehabilitation Counseling, M

Rehabilitation Therapy, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, B

Social Sciences, B

Social Work, B

Sociology, B

TOCCOA FALLS COLLEGE

Bible/Biblical Studies, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Counseling Psychology, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, B

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

General Studies, A

History Teacher Education, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Missions/Missionary Studies and Missiology, B

Music, B

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, B

Organizational Communication, B

Philosophy, B

Pre-Law Studies, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Religious Education, B

Religious/Sacred Music, B

Youth Ministry, B

TRUETT-MCCONNELL COLLEGE

Business/Commerce, AB

Christian Studies, AB

Education, A

General Studies, A

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Music, AB

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

Accounting, BMO

Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching, MDO

Advertising, B

African-American/Black Studies, B

Agricultural Business and Management, B

Agricultural Communication/Journalism, B

Agricultural Economics, BMD

Agricultural Education, M

Agricultural Engineering, MD

Agricultural Sciences, MD

Agricultural Teacher Education, B

Agricultural/Biological Engineering and Bioengineering, B

Agriculture, B

Agriculture, Agriculture Operations and Related Sciences, B

Agronomy and Soil Sciences, MD

Analytical Chemistry, MD

Anatomy, M

Ancient/Classical Greek Language and Literature, B

Animal Health, B

Animal Sciences, BMD

Anthropology, BMD

Apparel and Textiles, B

Applied Economics, MD

Applied Horticulture/Horticultural Operations, B

Applied Mathematics, M

Art Education, MDO

Art History, Criticism and Conservation, BM

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, M

Astronomy, MD

Athletic Training and Sports Medicine, B

Biochemistry, BMD

Bioengineering, MD

Biological and Physical Sciences, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Botany/Plant Biology, B

Broadcast Journalism, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, MDO

Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, B

Cell Biology and Anatomy, MD

Cell/Cellular Biology and Histology, B

Ceramic Sciences and Engineering, B

Chemistry, BMD

Child and Family Studies, MD

Child Development, B

Classics and Classical Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, BM

Clothing and Textiles, MD

Cognitive Psychology and Psycholinguistics, B

Communication and Media Studies, MD

Communication Disorders, BMDO

Comparative Literature, BMD

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Science, MD

Consumer Economics, BMD

Counseling Psychology, D

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MD

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, B

Dairy Science, BM

Dance, B

Dietetics/Dieticians, B

Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia, B

Drama and Dance Teacher Education, B

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Drawing, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, BMDO

Ecology, BMD

Economics, BMD

Education, MDO

Education/Teaching of the Gifted and Talented, D

Educational Administration and Supervision, MO

Educational Media/Instructional Technology, MDO

Educational Psychology, MDO

Elementary Education and Teaching, MDO

English, MD

English Education, MO

English Language and Literature, B

English/Language Arts Teacher Education, B

Entomology, BMD

Environmental and Occupational Health, MD

Environmental Health, B

Environmental Studies, B

Exercise and Sports Science, MDO

Family and Consumer Sciences/Home Economics Teacher Education, B

Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences, MD

Fashion and Fabric Consultant, B

Fashion Merchandising, B

Film/Cinema Studies, B

Finance, B

Fine Arts and Art Studies, MD

Fishing and Fisheries Sciences and Management, B

Food Science, B

Food Science and Technology, MD

Foreign Language Teacher Education, BMDO

Foreign Languages and Literatures, B

Forest Sciences and Biology, B

Forestry, BMD

Foundations and Philosophy of Education, D

French Language and Literature, BM

Genetics, BMD

Geography, BMD

Geology/Earth Science, BMD

German Language and Literature, BM

Germanic Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, B

Graphic Design, B

Health and Physical Education, B

Health and Physical Education/Fitness, B

Health Education, MDO

Health Occupations Teacher Education, B

Health Promotion, MDO

Health Teacher Education, B

Higher Education/Higher Education Administration, D

Historic Preservation and Conservation, M

History, BMD

Horticultural Science, BMD

Housing and Human Environments, B

Human Development and Family Studies, B

Human Resources Development, M

Infectious Diseases, MD

Inorganic Chemistry, MD

Insurance, B

Interdisciplinary Studies, B

Interior Design, BMD

International Business/Trade/Commerce, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Italian Language and Literature, B

Japanese Language and Literature, B

Journalism, BMD

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Landscape Architecture, BM

Landscaping and Groundskeeping, B

Latin Language and Literature, B

Law and Legal Studies, MP

Leisure Studies, MD

Linguistics, BMD

Management Information Systems and Services, B

Marine Sciences, MD

Marketing Research, M

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mass Communication/Media Studies, BMD

Mathematics, BMD

Mathematics Teacher Education, BMDO

Medical Microbiology and Bacteriology, B

Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MD

Metal and Jewelry Arts, B

Microbiology, BMD

Middle School Education, MDO

Modern Greek Language and Literature, B

Molecular Biology, MD

Music, BMD

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, BMDO

Music Theory and Composition, B

Music Therapy/Therapist, B

Natural Resources and Conservation, MD

Non-Profit/Public/Organizational Management, M

Nutritional Sciences, BMD

Oceanography, Chemical and Physical, MD

Organic Chemistry, MD

Painting, B

Parasitology, MD

Pathology/Experimental Pathology, MD

Pharmaceutical Administration, MD

Pharmaceutical Sciences, MD

Pharmacology, MD

Pharmacy, P

Philosophy, BMD

Physical Chemistry, MD

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, BMDO

Physics, BMD

Physiology, MD

Plant Biology, MD

Plant Pathology/Phytopathology, MD

Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management, B

Plant Sciences, B

Political Science and Government, BMD

Poultry Science, BMD

Pre-Engineering, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Pre-Veterinary Studies, B

Printmaking, B

Psychology, BMD

Public Administration, MD

Public Relations/Image Management, B

Reading Teacher Education, BMDO

Real Estate, B

Recreation and Park Management, MD

Religion/Religious Studies, BM

Romance Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, BMD

Russian Language and Literature, B

Sales and Marketing Operations/Marketing and Distribution Teacher Education, B

Sales, Distribution and Marketing Operations, B

School Psychology, O

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, BMDO

Sculpture, B

Secondary Education and Teaching, MDO

Slavic Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, B

Social Science Teacher Education, B

Social Studies Teacher Education, MD

Social Work, BMD

Sociology, BMD

Spanish Language and Literature, BM

Special Education and Teaching, MDO

Speech and Interpersonal Communication, MD

Speech and Rhetorical Studies, B

Sport and Fitness Administration/Management, B

Statistics, BMD

Student Personnel Services, MD

Sustainable Development, M

Technology Teacher Education/Industrial Arts Teacher Education, B

Telecommunications Technology/Technician, B

Theater, MD

Toxicology, MD

Turf and Turfgrass Management, B

Veterinary Medicine, P

Veterinary Sciences, MD

Vocational and Technical Education, MDO

Water, Wetlands, and Marine Resources Management, B

Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management, B

Women's Studies, B

UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX-ATLANTA CAMPUS

Accounting, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Information Technology, B

Management Information Systems and Services, BM

Management of Technology, M

Management Science, B

Nursing Science, B

Organizational Management, M

UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX-COLUMBUS GEORGIA CAMPUS

Accounting, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Health/Health Care Administration/Management, B

Human Resources Management and Services, M

International Business/Trade/Commerce, M

Management of Technology, M

Marketing, M

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Nursing Science, B

Public Administration, B

UNIVERSITY OF WEST GEORGIA

Accounting, M

Anthropology, B

Art Education, M

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, M

Biology Teacher Education, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business Education, MO

Business Teacher Education, B

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemistry, B

Chemistry Teacher Education, B

Communication Disorders, M

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Science, M

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MO

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, MO

Economics, B

Education, MDO

Education/Teaching of Individuals with Mental Retardation, B

Educational Administration and Supervision, MO

Educational Leadership and Administration, MO

Educational Measurement and Evaluation, D

Educational Media/Instructional Technology, MO

Elementary Education and Teaching, B

English, M

English Education, MO

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Sciences, B

Environmental Studies, B

Finance, B

Foreign Language Teacher Education, M

French Language and Literature, B

Geography, B

Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, B

Geology/Earth Science, B

German Language and Literature, B

Gerontology, M

History, BM

International Economics, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Journalism, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Management Information Systems and Services, B

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, MO

Middle School Education, MO

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, BM

Music Theory and Composition, B

Nursing, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management, B

Performance, M

Philosophy, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, BMO

Physics, B

Physics Teacher Education, B

Political Science and Government, B

Pre-Law Studies, B

Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies, B

Pre-Veterinary Studies, B

Psychology, BM

Public Administration, M

Reading Teacher Education, MO

Real Estate, B

Rural Planning and Studies, M

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, MO

Secondary Education and Teaching, BMO

Social Studies Teacher Education, MO

Sociology, BM

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, MO

Speech-Language Pathology/Pathologist, B

VALDOSTA STATE UNIVERSITY

Accounting, B

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, B

Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching, D

Applied Mathematics, B

Art Teacher Education, B

Art/Art Studies, General, B

Astronomy, B

Athletic Training and Sports Medicine, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Business Education, MDO

Business Teacher Education, B

Business/Managerial Economics, B

Chemistry, B

Clinical Psychology, M

Communication Disorders, M

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, B

Community Health Nursing, M

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Computer Science, B

Counseling Psychology, M

Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services, MO

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, B

Criminology, M

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, BMO

Education, MDO

Educational Leadership and Administration, MDO

English, M

English Language and Literature, B

Finance, B

French Language and Literature, B

General Studies, B

Health Education, M

History, BM

Human Resources Management and Services, M

Industrial and Organizational Psychology, M

Information Science/Studies, BM

Interior Design, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Kinesiology and Exercise Science, B

Legal Assistant/Paralegal, B

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Library Science, M

Marketing/Marketing Management, B

Marriage and Family Therapy/Counseling, M

Mass Communication/Media Studies, B

Mathematics, B

Middle School Education, MO

Music, B

Music Performance, B

Music Teacher Education, BM

Nursing, M

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, B

Nursing Administration, M

Philosophy, B

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, BM

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, BMO

Public Administration, M

Reading Teacher Education, MO

School Psychology, BMO

Secondary Education and Teaching, BMO

Social Work, M

Sociology, BM

Spanish Language and Literature, B

Special Education and Teaching, BMO

Speech-Language Pathology/Pathologist, B

Trade and Industrial Teacher Education, B

Urban and Regional Planning, M

Visual and Performing Arts, B

Vocational and Technical Education, MDO

VALDOSTA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Banking and Financial Support Services, A

Child Development, A

Computer and Information Systems Security, A

Computer Programming/Programmer, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

E-Commerce/Electronic Commerce, A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Machine Tool Technology/Machinist, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

WAYCROSS COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Agriculture, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Business Teacher Education, A

Chemistry, A

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Computer Science, A

Cosmetology/Cosmetologist, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Developmental and Child Psychology, A

Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, A

Education, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Elementary Education and Teaching, A

Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic), A

Engineering Technology, A

English Language and Literature, A

Forestry, A

Forestry Technology/Technician, A

Health Teacher Education, A

Heavy Equipment Maintenance Technology/Technician, A

History, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Machine Tool Technology/Machinist, A

Mathematics, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Political Science and Government, A

Psychology, A

Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer, A

Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist, A

Sociology, A

Surgical Technology/Technologist, A

Welding Technology/Welder, A

WESLEYAN COLLEGE

Advertising, B

American/United States Studies/Civilization, B

Art History, Criticism and Conservation, B

Biology/Biological Sciences, B

Business Administration and Management, B

Business Administration, Management and Operations, M

Chemistry, B

Communication Studies/Speech Communication and Rhetoric, B

Computer and Information Sciences, B

Early Childhood Education and Teaching, BM

Economics, B

Education, BM

English Language and Literature, B

Environmental Sciences, B

Fine/Studio Arts, B

French Language and Literature, B

History, B

Humanities/Humanistic Studies, B

Interdisciplinary Studies, B

International Business/Trade/Commerce, B

International Relations and Affairs, B

Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching, B

Mathematics, B

Mathematics Teacher Education, M

Middle School Education, M

Music, B

Philosophy, B

Physical Sciences, B

Physics, B

Political Science and Government, B

Psychology, B

Religion/Religious Studies, B

Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education, M

Social Sciences, B

Spanish Language and Literature, B

WEST CENTRAL TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Child Development, A

Computer and Information Sciences, A

Computer Programming, Specific Applications, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Data Entry/Microcomputer Applications, A

Dental Hygiene/Hygienist, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Health and Medical Laboratory Technologies, A

Heavy Equipment Maintenance Technology/Technician, A

Industrial Radiologic Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Manufacturing Technology/Technician, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

Word Processing, A

WEST GEORGIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Accounting, A

Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, A

Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician, A

Child Development, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, A

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies, A

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Fire Science/Firefighting, A

Health Information/Medical Records Technology/Technician, A

Industrial Technology/Technician, A

Information Science/Studies, A

Marketing/Marketing Management, A

Medical Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiation Therapist, A

Pharmacy Technician/Assistant, A

Plastics Engineering Technology/Technician, A

Social Work, A

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design, A

WESTWOOD COLLEGE-ATLANTA MIDTOWN

Animation, Interactive Technology, Video Graphics and Special Effects, B

Architectural Drafting and Architectural CAD/CADD, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, AB

Design and Visual Communications, B

E-Commerce/Electronic Commerce, B

Graphic Design, A

Interior Design, B

Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster, B

WESTWOOD COLLEGE-ATLANTA NORTHLAKE

Animation, Interactive Technology, Video Graphics and Special Effects, B

Architectural Drafting and Architectural CAD/CADD, A

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications, AB

Design and Visual Communications, B

E-Commerce/Electronic Commerce, B

Graphic Design, A

Interior Design, B

YOUNG HARRIS COLLEGE

Agriculture, A

Art Teacher Education, A

Art/Art Studies, General, A

Biological and Physical Sciences, A

Biology/Biological Sciences, A

Business Administration and Management, A

Chemistry, A

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist, A

Computer Science, A

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration, A

Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, A

Education, A

English Language and Literature, A

French Language and Literature, A

Geology/Earth Science, A

Health Teacher Education, A

History, A

Hospitality Administration/Management, A

International Business/Trade/Commerce, A

Journalism, A

Liberal Arts and Sciences Studies and Humanities, A

Mathematics, A

Music, A

Music Teacher Education, A

Natural Sciences, A

Nursing - Registered Nurse Training, A

Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness Studies, A

Physical Therapy/Therapist, A

Physics, A

Political Science and Government, A

Pre-Engineering, A

Psychology, A

Religion/Religious Studies, A

Sociology, A

Spanish Language and Literature, A

College Blue Book

Georgia

views updated May 29 2018

GEORGIA

STATE EDUCATION OFFICE

Danny Fleming, Program Manager
Technical/Career Education
State Department of Education
1752 Twin Tower E.
Atlanta, GA 30334-5040
(404)657-8304

STATE REGULATORY INFORMATION

The Nonpublic Postsecondary Education Commission authorizes proprietary, postsecondary schools by providing standards, procedures, and evaluation. The staff reviews each school annually, provides consumer information and protection, resolves student complaints, manages institution closures and resulting student records, prepares required publications and grants exemptions as applicable. The State Board of Technical and Adult Education shall approve occupational programs of two-year duration or less. The board shall be empowered to establish and promulgate standards, policies, and procedures for the orderly and efficient operation of postsecondary area vocational-technical schools, programs, and institutions, to include but not be limited to, developing criteria for employment and retention of faculty and staff, student admissions, program approval, salaries and fees; long and short-term planning to include facilities, program standards, length and outcome competencies; establishing provisions for appropriate recognition of program achievement below the baccalaureate level; soliciting resources from the private sector, industry-education partnerships, data collection, representing postsecondary vocational-technical education in all forums, and such other functions necessary to assure a state-wide system of schools with centralized and specialized leadership at the state level.

ALBANY

Albany Technical College

1704 South Slappey Blvd., Albany, GA 31701. Trade and Technical. Founded 1972. Contact: Lynderia Cheevers, Dir. of Admissions, (229)430-3500, (229)430-3520, Fax: (229)430-6180, E-mail: cheevers@albanytech.edu, Web Site: http://www.albanytech.org. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $382/quarter. Enrollment: Total 1,800. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: ADA; SACS; COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (4 Qt); Air Conditioning (4 Qt); Auto Air Conditioning (2 Qt); Auto Mechanics Automatic Transmission (2 Qt); Auto Mechanics - Brake & Wheel Alignment (1 Qt); Auto Mechanics - Diesel (7 Qt); Automotive Collision Repair (4 Qt); Automotive Technology (7 Qt); Child Care & Guidance (4 Qt); Clerk, Typist (2 Qt); Computer Networking (2 Qt); Computer Repair (2 Qt); Cosmetology (4 Qt); Culinary Arts (6 Qt); Dental Assisting (4-5 Qt); Drafting & Design Technology (4 Qt); Electrical Technology (4 Qt); Electronics Technology (6-8 Qt); Emergency Medical Technology (4 Qt); Health Aide (1 Qt); Horticulture (4 Qt); Machine Tool Programming Technology (4 Qt); Manicurist (3 Qt); Manufacturing Technology (1 Qt); Marketing Management (4 Qt); Medical Assistant (4 Qt); Medical Receptionist (2 Qt); Microcomputers (5 Qt); Nursing, Practical (5 Qt); Office Technology (4 Qt); Printing Technology (4-6 Qt); Radiologic Technology (8 Qt); Surgical Technology (5 Qt); Welding Technology (4 Qt); Welding, TIG (1 Qt)

Darton College

2400 Gillionville Rd., Albany, GA 31707. Two-Year College. Founded 1966. Contact: Gary Barnette, VP for Student Affairs, (229)430-6728, (229)430-6740, (866)775-1214, Fax: (229)420-1100, E-mail: barnettg@darton.edu, Web Site: http://www.darton.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $771 per semester residents; $3,083 nonresidents. Enrollment: men 1,110, women 2,701. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate. Accreditation: ADA; AOTA; APTA; CAAHEP; JRCERT; NAACLS; NLNAC; SACS; CARC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Agriculture, General; Art; Athletic Trainer; Banking; Business; Business Administration; Business Education; Computer Business Systems Technology; Computer Information Science; Computer Networking; Computer Science; Computer Support Technology; Computer Technology; Conservation & Environmental Science; Criminal Justice; Dental Hygiene; Dietetic Technology; Early Childhood Education; Economics & Business Administration; Education; Engineering Technology; Forensic Science; Forestry Technology; General Studies; Graphic Design; Health Information Technology; Histologic Technology; Human Services; Information Systems; Journalism; Language; Management; Mathematics; Medical Laboratory Technology; Medical Record Technology; Medical Technology; Medical Technology - Cardiology; Medical Transcription; Music; Nuclear Medical Technology; Nursing; Occupational Therapy; Occupational Therapy Assistant; Office Administration; Paralegal; Pharmacy Technician; Physical Education; Physical Therapy Aide; Psychiatric Technology; Respiratory Therapy; Teacher Assistant; Technological Studies; Theatre Arts; Web Development; Word Processing

AMERICUS

Georgia Southwestern College

800 Wheatley St., Americus, GA 31709. Other. Founded 1906. Contact: Gaye Hayes, Dean of Students and Admissions Services, (229)928-1273, 800-338-0082, E-mail: ghayes@canes.gsw.edu, Web Site: http://www.gsw.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $1454/year residents; 4938/year nonresidents; room and board varies. Enrollment: men 831, women 1,677. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: NCATE; NLNAC; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Air Conditioning; Automotive Collision Repair; Automotive Technology; Aviation Maintenance Technology; Avionics; Computer Business Systems Technology; Computer Information Science; Electronics, Industrial; Electronics Technology; Heavy Equipment; Industrial Maintenance; Machine Technology; Manufacturing Technology; Mechanics, Diesel; Medical Assistant

South Georgia Technical College

900 S. GA Tech Pkwy., Americus, GA 31709. Trade and Technical. Founded 1948. Contact: Karen Werling, (229)931-2394, (229)931-2299, 800-928-0283, Fax: (229)931-5001, E-mail: kwerling@southgatech.edu, Web Site: http://www.southgatech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $336 per quarter. Enrollment: Total 1,700. Degrees awarded: Associate, Diploma, Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (5 Qt); Air Conditioning (4-6 Qt); Aircraft Airframe Maintenance (4 Qt); Automotive Collision Repair (6 Qt); Automotive Technology (8 Qt); Aviation Maintenance Technology (8 Qt); Avionics (8 Qt); Computer Information Science (5-6 Qt); Cosmetology (4 Qt); Criminal Justice (4-6 Qt); Culinary Arts (5-6 Qt); Drafting Technology (4 Qt); Early Childhood Education (6-8 Qt); Electricity, Industrial (5 Qt); Electronics Technology (6-7 Qt); Industrial Maintenance (6 Qt); Machine Tool Programming Technology (4 Qt); Marketing Management (4-6 Qt); Medical Assistant (5 Qt); Nursing, Practical (5 Qt); Office Technology (5 Qt); Truck Driving (8 Wk); Welding Technology (4 Qt)

ATHENS

Athens Technical College

800 U.S. Hwy. 29 N., Athens, GA 30601. Trade and Technical. Founded 1958. Contact: Dan Smith, Vice President, (706)355-5000, Fax: (706)369-5756, E-mail: dsmith@athenstech.edu, Web Site: http://www.athenstech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $382 per quarter. Enrollment: men 1,000, women 2,000. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: JRCRTE; ABET; CAAHEP; ARCEST; NLNAC; ACBSP; CAPTE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Air Conditioning; Automotive Collision Repair; Automotive Technology; Business, General Office; Child Care & Guidance; Computer Programming; Cosmetology; Dental Assisting; Dental Hygiene; Drafting Technology; Electronics Technology; Engineering Technology, Electronic; Health Technology; Hospitality; Industrial Maintenance; Laboratory Technology; Law Enforcement; Machine Tool & Die; Marketing Management; Medical Assistant; Nursing, Practical; Nursing, R.N.; Paralegal; Physical Therapy Technology; Radiologic Technology; Respiratory Therapy; Secretarial, Science; Surgical Technology

Georgia Aviation, Inc

1000 Ben Epps Dr., Athens, GA 30605. Flight and Ground. Founded 1950. Contact: David Clark, (706)353-3213, E-mail: flyerfixer@aol.com, Web Site: http://www.athensairport.net/ga-aviation.html; Nathan Price. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Tuition: Varies. Accreditation: FAA. Curriculum: Aircraft Flight Instruction, Basic Ground; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Commercial Flying; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Flight Instructor; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Flight Instructor Additional Rating; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Instrument Flying; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Primary Flying

ATLANTA

About Faces Models and Talent

3400 Peachtree Rd., Ste. 147, Atlanta, GA 30326. Other. Founded 1972. Contact: Lesa Rummell-LaForce, (404)233-2006, (404)237-9800, Fax: (404)237-2578, E-mail: info@aboutfacesmt.com, Web Site: http://www.aboutfacesmt.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: men 50, women 100. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Modeling, Professional

Advanced Career Training (Atlanta)

2 Executive Park, Ste. 100, Atlanta, GA 30329. Trade and Technical. Founded 1975. Contact: Tesa Chambliss, (404)321-2929, Fax: (404)633-0028, E-mail: chamblisst@actglobal.com, Web Site: http://www.act-edu.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: Total 360. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: ACCET. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Business, General Office (32 Wk); Computer Networking (32 Wk); Dental Assisting (32 Wk); Medical Assistant (32 Wk)

American Air Flight Training

2000 Airport Rd., Ste. 109, DeKalb-Peachtree Airport, Atlanta, GA 30341. Flight and Ground, Trade and Technical. Founded 1965. Contact: George C. Rodgers, (770)455-4203, Fax: (770)454-7743, E-mail: aaftpdk@bellsouth.net, Web Site: http://www.fly-aaft.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: men 45, women 5. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: FAA. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service not available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Aircraft Flight Instruction, Advanced Ground; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Airline Transport Pilot; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Airplane Rating; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Basic Ground; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Commercial Flying; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Flight Instructor; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Flight Instructor Additional Rating; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Instrument Flying; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Multi-Engine Rating - Airplane; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Single Engine Rating

Art Institute of Atlanta

6600 Peachtree Dunwoody Rd., 100 Embassy Row, Atlanta, GA 30328. Art, Trade and Technical. Founded 1949. Contact: Janet S. Day, Pres., (770)394-8300, 800-275-4242, Fax: (770)394-0008, E-mail: jday@aii.edu, aiaadw@aii.edu, Web Site: http://www.aia.artinstitutes.edu; Donna Scott, VP Admissions, E-mail: aiaadm@aii.edu, Web Site: http://www.artinstitutes.edu/getinfo.asp. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $6,000/per quarter; $2,400 housing per quarter. Enrollment: Total 2,700. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: SACS; ACF. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Audio Technology (6-12 Qt); Culinary Arts (7 Qt); Graphic Design (12 Qt); Illustration (12 Qt); Interior Design (12 Qt); Media Technology (12 Qt); Multimedia Design (12 Qt); Photography (6-12 Qt); Video Production (6 Qt); Visual Communications (12 Qt)

Atlanta Metropolitan College

1630 Metropolitan Pky, Atlanta, GA 30310. Two-Year College. Contact: Harold E. Wade, President, (404)756-4000, Web Site: http://www.atlm.peachnet.edu. Public. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $1,478 in-state; $5,882 out-of-state. Enrollment: Total 553.

Atlanta Peach Reporters, LLC

3775 Clairmont Rd., Atlanta, GA 30341. Correspondence, Other. Founded 1988. Contact: Joyce Frassrand-Curl, (770)998-0402, 800-235-5964, Fax: (770)587-0482, E-mail: atlpchschool@aol.com, Web Site: http://www.atlantapeachreporters.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $5,250 for resident course; $4,600 for correspondence course. Enrollment: men 12, women 60. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Court Reporting (6 Mo)

Atlanta School of Massage Inc.

2 Dunwoody Park, Atlanta, GA 30338. Other. Founded 1980. Contact: Michael Hendrix, (770)454-7167, 888-276-6277, E-mail: admissions@atlantaschoolofmassage.com, Web Site: http://www.atlantaschoolofmassage.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $8,810 plus $1,213 books and supplies. Enrollment: Total 207. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: ACCSCT; ABMP. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Massage Therapy (720 Hr)

Atlanta Technical College

1560 Metropolitan Pkwy., SW, Atlanta, GA 30310. Trade and Technical. Founded 1967. Contact: Brenda Watts Jones, Ph.D., Pres., (404)225-4400, E-mail: bjones@atlantatech.edu, Web Site: http://www.atlantatech.org. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1532/yr. residents; $2876/yr. non-residents. Enrollment: Total 1,517. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Air Conditioning; Aircraft Mechanics; Appliance Repair; Auto Body & Fender Repair; Automotive Collision Repair; Automotive Technology; Aviation Maintenance Technology; Avionics; Barbering; Carpentry; Computer Technology; Cosmetology; Culinary Arts; Dental Assisting; Dental Laboratory Technology; Diesel Truck Driving; Drafting, Architectural; Early Childhood Education; Electrical Construction; Electronics Technology; Legal Assistant; Medical Assistant; Medical Laboratory Technology; Nursing, Practical; Office Technology; Visual Communications; Welding Technology

Bauder College

384 Northyards Blvd., NW, Stes. 190 and 400, Atlanta, GA 30313. Other. Founded 1964. Contact: Jo Ann Wilson, (404)237-7573, 800-241-3797, Fax: (404)237-1619, E-mail: admissions@bauder.edu, Web Site: http://www.bauder.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $9,700/yr. Enrollment: Total 766. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: ACCSCT; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Business; Business Administration (18 Mo); Computer Networking (9 Mo); Criminal Justice (18 Mo); Fashion Design & Illustration (21 Mo); Fashion Merchandising (18 Mo); Graphic Design (21 Mo); Information Sciences Technology (21 Mo); Interior Design (21 Mo); Medical Assistant

Brown College of Court Reporting & Medical Transcription

1740 Peachtree St., Atlanta, GA 30309. Business, Two-Year College. Founded 1972. Contact: Lynette Watt, Pres., (404)876-1227, 800-849-0703, Fax: (404)876-4415, E-mail: info@browncollege.com, Web Site: http://www.browncollege.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $10,400. Enrollment: Total 250. Degrees awarded: Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: NCRA; COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Court Reporting (3 Yr); Medical Transcription (15 Mo)

Connecticut School of Broadcasting

1117 Perimeter Center West, Ste. N301, Atlanta, GA 30338. Trade and Technical. Founded 1964. Contact: Jordan Walsh, Dir., 800-887-2346, Web Site: http://www.800tvradio.com; Thomas Ramsay, Assistant Director. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Week. Tuition: $9940; $50 in fees. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Broadcasting, Nontechnical (8-16 Wk); Radio & Television (8-16 Wk); Television & Radio Production (8-16 Wk)

Creative Circus

812 Lambert Dr., NE, Atlanta, GA 30324. Other. Founded 1995. Contact: Dedra Carter, Admissions Representative, (404)607-8880, Fax: (404)875-1590, E-mail: admissions@creativecircus.com, Web Site: http://www.creativecircus.com; Kevin Sill, Admissions Representative. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $3,555 per quarter. Enrollment: men 125, women 83. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Advertising (2 Yr); Graphic Design (2 Yr); Photography (2 Yr); Writing (2 Yr)

Emory University School of Medicine, Programs in Radiologic Technology

Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322. Allied Medical. Contact: Dr. Sanjay Saini, Chairman of Radiology, (404)712-4996, Fax: (404)712-7839, E-mail: med_imaging_program@emoryhealthcare.org, Web Site: http://www.radiology.emory.edu/RadTech/; Margaret Nix, E-mail: margaret_nix@emoryhealthcare.org. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $2,505 associate degree; $4,381 bachelor degree. Enrollment: men 12, women 31. Degrees awarded: Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: CAAHEP; JRCERT; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Radiologic Technology (2 Yr)

Georgia Medical Institute-Atlanta Downtown

101 Marietta St., N.W., Ste. 600, Atlanta, GA 30303. Allied Medical. Contact: Louis Acri, School president, (404)525-1111, Fax: (404)525-0966, Web Site: http://georgia-med.com/. Private. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Other. Tuition: $10,600. Enrollment: Total 268. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate.

Grady Health System Professional Schools

80 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, S.E., Atlanta, GA 30303-3050. Contact: Andrew Agwunobi, President & chief exec officer, (404)616-3505, (404)616-3610, Web Site: http://www.gradyhealthsystem.org. Public. Housing available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1,600 in-state; $1,600 out-of-state. Enrollment: Total 7. Degrees awarded: Associate.

Herzing College

3355 Lenox Rd., Lenox Center, Atlanta, GA 30326. Trade and Technical, Two-Year College. Founded 1965.(404)816-4533, Fax: (404)816-5576, E-mail: info@atl.herzing.edu, Web Site: http://www.herzing.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $10,000/yr. Enrollment: Total 315. Degrees awarded: Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: NCA-HLC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Business Administration (5 Sm); Computer Technology (5 Sm); Graphic Arts (5 Sm); Health Care & Management (9 Sm); Health Occupations (4 Sm); Homeland Security (9 Sm); Information Technology (5 Sm); Medical Billing (3 Sm); Paralegal (4 Sm); Telecommunications Technology (5 Sm)

International School of Skin and Nailcare

5600 Roswell Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30342. Cosmetology. Founded 1985. Contact: Dr. Alan Shinall, (404)843-1005, 877-843-1005, E-mail: issn@skinnails.com, Web Site: http://www.skin-nails.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Hour. Tuition: $2,800 to $6,595 plus books and supplies. Enrollment: Total 271. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Manicurist (100 Hr); Skin Care (1000 Hr)

Javelin Technical Training Center

4501 Circle 75 Pkwy. SE, Atlanta, GA 30339-3025. Trade and Technical. Founded 1996. Contact: Robyn Taylor, Dir., (770)859-9779, 800-713-5250, E-mail: robyn.taylor@javelintraining.com, Web Site: http://www.javelintraining.com. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $295-$13,495. Enrollment: men 75, women 75. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Computer Networking; Computer Servicing - Theory & Systems; Internet Technologies; Medical Office Management

Rising Spirit Institute of Natural Health (Atlanta Main Campus)

4536 Chamblee Dunwoody Rd., Ste. 250, Atlanta, GA 30338. Other. Founded 1994. Contact: Dr. Bruce Costello, Dir., (770)457-2021, Fax: (770)457-5614, E-mail: drbruce@mindspring.com, Web Site: http://risingspirit.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $9,350 plus $1,300 books and supplies. Enrollment: Total 166. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: ACCSCT. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Massage Therapy (750 Hr)

AUGUSTA

Augusta Aviation, Inc.

Daniel Field, 1775 Highland Ave., Augusta, GA 30904. Flight and Ground. Contact: Steven Gay, Pres., (706)733-8970, Fax: (706)738-9746, E-mail: steveg@augustaaviation.com, learntofly@augustaaviation.com, Web Site: http://www.augustaaviation.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Tuition: Varies from $35 to $95 per hour. Accreditation: FAA. Financial aid not available. Placement service not available. Curriculum: Aircraft Flight Instruction, Advanced Ground; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Basic Ground; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Commercial Flying; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Flight Instructor; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Instrument Flying; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Multi-Engine Rating - Airplane; Aircraft Flight Instruction, Primary Flying

Augusta Technical College

3200 Augusta Tech Dr., Augusta, GA 30906. Trade and Technical. Contact: Terry D. Elam, President, (706)771-4000, E-mail: telam@augustatech.edu, Web Site: http://www.augustatech.edu. Public. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1,008 in-state; $2,016 out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Air Conditioning & Refrigeration; Air Conditioning, Heating & Plumbing; Architectural Technology; Auto Mechanics - Brake & Wheel Alignment; Automotive Technology; Building Maintenance; Business; Business Administration; Career Development; Chemical Technology; Child Care & Guidance; Clerical, General; Communications, Commercial; Computer Information Science; Computer Literacy; Computer Networking; Computer Programming; Cosmetology; Culinary Arts; Customer Service; Data Processing; Dental Assisting; Dental Laboratory Technology; Early Childhood Education; Electrical Appliance; Electrical Construction; Electrical Engineering Technology; Electrical Technology; Electricity, Apprenticeship; Electro-Mechanical Technology; Electronics, Industrial; Electronics, Instrumentation; Electronics Technology; Emergency Medical Technology; Environmental Technology; Floristry; Food Service & Management; Golf Course Management; Graphic Arts; Health Aide; Health Occupations; Home Economics; Horticulture; Instructor, Vocational Education; Instrumentation Technology; Insurance, General; Landscaping; Legal Assistant; Library Technology; Machine Operator, General; Machine Shop; Machine Technology; Machine Tool Programming Technology; Machinist, Advanced; Maintenance, Building; Maintenance, Electrical; Manufacturing Technology; Marketing; Mechanical Drafting; Mechanical Engineering; Mechanical Technology; Media Technology; Medical Assistant; Medical Laboratory Technology; Medical Office Management; Medical Technology - Cardiology; Medical Transcription; Microcomputers; Nurse, Assistant; Nursing, Practical; Paramedic; Pharmacy Technician; Physical Therapy Aide; Plumbing; Printing Technology; Respiratory Therapy; Retail Management; Robotics; Sales; Secretarial, Advanced; Secretarial, General; Secretarial, Legal; Secretarial, Medical; Technician, Electronic Service; Welding, Arc & Gas; Welding, Electric Arc; Welding Technology

Kerr Business College

2528 Center West Pkwy., Augusta, GA 30909-2116. Business. Founded 1983. Contact: Darryl Kerr, (706)738-5046, E-mail: dhkerr@kerrbusinesscollege.com, Web Site: http://www.kerrbusinesscollege.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: men 61, women 223. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: ACICS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Business Management; Computer Technology; Medical Assistant; Medical Receptionist; Medical Record Technology; Nurses Aide; Secretarial, Executive; Secretarial, Legal; Secretarial, Medical

Medical College of Georgia

1120 15th St., Augusta, GA 30912. Allied Medical, Nursing, Other. Founded 1828. Contact: Rita B. Garner, (706)721-2201, (706)721-0211, Fax: (706)721-0186, E-mail: rgarner@mail.mcg.edu, registrar@mcg.edu, Web Site: http://www.mcg.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: varies by program. Enrollment: Total 2,526. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: JRCRTE; ADA; AOTA; APTA; CAAHEP; NLNAC; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Dental Hygiene; Nuclear Medical Technology; Nursing; Radiation Therapy Technology; Respiratory Therapy

BAINBRIDGE

Bainbridge College

2500 E. Shotwell St., PO Box 990, Bainbridge, GA 39818-0990. Two-Year College. Founded 1973. Contact: Connie Snyder, Dir. of Admissions and Records Office, (229)248-2500, (229)248-2504, Fax: (229)248-2623, E-mail: csnyder@bainbridge.edu, Web Site: http://www.bainbridge.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: Total 2,400. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Auto Mechanics (2 Yr); Computer Technology; Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Electrical Construction (2 Yr); Management (2 Yr); Marketing (2 Yr); Nursing, Practical (1 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr); Secretarial, Science (2 Yr); Welding Technology (2 Yr)

BARNESVILLE

Gordon College

419 College Dr., Barnesville, GA 30204. Two-Year College. Founded 1852. Contact: Hal J. Wilkinson, Admissions Counselor, (770)358-5023, 800-282-6504, E-mail: halw@gdn.edu, Web Site: http://www.gdn.edu; Jacqueline Ray Robinson, Admissions Counselor, E-mail: jackier@gdn.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $1844/yr. in-state; $6248/yr. out-of-state. Enrollment: Total 2,297. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: NLNAC; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Agriculture, General (2 Yr); Art (2 Yr); Business Education (2 Yr); Chemical Technology (2 Yr); Computer Science (2 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Dental Hygiene (2 Yr); Drama - Theatre (2 Yr); Economics & Business Administration (2 Yr); Forestry Technology (2 Yr); Horticulture (2 Yr); Information Systems (2 Yr); Mathematics (2 Yr); Medical Technology (2 Yr); Music (2 Yr); Nuclear Medical Technology (2 Yr); Occupational Therapy (2 Yr); Physical Education (2 Yr); Physicians Assistant (2 Yr); Radiologic Technology (2 Yr); Respiratory Therapy (2 Yr); Secretarial, Science (2 Yr)

BRUNSWICK

Coastal Georgia Community College

3700 Altama Ave., Brunswick, GA 31520-3644. Two-Year College, Trade and Technical. Founded 1961. Contact: Dr. Dorothy L. Lord, President, (912)264-7235, 800-675-7235, Web Site: http://www.cgcc.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $2,123 in-state (tuition/fees); Application fee $20; $56 persemester hr; $722 sem. hrs./student fees $52 sem. hrs. Enrollment: men 866, women 1,532. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: JRCRTE; CAAHEP; NAACLS; NLNAC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Computer Information Science (2 Yr); Drafting & Design Technology (2 Yr); Electronics Technology (1 Yr); Machinist, General (1 Yr); Maintenance Technology (1 Yr); Manufacturing Technology (2 Yr); Marketing Management (2 Yr); Mechanical Technology (2 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Nursing, Practical (1 Yr); Nursing, R.N. (2 Yr); Office Technology (1 Yr); Radiologic Technology (2 Yr); Surgical Technology (1 Yr); Welding, Arc & Gas (1 Yr)

CARROLLTON

West Central Technical College (Carroll Campus)

997 S. Hwy. 16, Carrollton, GA 30116. Trade and Technical. Founded 1968. Contact: Jim Eason, Pres., (770)836-6800, E-mail: ssinfo@westcentraltech.edu, Web Site: http://www.westcentraltech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $28/credit hr; $26 registration fee/quarter; $56 out-of-state. Enrollment: Total 790. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: SACS; AAMAE; ADA; JRCERT. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Air Conditioning; Automotive Collision Repair; Automotive Technology; Child Care & Guidance; Computer Aided Drafting; Computer Information Science; Cosmetology; Dental Hygiene; Electrical Construction; Electronics Technology; Emergency Medical Technology; Industrial Maintenance; Machine Tool & Die; Machine Tool Programming Technology; Manicurist; Marketing Management; Medical Assistant; Medical Receptionist; Medical Technology - Phlebotomy; Medical Transcription; Millwright; Nurse, Assistant; Nursing, Practical; Office Technology; Radiologic Technology; Secretarial, Science; Small Business Management; Truck Driving; Welding, Arc & Gas; Welding, MIG

CHAMBLEE

Interactive College of Technology (Chamblee)

5303 New Peachtree Rd., Chamblee, GA 30341. Trade and Technical. Founded 1982. Contact: Patricia Hawkins, Campus Dir., (770)216-2960, 800-550-3475, Fax: (770)216-2989, E-mail: adm@ict-ils.edu, Web Site: http://www.ict-ils.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $6,490 per year; $4,984 room and board. Enrollment: Total 176. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (12 Mo); Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration (10 Mo); Computer Science (24 Mo); Electronics Technology (12 Mo); English As A Second Language (15 Mo); Maintenance Technology (12 Mo); Office Technology (11 Mo); Technician, Electronic Service (12 Mo)

CLARKESVILLE

North Georgia Technical College

1500 Hwy 197 N, PO Box 65, Clarkesville, GA 30523. Trade and Technical. Founded 1943. Contact: Gail Taylor, Admissions Dir., (706)754-7700, (706)754-7724, Fax: (706)754-7777, E-mail: gtaylor@northgatech.edu, info@northgatech.edu, Web Site: http://www.ngtcollege.org. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $336 per quarter. Enrollment: Total 1,500. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma, Associate. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (4 Qt); Air Conditioning (4 Qt); Automotive Collision Repair (4 Qt); Automotive Technology (6 Qt); Business Technology (4 Qt); Computer Information Science (6 Qt); Cosmetology (4 Qt); Culinary Arts (6 Qt); Electrical Construction (4 Qt); Emergency Medical Technology (4 Qt); Entrepreneurship; Golf Course Landscape Technology (4 Qt); Horticulture (4 Qt); Hotel & Restaurant Management (5 Qt); Industrial Maintenance (6 Qt); Machine Tool & Die Design (4 Qt); Manufacturing Technology (4 Qt); Marine & Small Engine Repair (4 Qy); Medical Assistant (5 Qt); Medical Laboratory Assistant (6 Qt); Nursing, Practical (5 Qt); Office Technology (4 Qt); Paramedic (4 Qt); Photography (8 Qt); Truck Driving (1 Qt); Welding Technology (4 Qt)

CLARKSTON

DeKalb Technical College

495 N. Indian Creek Dr., Clarkston, GA 30021. Trade and Technical. Founded 1963. Contact: Berman E. Johnson, VP of Student Services, (404)297-9522, Fax: (404)294-6496, E-mail: admissionsclark@dekalbtech.edu, Web Site: http://www.dekalbtech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $28/quarter hour (in-state); $112/quarter hour (nonresident);$56/quarter hour (US resident). Enrollment: Total 5,000. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: ABET; CAAHEP; NAACLS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (5-6 Qt); Administrative Assistant (5 Qt); Air Conditioning (4 Qt); Auto Air Conditioning (1.5 Qt); Auto Mechanics - Automatic Transmission (1 Qt); Auto Mechanics - Brake & Wheel Alignment (1 Qt); Automotive Electronics (1.5 Qt); Automotive Technology (7 Qt); Banking & Finance (5 Qt); Communications, Electronic (6 Qt); Computer Operations (3.5 Qt); Computer Programming (6.5 Qt); Cosmetology (8 Qt); Drafting, Trade (4 Qt); Electro-Mechanical Technology (6 Qt); Electronic Engineering Technology (6 Qt); Electronics Technology (6 Qt); Emergency Medical Technology (4 Qt); Entrepreneurship (5 Qt); Machine Technology (5 Qt); Machinist, Advanced (2 Qt); Management (5-6 Qt); Marketing (5-6 Qt); Marketing Management (6 Qt); Medical Assistant (5 Qt); Medical Laboratory Technology (5 Qt); Medical Technology - Phlebotomy (2 Qt); Microcomputers (5.5 Qt); Nursing, Practical (5 Qt); Office Technology (5 Qt); Optical Dispensing (6 Qt); Paramedic (3 Qt); Printing Technology (6 Qt); Printing Technology, Lithographic (5 Qt); Secretarial, General (5 Qt); Secretarial, Legal (5 Qt); Surgical Technology (5 Qt); Visual Communications (4 Qt); Welding Technology (4 Qt)

CLEVELAND

Truett-McConnell College

100 Alumni Dr., Cleveland, GA 30528. Two-Year College, Other. Founded 1946. Contact: Evans Davis, Admissions Representative, (706)865-2134, 800-226-8621, Fax: (706)865-7615, E-mail: edavis@truett.edu, admissions@truett.edu, Web Site: http://www.truett.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: Total 400. Degrees awarded: Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: NASM; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Business Administration (2 Yr); Data Processing (2 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr)

COCHRAN

Middle Georgia College

1100 2nd St. SE, Cochran, GA 31014. Two-Year College. Founded 1884. Contact: Jennifer Brannon, Dir. of Admissions, (478)934-6221, (478)934-3138, Fax: (478)934-3199, E-mail: jbrannon@mgc.edu, Web Site: http://www.mgc.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $900 full-time. Enrollment: Total 2,236. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: NLNAC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Business Management (2 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Marketing (2 Yr); Merchandising (1 Yr); Nursing, Vocational (2 Yr); Occupational Therapy Assistant (2 Yr); Surveying (1 Yr)

COLUMBUS

Columbus State University

4225 University Ave., Columbus, GA 31907. Other, Two-Year College. Founded 1958. Contact: Susan Lovell, Dir. of Admissions, (706)568-2035, (706)568-2001, (866)264-2035, Fax: (706)568-5091, E-mail: lovell_susan@colstate.edu, admissions@colstate.edu, Web Site: http://www.colstate.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $1219/semester residents; $4877/semester non-residents; room and board varies. Enrollment: men 2,485, women 3,765. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: NASM; NCATE; NLNAC; AACSB; NASAD; NAST; CACREP; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (4 Yr); Applied Music (4 Yr); Art (4 Yr); Business Administration (4 Yr); Computer Information Science (4 Yr); Computer Science (2-4 Yr); Criminal Justice (2-4 Yr); Early Childhood Education (4 Yr); Finance (4 Yr); General Studies (2 Yr); Geology (4 Yr); Health Occupations (4 Yr); Language (4 Yr); Management (4 Yr); Marketing (4 Yr); Mathematics (4 Yr); Music (4 Yr); Nursing, R.N. (4 Yr); Physical Fitness (4 Yr); Theatre Arts (4 Yr)

Columbus Technical College

928 Manchester Expy, Columbus, GA 31904-6577. Trade and Technical. Contact: J. Robert Jones, President, (706)649-1800, (706)649-1847, E-mail: information@columbustech.edu, Web Site: http://www.columbustech.org. Public. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1,008 in-state; $2,016 out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate.

Southeastern Beauty School

1826 Midtown Dr., Columbus, GA 31906-2302. Other, Barber, Cosmetology. Founded 1958. Contact: Linda S. Barton, (706)561-5616, E-mail: sebbs1@knology.net. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $3,575 $ 6,950 plus books & supplies. Enrollment: Total 43. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: NACCAS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Barbering (1500 Hr); Barbering - Instructor (750 Hr); Cosmetology (1500 Hr); Cosmetology Instructor (1500 Hr)

COMMERCE

American School of Paperhanging Arts

450 Little St., Commerce, GA 30529. Trade and Technical, Correspondence. Founded 1979. Contact: John Cox, Owner, 800-633-2796, E-mail: info@paperhanging.com, Web Site: http://www.paperhanging.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $1,500. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Financial aid not available. Placement service not available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Paperhanging

Lanier Technical College - Jackson Campus

631 South Elm St., Commerce, GA 30529. Two-Year College.(706)335-1931, Fax: (706)335-2946, E-mail: info@laniertech.edu, Web Site: http://www.laniertech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $31 per credit hour in-state; $62 per credit hour out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Air Conditioning & Heating (2 Yr); Auto Body & Fender Repair (2 Yr); Clerical, General (2 Yr); Computer Information Science (2 Yr); Cosmetology (2 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Data Processing (2 Yr); Dental Assisting (2 Yr); Drafting, Trade (2 Yr); Early Childhood Education (2 Yr); Electricity, Industrial (2 Yr); Electronics Technology (2 Yr); Emergency Medical Technology (2 Yr); Fire Science (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (2 Yr); Machine Shop (2 Yr); Management (2 Yr); Marketing (2 Yr); Medical Assistant (2 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Nursing, Practical (2 Yr); Pharmacy Technician (2 Yr); Radiologic Technology (2 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr); Secretarial, Science (2 Yr); Surgical Technology (2 Yr); Welding Technology (2 Yr)

CUMMING

Lanier Technical College - Forsyth Campus

7745 Majors Rd., Cumming, GA 30041. Two-Year College.(770)781-6800, Fax: (770)781-6951, E-mail: info@laniertech.edu, Web Site: http://www.laniertech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $31 per credit hour in-state; $62 per credit hour out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Air Conditioning & Heating (2 Yr); Auto Body & Fender Repair (2 Yr); Clerical, General (2 Yr); Computer Information Science (2 Yr); Cosmetology (2 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Data Processing (2 Yr); Dental Assisting (2 Yr); Drafting, Trade (2 Yr); Early Childhood Education (2 Yr); Electricity, Industrial (2 Yr); Electronics Technology (2 Yr); Emergency Medical Technology (2 Yr); Fire Science (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (2 Yr); Machine Shop (2 Yr); Management (2 Yr); Marketing (2 Yr); Medical Assistant (2 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Nursing, Practical (2 Yr); Pharmacy Technician (2 Yr); Radiologic Technology (2 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr); Secretarial, Science (2 Yr); Surgical Technology (2 Yr); Welding Technology (2 Yr)

CUTHBERT

Andrew College

413 College St., Cuthbert, GA 39840. Two-Year College. Founded 1854. Contact: Janna Powell, Dir. of Admission, (229)732-2171, (229)732-5958, 800-664-9250, Fax: (229)732-2176, E-mail: jannapowell@andrewcollege.edu, admissions@andrewcollege.edu, Web Site: http://www.andrewcollege.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $8,550 per year. Enrollment: men 190, women 190. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service not available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Athletic Trainer (2 Yr); Business (2 Yr); Fine Arts (2 Yr); Hospitality (2 Yr); Liberal Arts (2 Yr)

DAHLONEGA

North Georgia College & State University

82 College Cir., Dahlonega, GA 30597. Other. Founded 1873. Contact: David Potter, Pres., (706)864-1400, (706)864-1800, E-mail: dpotter@ngcsu.edu, admissions@ngcsu.edu, Web Site: http://www.ngcsu.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: Varies; $1534 resident per semester; $3852 resident w/dorm. Enrollment: Total 4,000. Degrees awarded: Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: NLNAC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Nursing, Vocational (2 Yr)

DALTON

Dalton College

650 College Dr., Dalton, GA 30720. Two-Year College. Founded 1963. Contact: Joy Carrier, Technical Division Interim Chair, (706)272-4436, 800-829-4436, Fax: (706)272-2530, E-mail: jcarrier@em.daltonstate.edu, admissions@daltonstate.edu, Web Site: http://www.daltonstate.edu. Public. Coed. Out-of-state students accepted. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $828 per semester (GA residents); $3,140 out of state. Enrollment: men 1,550, women 1,400. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Auto Body & Fender Repair (1 Yr); Auto Mechanics (1 Yr); Auto Mechanics - Diesel (1 Yr); Clerical, General (2 Yr); Computer Programming (2 Yr); Computer Servicing - Theory & Systems (2 Yr); Drafting & Design Technology (1 Yr); Electricity, Industrial (1 Yr); Industrial Engineering Technology (2 Yr); Machine Shop (1 Yr); Maintenance Technology (1 Yr); Management (1 Yr); Marketing (2 Yr); Medical Assistant (1 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Medical Technology - Phlebotomy (6 Mo); Nursing, R.N. (2 Yr); Welding Technology (1 Yr)

Dalton State College - Radiologic Technology Program

650 College Dr., Dalton, GA 30720. Two-Year College. Founded 1998. Contact: Susan D. West, Program Dir., (706)272-2605, 800-829-4436, Fax: (706)272-2699, E-mail: swest@daltonstate.edu, Web Site: http://www.daltonstate.edu/radtech/. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $1,800 per year (in-state); $3,600 per year (out-of-state); $900 books. Enrollment: men 2, women 14. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Radiologic Technology

DAWSONVILLE

Lanier Technical College - Dawson Campus

89 Tiger Cir., Dawsonville, GA 30534. Two-Year College.(706)216-5461, Fax: (706)265-8372, E-mail: info@laniertech.edu, Web Site: http://www.laniertech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $31 per credit hour in-state; $62 per credit hour out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Air Conditioning & Heating (2 Yr); Auto Body & Fender Repair (2 Yr); Clerical, General (2 Yr); Computer Information Science (2 Yr); Cosmetology (2 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Data Processing (2 Yr); Dental Assisting (2 Yr); Drafting, Trade (2 Yr); Early Childhood Education (2 Yr); Electricity, Industrial (2 Yr); Electronics Technology (2 Yr); Emergency Medical Technology (2 Yr); Fire Science (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (2 Yr); Machine Shop (2 Yr); Management (2 Yr); Marketing (2 Yr); Medical Assistant (2 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Nursing, Practical (2 Yr); Pharmacy Technician (2 Yr); Radiologic Technology (2 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr); Secretarial, Science (2 Yr); Surgical Technology (2 Yr); Welding Technology (2 Yr)

DECATUR

DeKalb Medical Center's School of Radiologic Technology

2701 N. Decatur Rd., Decatur, GA 30033. Allied Medical. Contact: Shaun Taylor, Dir., (404)501-5307, (404)501-5306, E-mail: shaun_taylor@dkmc.org, Web Site: http://www.dekalbmedicalcenter.org/radiologicschool.asp. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Other. Tuition: $1,600/year; $200 fees; $900 books. Enrollment: men 2, women 21. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: JRCERT. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid not available. Placement service not available. Curriculum: Radiologic Technology (24 Mo)

Georgia Perimeter College (Decatur Campus)

3251 Panthersville Rd., Decatur, GA 30034-3897. Two-Year College. Founded 1964. Contact: Melanie Nolan, Enrollment and Registration, (678)891-2300, Web Site: http://www.gpc.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $65/credit, $771/semester resident; $257/credit, $3,083/semester non-resident. Enrollment: Total 16,200. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: AAMAE; NLNAC; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Art; Business Administration; Child Care & Guidance; Data Processing; Drafting Technology; Early Childhood Education; Emergency Medical Technology; Engineering Technology, Mechanical; Fire Science; Home Economics; Laboratory Assistant, Certified; Nursing, R.N.; Radio & Television; Radiologic Technology; Welding Technology

Gupton-Jones College of Funeral Service

5141 Snapfinger Woods Dr., Decatur, GA 30035-4022. Trade and Technical. Founded 1920. Contact: Patty S. Hutcheson, Pres., (770)593-2257, 800-848-5352, Fax: (770)593-1891, E-mail: gjcfs@mindspring.com, Web Site: http://www.gupton-jones.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $2,500 per quarter (including textbooks, fees and supplies). Enrollment: Total 229. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: ABFSE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Funeral Service Education; Mortuary Science (18 Mo)

Lane School of Art

235 E. Ponce de Leon Ave., Ste. 308, Decatur, GA 30030-3412. Art. Founded 1973. Contact: Bob Lane, (404)373-5278. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1,200 per quarter, includes most supplies. Enrollment: men 2, women 1. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Commercial Art (2.5 Yr)

Ross Medical Education Center - Decatur

2645 N. Decatur Rd., Decatur, GA 30033. Allied Medical. Founded 1997. Contact: Valencia White, Dir., (404)377-5744, E-mail: rossmed118@juno.com, Web Site: http://www.rossmedicaleducation.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Week. Tuition: $8,860 per year; $6,230 room and board. Enrollment: Total 36. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: ABHES; ACCSCT. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Medical Assistant (30 Wk)

DOUGLAS

East Central Technical College (Coffee Campus)

706 West Baker Hwy., Douglas, GA 31533. Trade and Technical. Contact: Angela Leverett, Admissions Assistant, (912)389-4303, Fax: (912)389-4308, E-mail: aleverett@eastcentraltech.edu, info@eastcentraltech.edu, Web Site: http://www.eastcentraltech.edu. Public. Coed. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Hour. Tuition: Varies with program. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Air Conditioning (65 Hr); Air Conditioning & Heating (85 Hr); Auto Mechanics (103 Hr); Automotive Collision Repair (1 Yr); Automotive Technology (103 Hr); Computer Networking (110 Hr); Computer Repair (21 Hr); Cosmetology (73 Hr); Culinary Arts (15 Mo); Electricity, Apprenticeship (22 Hr); Industrial Maintenance (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (18 Mo); Information Sciences Technology (1 Yr); Machine Tool Programming Technology (18 Mo); Maintenance Technology (1 Yr); Marine & Small Engine Repair (28 Hr); Mechanics, Diesel (1 Yr); Motorcycle Repair (21 Hr); Nursing, Practical (95 Hr); Telecommunications Technology (1 Yr); Truck Driving (15 Hr); Web Development (18 Hr)

South Georgia College

100 W. College Park Dr., Douglas, GA 31533. Two-Year College. Founded 1906. Contact: Randy Braswell, Dir., (912)389-4231, (912)389-4296, E-mail: randy.braswell@sga.edu, Web Site: http://www.sga.edu; Carol Ann Lott, Admissions Coord., E-mail: carol.lott@sga.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $734. Enrollment: men 481, women 950. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting & Business Administration; Agriculture, General; Allied Health Occupations; Business; Business Administration; Business Management; Communications Technology; Computer Applications; Computer Information Science; Computer Science; Criminal Justice; Engineering; General Studies; Health Care & Management; Information Systems; Journalism; Language; Recreation Technology; Teacher Assistant; Theatre Arts

DUBLIN

Heart of Georgia Technical College

560 Pinehill Rd., Dublin, GA 31021. Trade and Technical. Founded 1984. Contact: Brooka Hutcheson, Admissions Recruitment Specialist, (478)275-6589, (478)274-7837, 800-200-4484, E-mail: bhutcheson@heartofgatech.edu, Web Site: http://www.hgtc.org. Public. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $336 per quarter; varies with program; $2023 commercial truck driving. Enrollment: Total 621. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Air Conditioning; Aircraft Airframe Maintenance; Aircraft Engineering Technology; Automotive Collision Repair; Automotive Technology; Aviation Technology; Electronics Technology; Emergency Medical Technology; Information Sciences Technology; Machine Technology; Machine Tool Programming Technology; Mechanics, Diesel; Mechanics, Heavy Equipment; Mechanics, Truck; Medical Assistant; Microcomputers; Nursing, Practical; Office Technology; Pharmacy Technician; Radiologic Technology; Respiratory Therapy; Secretarial, Medical; Welding Technology

Veterans Administration Center

1826 Veterans Blvd., Dublin, GA 31021. Allied Medical.(478)272-1210, 800-595-5229, Fax: (478)277-2717, Web Site: http://www.va.gov. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Tuition: None required. Enrollment: Total 18. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Curriculum: Laboratory Assistant, Certified

DULUTH

ITT Technical Institute (Duluth)

10700 Abbotts Bridge Rd., Ste. 190, Duluth, GA 30097. Trade and Technical. (678)957-8510, (866)489-8818, Web Site: http://www.itt-tech.edu; Web Site: http://www.itt-tech.edu/contact/form.cfm. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $14,196 per year. Enrollment: Total 325. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: ACICS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Computer Aided Drafting & Design (96 Credits); Computer Networking (96 Credits); Electrical Engineering Technology (96 Credits); Multimedia Design (96 Credits)

DUNWOODY

Empire Beauty School (Dunwoody)

4719 Ashford-Dunwoody Rd, Ste. 205, Dunwoody, GA 30338. Cosmetology. 800-223-3271, Web Site: http://www.empire.edu. Private. Coed. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Tuition: $17,595. Enrollment: Total 116. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: NACCAS. Financial aid available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Cosmetology; Cosmetology Instructor; Manicurist

FITZGERALD

East Central Technical College (Ben Hill-Irwin Campus)

667 Perry House Rd., Fitzgerald, GA 31750. Trade and Technical. Founded 1966. Contact: Angela Leverett, Admissions Assistant, (229)468-2000, 800-575-0567, Fax: (229)468-2110, E-mail: aleverett@eastcentraltech.edu, info@eastcentraltech.edu, Web Site: http://www.eastcentraltech.edu; Susan Marshall-Stevens, Admissions Assistant, E-mail: smarshall-stevens@eastcentraltech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Hour. Tuition: Varies with program. Enrollment: men 430, women 301. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Air Conditioning (65 Hr); Air Conditioning & Heating (85 hr); Auto Mechanics (103 Hr); Automotive Collision Repair (1 Yr); Automotive Technology (103 Hr); Computer Networking (110 Hr); Computer Repair (21 hr); Cosmetology (73 Hr); Culinary Arts (15 Mo); Electricity, Apprenticeship (22 Hr); Industrial Maintenance (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (18 Mo); Information Sciences Technology (1 Yr); Machine Tool Programming Technology (18 Mo); Maintenance Technology (1 Yr); Marine & Small Engine Repair (28 Hr); Mechanics, Diesel (1 Yr); Motorcycle Repair (21 Hr); Nursing, Practical (95 Hr); Telecommunications Technology (1 Yr); Truck Driving (15 Hr); Web Development (18 Hr)

FOREST PARK

Beauty College of America

1171 Main St., Forest Park, GA 30297. Cosmetology. Founded 1965. Contact: Tom Carey, President, (404)361-4098, Web Site: http://www.beautycl.com. Private. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Other. Tuition: $6,120. Enrollment: Total 98. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: NACCAS. Financial aid available. Curriculum: Cosmetology (1500 Hr); Cosmetology Instructor (1500 Hr); Manicurist (525 Hr)

The Esani Institute & Arnold/Padricks

4971 Courtney Dr., Forest Park, GA 30297. Cosmetology. Founded 1965. Contact: Victoria Bickford, Dir., (404)361-5641, Fax: (404)361-1658, E-mail: sgrizzar@bellsouth.net, Web Site: http://www.arnold-padricks.com; Arlene Lyons, Owner. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Hour. Tuition: $6,615 cosmetology or instructor. Enrollment: Total 37. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: NACCAS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Cosmetology (1500 Hr); Cosmetology Instructor (1500 Hr)

FRANKLIN SPRINGS

Emmanuel College

PO Box 129, Franklin Springs, GA 30639. Other. Founded 1919. Contact: Kirk McConnell, Dir. of Admissions, (706)245-7226, 800-860-8800, Fax: (706)245-4424, E-mail: kmcconnell@eclions.net, admissions@emmanuelcollege.edu, Web Site: http://www.emmanuelcollege.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $4,650 per semester full time; $306 per credit 11 and less hrs.; $2,150 room and board per semester. Enrollment: Total 800. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service not available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Allied Health Occupations (2 Yr); Business Administration (2 Yr); Office Administration (2 Yr)

GAINESVILLE

Gainesville State College

PO Box 1358, Gainesville, GA 30503. Two-Year College. Founded 1964. Contact: Mack Palmour, Admissions Office, (770)718-3639, (770)718-3641, E-mail: mpalmour@gsc.edu, admissions@gc.peachnet.edu, Web Site: http://www.gc.peachnet.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $62 per semester hour, up to 12 hours; $734 tuition for 12 hours or more. Enrollment: Total 5,282. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Agricultural Science; Allied Health Occupations; Art; Business Administration; Child Care & Guidance; Computer Science; Criminal Justice; Dental Hygiene; Early Childhood Education; Engineering Technology; Environmental Health; Forestry Technology; General Studies; Geology; Hotel & Restaurant Management; Industrial Technology; Journalism; Language; Marketing Management; Mathematics; Medical Laboratory Technology; Microcomputers; Music; Office Technology; Paramedic; Physical Fitness; Social Work Technology; Theatre Arts

Interactive College of Technology (Gainesville)

2323-C, Browns Bridge Rd, Gainesville, GA 30504. Trade and Technical. Founded 2000. Contact: William McGuire, Campus Dir., (678)450-0550, 800-550-3475, Fax: (678)450-1723, E-mail: adm@ict-ils.edu, Web Site: http://www.ict-ils.edu. Private. Coed. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $6,290 per year; $4,984 room and board. Enrollment: Total 30. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Curriculum: English As A Second Language; Office Technology

Lake Lanier School of Massage

1001 Riverside Dr., Gainesville, GA 30501-1825. Trade and Technical. Founded 1994. Contact: Sandra Easterbrooks, (770)287-0377, E-mail: llsmweb@hotmail.com, Web Site: http://school-of-massage.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $6,600 to $7,500; $75 application fee; $250 books. Enrollment: Total 20. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Massage Therapy (600-800 Hr)

GRIFFIN

Griffin Technical College

501 Varsity Rd., Griffin, GA 30223-1797. Trade and Technical. Contact: Dr. Robert H. Arnold, President, (770)228-7348, E-mail: rarnold@griffintech.edu, Web Site: http://www.griffintech.edu. Public. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1,008 in-state; $2,016 out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate.

JASPER

Appalachian Technical College

100 Campus Dr., Jasper, GA 30143. Trade and Technical. Founded 1967. Contact: Sanford Chandler, President, (706)253-4500, (706)253-4537, E-mail: schandler@appalachiantech.edu, Web Site: http://www.appalachiantech.edu; Nina Faix, Dir. Admissions, E-mail: nfaix@appalachiantech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma not required. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $324/quarter full time, $27/credit hr. part time, GA residents; $624/quartet, $54/credit hr. non-residents. Enrollment: Total 460. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Air Conditioning; Auto Body & Fender Repair; Auto Mechanics; Carpentry; Construction Technology; Contracting; Cosmetology; Data Processing; Drafting & Design Technology; Electro-Mechanical Technology; Electronics Technology; Machine Shop; Medical Assistant; Nursing, Practical; Secretarial, General; Welding Technology; Word Processing

JESUP

Practical Nursing Program-Wayne Memorial Hospital

865 S. 1st St., Jesup, GA 31545. Allied Medical. Founded 1968. Contact: Margaret Whitley, Instructor of Nursing, (912)427-6811, E-mail: info@wmhweb.com, Web Site: http://www.wmhweb.com. Public. Coed. HS diploma not required. Term: Other. Tuition: None required. Enrollment: Total 18. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Curriculum: Nursing, Practical

JONESBORO

Georgia Medical Institute (Jonesboro Campus)

6431 Tara Blvd., Jonesboro, GA 30236-1214. Allied Medical. Founded 1986. Contact: Dave Whiteford, (770)603-0000, 888-741-4270, Fax: (770)210-3259, E-mail: duhiteto@cci.edu, Web Site: http://georgia-med.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $6,000-$8,000. Enrollment: men 100, women 600. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: ABHES; CAAHEP. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Massage Therapy (9 Mo); Medical Administrative Assistant (8 Mo); Medical Assistant (8 Mo); Medical Technology - Pathology Assistant (5 Mo)

KENNESAW

Academy of Orthodontic Assisting

2748 Watts Dr., Kennesaw, GA 30144. Allied Medical. Founded 1998. Contact: Linda Reese, (770)428-8891, 877-976-4536, Fax: (770)422-5513, E-mail: mail@orthoassisting.net, Web Site: http://www.orthoassisting.net. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Other. Tuition: $1,600. Enrollment: Total 12. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Orthodontic Assisting (8 Wk)

Empire Beauty School (Kennesaw)

425 Ernest Barrett Pkwy, Ste. H-2, Kennesaw, GA 30144. Cosmetology.800-223-3271, Web Site: http://www.empire.edu. Private. Coed. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Tuition: $17,595. Enrollment: Total 63. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: NACCAS. Financial aid available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Cosmetology; Cosmetology Instructor; Manicurist

ITT Technical Institute (Kennesaw)

1000 Cobb Place Blvd. NW, Kennesaw, GA 30144-3685. Trade and Technical.(770)426-2300, 877-231-6415, Web Site: http://www.itt-tech.edu; Web Site: http://www.itt-tech.edu/contact/form.cfm. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $14,196 per year. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: ACICS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Computer Aided Drafting & Design (96 Credits); Computer Networking (96 Credits); Electrical Engineering Technology (96 Credits); Multimedia Design (96 Credits)

LAFAYETTE

Casey and Son Horseshoeing School and Clinic

14013 E. Hwy. 136, LaFayette, GA 30728. Trade and Technical. Founded 1988. Contact: Ralph Casey, (706)397-8047, Fax: (706)397-8047, E-mail: rcaseysch@aol.com, Web Site: http://www.caseyhorseshoeing.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $1,395; $2,995; $4,880 depending on program. Enrollment: Total 12. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Curriculum: Horseshoeing (2-12 Wk)

LAGRANGE

West Georgia Technical College

303 Fort Dr., LaGrange, GA 30240. Trade and Technical. Founded 1967. Contact: Daryl Gilley, Pres., (706)845-4323, (706)837-4244, Fax: (706)845-4339, Web Site: http://www.westga.tec.ga.us. Public. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $27 per credit hour plus fees. Enrollment: Total 1,190. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: AAMAE; CAAHEP; JRCERT; COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, Clerical; Accounting, General; Auto Air Conditioning; Automation Technology; Auto Mechanics - Automatic Transmission; Auto Mechanics Brake & Wheel Alignment; Automotive Specialist; Automotive Systems; Automotive Technology; Business, General Office; Cabinet & Mill Work; Carpentry; Computer Applications; Computer Information Science; Computer Literacy; Construction Technology; Cosmetology; Culinary Arts; Customer Service; Drafting & Design Technology; Early Childhood Education; Electronics Technology; Emergency Medical Technology; Fire Science; Health Aide; Industrial Maintenance; Industrial Technology; Machine Technology; Management; Manicurist; Manufacturing Technology; Marketing Management; Masonry; Mechanical Technology; Medical Assistant; Medical Technology - Phlebotomy; Medical Transcription; Paramedic; Personal Computing; Plumbing; Radiologic Technology; Secretarial, Science (2 Yr); Small Business Management; Truck Driving; Web Development; Welding, Combination; Welding Technology

LAWRENCEVILLE

Aviation Institute of Maintenance

500 Briscoe Blvd, Ste. 201, Lawrenceville, GA 30045. Trade and Technical. Contact: (678)377-5600, (757)233-6542, 888-FIX-JETS, Fax: (678)377-5609, E-mail: recepama@tidetech.com, Web Site: http://www.aviationmaintenance.edu; Web Site: http://aviationmaintenance.edu/aviation-atlanta.asp. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Hour. Tuition: $31,050 per year. Enrollment: Total 221. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: FAA; ACCSCT. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Aviation Maintenance Technology (1920-2080H)

Empire Beauty School (Lawrenceville)

1455 Pleasant Hill Rd., Lawrenceville, GA 30044-3045. Cosmetology. Founded 1964. Contact: Lynn Miller, Dir., (609)392-4545, 800-845-7700, Fax: (609)392-8224, Web Site: http://www.empire.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Hour. Tuition: $17,595. Enrollment: Total 116. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: NACCAS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Cosmetology (1200 Hr); Cosmetology Instructor (500 Hr); Manicurist (200 Hr)

Gwinnett Technical College

5150 Sugarloaf Pkwy., Lawrenceville, GA 30043. Two-Year College. Founded 1984. Contact: Michelle McIntire, Dir. Admissions and Recruitment, (770)962-7580, (770)962-6434, E-mail: mmcintire@gwinnetttech.edu, Web Site: http://www.gwinnetttechnicalcollege.com. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $2,000/4 quarter program. Enrollment: men 1,719, women 1,730. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: ADA; APTA; CAAHEP; JRCERT; CAPTE; NATEF; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Air Conditioning; Automotive Service; Automotive Technology; Computer Information Science; Computer Programming; Construction Management; Cosmetology; Culinary Arts; Dental Assisting; Dental Laboratory Technology; Drafting Technology; Electronics Technology; Horticulture; Law Enforcement; Machine Tool Programming Technology; Manufacturing Technology; Marketing Management; Medical Assistant; Nursing, Practical; Photography; Physical Therapy Aide; Radiologic Technology; Respiratory Therapy; Secretarial, General; Surgical Technology; Telecommunications Technology; Travel & Tourism; Veterinary Technology; Welding Technology

LILBURN

Gwinnett College

4230 Hwy. 29, Ste. 11, Lilburn, GA 30047. Two-Year College. Founded 1976. Contact: Michael Davis, (770)381-7200, Fax: (770)381-0454, E-mail: mdavis@gwinnettcollege.com, Web Site: http://www.gwinnettcollege.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $457/class. Enrollment: men 27, women 273. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: ACICS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (12 Mo); Business (18 Mo); Computer Business Systems Technology (15 Mo); Computer Operations (12 Mo); Legal Assistant (18 Mo); Medical Assistant (15-18 Mo); Medical Office Management (12 Mo); Secretarial, General (12 Mo)

Gwinnett School of Dental Assisting

3993 Lawrenceville Hwy., Ste. 100A, Lilburn, GA 30047. Allied Medical. Founded 1995. Contact: Fred W. Rich, (770)717-9187, 888-717-9187, Fax: (770)564-3856, E-mail: frich@attbi.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1,795 including books and supplies. Enrollment: Total 9. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Dental Assisting (112 Hr)

MACON

Academy of Healing Arts

793 Poplar St., Macon, GA 31201. Other. Founded 1997. Contact: Susan E. Brock, (478)746-0025, E-mail: ahamassage@aol.com, Web Site: http://www.academyofhealingarts.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $8,975. Enrollment: Total 15. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Massage Therapy (770 Hr)

Central Georgia Technical College

3300 Macon Tech Dr., Macon, GA 31206. Trade and Technical. Founded 1966. Contact: Ray Tatum, Dir. of Admissions, (478)757-3400, (478)757-3403, Fax: (478)757-3454, E-mail: info@centralgatech.edu, Web Site: http://www.cgtcollege.org. Public. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $372 per quarter. Enrollment: Total 2,200. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: CAAHEP; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (1 Yr); Air Conditioning (1 Yr); Aircraft Engineering Technology (1 Yr); Auto Body & Fender Repair (1 Yr); Automotive Technology (1 Yr); Barbering (1 Yr); Carpentry (1 Yr); Child Care & Guidance (18 Mo); Computer Programming (15 Mo); Cosmetology (1 Yr); Drafting Technology (2 Yr); Electricity, Industrial (1 Yr); Electronics Technology (2 Yr); Industrial Maintenance (21 Mo); Machine Tool Programming Technology (1 Yr); Management Development (1 Yr); Medical Assistant (1 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (1 Yr); Microcomputers (15 Mo); Nursing, Practical (1 Yr); Office Technology (1 Yr); Paramedic (1 Yr); Welding Technology (1 Yr)

Divers Supply

5208 Mercer University Dr., Macon, GA 31210. Trade and Technical, Business. Founded 1977. Contact: Renee LaChapelle, (478)474-6790, 800-999-3483, E-mail: diving@divers-supply.com, sales@scuba-diving.com, Web Site: http://www.divers-supply.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: Varies with program. Degrees awarded: Diploma, Certificate. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Diving, Scuba

Macon State College

100 College Station Dr., Macon, GA 31206. Other. Founded 1968. Contact: Carrie White, Admissions Secretary, (478)471-2700, (478)471-2800, 800-272-7619, E-mail: cwhite@mail.maconstate.edu, mscinfo@mail.maconstate.edu, Web Site: http://www.maconstate.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $734 GA freshman and sophomores, $2,936 non-residents; $1,161 GA juniors and seniors, $4,645 non-residents. Enrollment: men 1,410, women 2,801. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: NLNAC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Agriculture, General; Art; Business; Business Administration; Business Education; Business Management; Computer Business Systems Technology; Computer Information Science; Computer Science; Criminal Justice; Economics & Business Administration; Engineering Technology; Environmental Technology; Food Service & Management; Health Care & Management; Health Information Technology; Information Systems; Management; Marketing; Mathematics; Music; Nursing, Practical; Nursing, R.N.; Pharmacy Technician; Physical Education; Physical Therapy Technology; Public Affairs

MARIETTA

ABC Bartending School

2359 Windy Hill Rd., Ste. 330, Marietta, GA 30067. Trade and Technical. Founded 1977. Contact: Tony Sylvester, Owner, (404)705-7070, 888-262-5824, Web Site: http://www.abcbartending.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $675. Enrollment: Total 10. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Bartending (40 Hr)

Chattahoochee Technical College

980 S. Cobb Dr., Marietta, GA 30060. Trade and Technical. Founded 1962. Contact: Nichole Kennedy, (770)528-4500, (770)528-4545, Fax: (770)528-4580, Web Site: http://www.chattcollege.com. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $335 per quarter, $28/quarter hr resident; $672/quarter, $56/quarter hr non-resident; $53/quarter fees. Enrollment: Total 5,920. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma, Associate. Accreditation: ABET; CAAHEP; ACF; ACBSP; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (6 Qt); Air Conditioning (4 Qt); Automotive Technology (6 Qt); Biomedical Technology; Computer Information Science (6 Qt); Cosmetology (4 Qt); Criminal Justice (6 Qt); Drafting Technology (4 Qt); Early Childhood Education; Electronics Technology (6 Qt); Emergency Medical Technology; Engineering Technology (6 Qt); Graphic Arts (5 Qt); Industrial Technology (5 Qt); Management; Marketing; Nursing, Practical (6 Qt); Office Technology; Surgical Technology

ELS Language Centers

Southern Polytechnic State University, 1100 South Marietta Pkwy, Bldg. L, Marietta, GA 30060-2896. Other. Founded 1961. Contact: Irving Pe, Center Dir., (678)915-4960, Fax: (678)915-4961, E-mail: atl@els.edu, Web Site: http://www.els.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Month. Tuition: $1,395 intensive; $1,045 semi-intensive. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: ACCET. Financial aid not available. Placement service not available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: English As A Second Language (3-4 Wk)

High-Tech Institute

1090 Northchase Pkwy., Ste. 150, Marietta, GA 30067. Trade and Technical, Allied Medical.(678)279-7000, 888-481-0047, Fax: (770)988-8824, Web Site: http://www.hightechinstitute.edu; Web Site: http://www.hightechinstitute.edu/request.php. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $9,391 - $23,991. Enrollment: men 279, women 455. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate. Accreditation: ACCSCT. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Computer Networking; Graphic Design; Massage Therapy; Medical Assistant; Medical Billing; Pharmacy Technician; Surgical Technology

Jo-Thor's Dog Academy

3000 Johnson Ferry Rd., Ste. 209, Marietta, GA 30062. Trade and Technical. Founded 1996. Contact: Joan Lask, Founder, (770)642-4191, E-mail: joan@agooddog.com, protrainers@jo-thorsdogacademy.com, Web Site: http://www.agooddog.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Hour. Tuition: $699 to $1,900. Enrollment: Total 6. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Dog Training (160 Hr)

Rising Spirit Institute of Natural Health (Marietta Satellite Location)

2275 Northwest Pkwy. SE, Ste. 150, Marietta, GA 30067. Other. Founded 1994. Contact: Dr. Bruce Costello, Dir., (770)457-2021, Fax: (770)457-5614, E-mail: drbruce@mindspring.com, Web Site: http://risingspirit.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $9,350 plus $1,300 books and supplies. Enrollment: Total 166. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: ACCSCT. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Massage Therapy (750 Hr)

Roffler Hairstyling College

1311 Roswell Rd., Marietta, GA 30062. Barber, Cosmetology. Founded 1988. Contact: Becky Sheffield, (770)565-3285, E-mail: schoolinformation@roffler.net, Web Site: http://www.roffler.net. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Month. Tuition: $6,800 (includes tuition, registration, tool kit, books). Enrollment: Total 115. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: ACCSCT. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities not available. Curriculum: Barbering (1500 Hr); Cosmetology (1500 Hr)

Southern Polytechnic State University

1100 S. Marietta Pkwy., Marietta, GA 30060. Other. Founded 1948. Contact: Dr. Lisa Rossbacher, President, (678)915-7230, 800-635-3204, Web Site: http://www.spsu.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $2,754/yr in-state; $9,690 out-of-state; $2,660/year housing. Enrollment: Total 4,000. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: ABET; NAAB; SACS; ACCE; ACBSP. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available.

MILLEDGEVILLE

Georgia Military College-Main Campus

201 E. Greene St., Milledgeville, GA 31061. Other. Contact: Peter J. Boylan, President, (478)445-2700, Web Site: http://www.gmc.cc.ga.us. Public. Coed. Housing available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $3,240 in-state; $3,240 out-of-state.

MORROW

Clayton College & State University

2000 Clayton State Blvd., 678466-4115, Morrow, GA 30260. Two-Year College. Founded 1969. Contact: Dr. Thomas K. Harden, Pres., (678)466-4000, E-mail: csu-info@clayton.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Term: Quarter. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: men 121. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Aviation Technology; Banking; Business Education (1 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Dental Hygiene (2 Yr); Finance; Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Music (2 Yr); Nursing, Vocational (2 Yr); Office, General (1 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr)

Interactive College of Technology (Morrow)

1580 South Lake Pkwy., Ste. C, Morrow, GA 30260. Trade and Technical. Contact: Renee DeMetz, Campus Dir., (770)960-1298, 800-550-3475, Fax: (770)961-6631, E-mail: adm@ict-ils.edu, Web Site: http://www.ict-ils.edu. Private. Coed. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $6,290 per year; $4,984 room and board. Enrollment: Total 54. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Curriculum: English As A Second Language; Office Technology

MOULTRIE

Moultrie Technical College

800 Veterans Pkwy. North, Moultrie, GA 31788. Trade and Technical. Contact: Dr. Tina Anderson, President, (229)891-7000, (229)217-4144, Fax: (229)891-7010, E-mail: tanderson@moultrietech.edu, Web Site: http://www.moultrietech.edu. Public. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1,008 in-state; $2,016 out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate.

MOUNT VERNON

Brewton-Parker College

201 David-Eliza Fountain Cir., PO Box 197, Mount Vernon, GA 30445. Other. Founded 1904. Contact: David R. Smith, Pres., (912)583-2241, 800-342-1087, E-mail: smithdr@bpc.edu, admissions@bpc.edu, Web Site: http://bpc.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $10,720; room and board $2,225/semester. Enrollment: men 390, women 719. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: NASM; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available.

NORCROSS

Academy of Somatic Healing Arts

7094 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Bldg. 4, Norcross, GA 30071. Trade and Technical. Founded 1991. Contact: Stan Dawson, Exec.Dir., (770)368-2661, (866)553-2661, Fax: (404)633-1270, Web Site: http://www.ashamassage.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: $9,800. Enrollment: Total 80. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Massage Therapy (840 Hr)

Atlanta Broadcast Institute

6961 Peachtree Industrial, Ste. 102, Norcross, GA 30092. Trade and Technical. Founded 1964. Contact: Marie Samples, Dir., (770)951-0033, Fax: (770)984-9113, E-mail: atltvradio@aol.com, info@radiotvschool.com, Web Site: http://www.radiotvschool.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Trisemester. Tuition: $6990. Enrollment: Total 45. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Broadcasting, Nontechnical; Broadcasting Technology; Radio Announcing; Television, Commercial & Announcing

OAKWOOD

Lanier Technical College - Oakwood Campus

2990 Landrum Education Dr., Oakwood, GA 30566. Two-Year College. Contact: Michael D. Moye, (770)531-6300, Fax: (770)531-6328, E-mail: info@laniertech.edu, Web Site: http://www.laniertech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $31 per credit hour in-state; $62 per credit hour out-of-state. Enrollment: Total 3,300. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Air Conditioning & Heating (2 Yr); Auto Body & Fender Repair (2 Yr); Clerical, General (2 Yr); Computer Information Science (2 Yr); Cosmetology (2 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Data Processing (2 Yr); Dental Assisting (2 Yr); Drafting, Trade (2 Yr); Early Childhood Education (2 Yr); Electricity, Industrial (2 Yr); Electronics Technology (2 Yr); Emergency Medical Technology (2 Yr); Fire Science (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (2 Yr); Machine Shop (2 Yr); Management (2 Yr); Marketing (2 Yr); Medical Assistant (2 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Nursing, Practical (2 Yr); Pharmacy Technician (2 Yr); Radiologic Technology (2 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr); Secretarial, Science (2 Yr); Surgical Technology (2 Yr); Welding Technology (2 Yr)

PEARSON

East Central Technical College (Pearson Learning Center)

201 North Pearson St., Pearson, GA 31642. Trade and Technical. Contact: Angela Leverett, Admissions Assistant, E-mail: aleverett@eastcentraltech.edu, info@eastcentraltech.edu, Web Site: http://www.eastcentraltech.edu. Public. Coed. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Hour. Tuition: Varies with program. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Air Conditioning (65 Hr); Air Conditioning & Heating (85 Hr); Auto Mechanics (103 Hr); Automotive Collision Repair (1 Yr); Automotive Technology (103 Hr); Computer Networking (110 Hr); Computer Repair (21 Hr); Cosmetology (73 Hr); Culinary Arts (15 Mo); Electricity, Apprenticeship (22 Hr); Industrial Maintenance (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (18 Mo); Information Sciences Technology (1 Yr); Machine Tool Programming Technology (18 Mo); Maintenance Technology (1 Yr); Marine & Small Engine Repair (28 Hr); Mechanics, Diesel (1 Yr); Motorcycle Repair (21 Hr); Nursing, Practical (95 Hr); Telecommunications Technology (1 Yr); Truck Driving (15 Hr); Web Development (18 Hr)

RIVERDALE

Advanced Career Training, Business, Medical and Education

7165 Georgia Hwy. 85, Riverdale, GA 30274. Allied Medical. Founded 1975. Contact: Keith L. Thomas, Dir. of Education, (770)991-9356, Fax: (770)991-2472, E-mail: thomask@actglobal.com, Web Site: http://www.therightskills.com; www.uei-edu.com/career.html. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Varies with Program. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: Total 250. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: ACCET. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Computer Networking (30 Wk); Computer Operations (30 Wk); Dental Assisting (30 Wk); Medical Assistant (30 Wk)

ROCHELLE

East Central Technical College (Wilcox Learning Center)

902 West Gordon St., Rochelle, GA 31079. Trade and Technical. Contact: Angela Leverett, Admissions Assistant, (229)365-7983, E-mail: aleverett@eastcentraltech.edu, info@eastcentraltech.edu, Web Site: http://www.eastcentraltech.edu. Public. Coed. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Hour. Tuition: Varies with program. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Air Conditioning (65 Hr); Air Conditioning & Heating (85 Hr); Auto Mechanics (103 Hr); Automotive Collision Repair (1 Yr); Automotive Technology (103 Hr); Computer Networking (110 Hr); Computer Repair (21 Hr); Cosmetology (73 Hr); Culinary Arts (15 Mo); Electricity, Apprenticeship (22 Hr); Industrial Maintenance (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (18 Mo); Information Sciences Technology (1 Yr); Machine Tool Programming Technology (18 Mo); Maintenance Technology (1 Yr); Marine & Small Engine Repair (28 Hr); Mechanics, Diesel (1 Yr); Motorcycle Repair (21 Hr); Nursing, Practical (95 Hr); Telecommunications Technology (1 Yr); Truck Driving (15 Hr); Web Development (18 Hr)

ROCK SPRING

Northwestern Technical College

265 Bicentennial Tr., PO Box 569, Rock Spring, GA 30739. Trade and Technical. Founded 1966. Contact: Greg Cross, VP Student Services, (706)764-3510, (706)764-3518, 800-735-5726, E-mail: gcross@northwesterntech.edu, Web Site: http://www.nwtcollege.org. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $336 per quarter. Enrollment: Total 2,333. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma, Associate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (4 Qt); Air Conditioning (4 Qt); Computer Information Science (5 Qt); Computer Programming (5 Qt); Cosmetology (4 Qt); Drafting & Design Technology (4 Qt); Drafting, Architectural (6 Qt); Drafting Technology (6 Qt); Electricity, Industrial (4 Qt); Electronics Technology (6 Qt); Information Sciences Technology (4 Qt); Machine Shop (4 Qt); Maintenance, Electrical (4 Qt); Manufacturing Technology (4 Qt); Mechanical Drafting (6 Qt); Medical Assistant (4 Qt); Nursing, Practical (5 Qt); Nursing, R.N. (8 Qt); Occupational Therapy Assistant (8 Qt); Office Technology (5 Qt); Surgical Technology (4 Qt); Welding Technology (4 Qt)

ROME

Coosa Valley Technical College

One Maurice Culberson Dr., Rome, GA 30161. Trade and Technical. Founded 1962. Contact: Steve Bradshaw, VP of Student Srvc, (706)295-6963, 888-331-2882, Fax: (706)295-6944, E-mail: sbradshaw@coosavalleytech.edu, Web Site: http://www.coosavalleytech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $96. Enrollment: Total 3,206. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: JRCEDMS; CAAHEP; JRCERT; COE; CARC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (4 Qt); Air Conditioning (4 Qt); Auto Mechanics (7 Qt); Automotive Collision Repair (4 Qt); Automotive Technology (7 Qt); Carpentry (4 Qt); Computer Technology (5 Qt); Cosmetology (4 Qt); Drafting Technology (4 Qt); Electronics, Industrial (4 Qt); Electronics Technology (8 Qt); Industrial Technology (4 Qt); Machinist, Advanced (4 Qt); Marketing Management (4 Qt); Masonry (4 Qt); Medical Assistant (4 Qt); Microcomputers (5 Qt); Nursing, Practical (5 Qt); Office Technology (5 Qt); Paramedic (4 Qt); Radiologic Technology (8 Qt); Respiratory Therapy (4 Qt); Welding Technology (4 Qt)

Floyd Medical Center

304 Turner McCall Blvd., Rome, GA 30161. Allied Medical. Contact: Edward M. Wilson, (706)509-5000, E-mail: info@floyd.org, Web Site: http://www.floydmedicalcenter.org. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Tuition: None required. Enrollment: Total 16. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: CAAHEP. Approved: Vet. Admin. Curriculum: Radiologic Technology

Georgia Highlands College (Floyd Campus)

3175 Cedartown Hwy., SE, Rome, GA 30162. Two-Year College. Founded 1970. Contact: Todd Jones, Admissions, (706)295-6339, (706)368-7738, 800-332-2406, E-mail: tjones@highlands.edu, admitme@highlands.edu, Web Site: http://www.highlands.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $771 per semester (in-state); $3,084 per semester (out-of-state). Enrollment: men 1,176, women 2,231. Degrees awarded: Associate. Accreditation: NLNAC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General; Business Administration; Data Processing; Deaf Education; Electronics Technology; Human Services; Mechanical Technology; Nursing, Vocational; Recreation Leadership; Secretarial, General; Small Business Management

SAVANNAH

Armstrong Atlantic State University

11935 Abercorn St., Savannah, GA 31419. Other. Founded 1935. Contact: Mr. Kim West, Registrar and Dir. of Admissions, (912)927-5277, (912)921-5414, 800-633-2349, Fax: (912)921-5462, E-mail: westkim@mail.armstrong.edu, Web Site: http://www.armstrong.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $93/credit hour, residents; $369/credit hour, nonresidents; $1,106 full-time residents, $4,424 full-time nonresidents. Enrollment: men 1,967, women 4,558. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: ADA; CAAHEP; NLNAC; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Dental Hygiene (2 Yr); Distributive Education (2 Yr)

Savannah Area Vocational-Technical School

5717 White Bluff Rd., Savannah, GA 31405. Trade and Technical. Founded 1966. Contact: C.B. Rathburn, (912)351-4464, (912)443-5700, 800-769-6362, Fax: (912)352-4562, Web Site: http://www.savannahtech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $336 per quarter. Enrollment: Total 7,202. Degrees awarded: Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: SACS; ACCET; ABET; ACF; ADA; CAAHEP; NLNAC. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (4 Qt); Air Conditioning (4 Qt); Auto Body & Fender Repair (4 Qt); Auto Mechanics - Diesel (4 Qt); Cabinet & Mill Work (4 Qt); Chemical Technology (8 Qt); Child Care & Guidance (6 Qt); Civil Engineering Technology (4 Qt); Clerical, General (4 Qt); Cosmetology (4 Qt); Culinary Arts (4 Qt); Data Processing (5 Qt); Dental Assisting (4 Qt); Drafting & Design Technology (8 Qt); Drafting, Engineering (4 Qt); Electro-Mechanical Technology (8 Qt); Elektron Maintenance (4 Qt); Engineering Technology, Electronic (8 Qt); Machine Shop (4 Qt); Marketing Management (4 Qt); Nursing, Practical (4 Qt); Secretarial, General (4 Qt); Surgical Technology (4 Qt); Surveying (4 Qt); Technician, Electronic Service (4 Qt); Welding Technology (4 Qt); Word Processing (4 Qt)

South University

706 Mall Blvd., Savannah, GA 31406. Other. Founded 1899. Contact: Bryan Logie, (912)201-8000, Fax: (912)201-8070, E-mail: cshall@southuniversity.edu, Web Site: http://www.southuniversity.edu. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $3,695 per quarter. Enrollment: Total 700. Degrees awarded: Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: AAMAE; SACS; CAAHEP; ABA; APTA; ARCEPA. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Business Administration (4 Yr); Computer Information Science (2 Yr); Legal Technology (4 Yr); Medical Assistant (2 Yr); Paralegal (2 Yr); Pharmacy Technician (3 Yr); Physical Therapy Aide (2 Yr); Physicians Assistant (4 Yr)

SMYRNA

Atlanta Montessori Teacher Education

488 Hurt Rd., Smyrna, GA 30082. Other. Founded 1980. Contact: Barbara Moffitt, Dir., (770)801-8292, Fax: (770)434-5931, E-mail: amte@bellsouth.net, Web Site: http://www.montessori-atlanta.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Year. Tuition: $5,225 early childhood, $6,450 elementary ages 6-9, $4,225 infant toddler. Enrollment: Total 55. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: MACTE. Financial aid not available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Early Childhood Education (1-2 Yr); Education (1-2 Yr); Montessori Teacher (1-2 Yr)

Ross Medical Education Center - Smyrna

2534 Cobb Pkwy., Smyrna, GA 30080. Allied Medical.(770)951-9255, Web Site: http://www.rossmedicaleducation.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Term: Week. Tuition: $8,860 per year; $6,230 room and board. Enrollment: Total 24. Degrees awarded: Certificate. Accreditation: ABHES; ACCSCT. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Medical Assistant (30 Wk)

STONE MOUNTAIN

Pro Way Hair School

6254 Memorial Dr., Ste. M, Stone Mountain, GA 30083. Cosmetology. Founded 1963. Contact: Steve M. Sullivan, (770)879-6673, Fax: (770)879-7385, E-mail: steve@prowayhairschool.com, info@prowayhairschool.com, Web Site: http://prowayhairschool.com. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Year. Tuition: $10,120 cosmetology; $9950 barbering; $3500 nail tech. Enrollment: Total 60. Degrees awarded: Diploma. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Beauty; Cosmetology (1500 Hr)

SWAINSBORO

East Georgia College

131 College Cir., Swainsboro, GA 30401. Two-Year College. Contact: Dr. John B. Black, President, (478)289-2000, (478)289-2017, E-mail: jblack@ega.edu, Web Site: http://www.ega.edu. Public. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $1,468 in-state; $5,872 out-of-state. Enrollment: Total 474.

THOMASTON

Flint River Technical College

1533 Hwy. 19 S., Thomaston, GA 30286-4752. Trade and Technical. Founded 1967. Contact: Kathy Neeley, Student Development Services Asst., (706)646-6148, (706)646-6159, 800-752-9681, E-mail: kneeley@flintrivertech.edu, Web Site: http://www.flintrivertech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma not required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1104/yr. residents; $2076/yr. out-of-state. Enrollment: Total 907. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate, Diploma. Accreditation: CAAHEP; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2-5 Qt); Airframe Mechanics (2-6 Qt); Automotive Service (2-6 Qt); Automotive Technology (2-8 Qt); Commercial Vehicle (1 Qt); Computer Information Science (3-7 Qt); Construction Technology (2-6 Qt); Cosmetology (5 Qt); Customer Service (1 Qt); Early Childhood Education (2-5 Qt); Emergency Medical Technology (2-4 Qt); Industrial Technology (6-8 Qt); Manufacturing Technology (1 Qt); Nursing, Practical (5 Qt); Office Technology (3-8 Qt); Paramedic (2-3 Qt); Printing Technology (4 Qt); Surgical Technology (5 Qt)

THOMASVILLE

Southwest Georgia Technical College

15689 US Hwy 19 N., Thomasville, GA 31792. Two-Year College. Contact: Dr. Freida Hill, Pres., (229)225-5060, (912)225-5060, Fax: (229)227-2666, E-mail: info@southwestgatech.edu, Web Site: http://www.southwestgatech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: Varies. Enrollment: Total 1,625. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate, Diploma. Accreditation: CAAHEP; CARC; ARCEST; NAACLS; CAPTE; ASHP. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, Advanced (2 Yr); Accounting, General (1 Yr); Agricultural Science (2 Yr); Air Conditioning (15 Mo); Auto Mechanics - Automatic Transmission (6 Mo); Auto Mechanics - Brake & Wheel Alignment (6 Mo); Automotive Electronics (6 Mo); Automotive Technology (21 Mo); Computer Information Science (2 Yr); Computer Repair (6 Mo); Cosmetology (1 Yr); Customer Service (6 Mo); Drafting & Design Technology (2 Yr); Electricity, Industrial (15 Mo); Electronics Technology (18 Mo); Emergency Medical Technology (1 Yr); Manufacturing Technology (6 Mo); Medical Assistant (1 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Medical Office Management (6 Mo); Medical Record Technology (6 Mo); Medical Technology - Phlebotomy (9 Mo); Microcomputers (15 Mo); Nurse, Assistant (6 Mo); Nursing, Practical (I Yr); Occupational Therapy Assistant (2 Yr); Office, General (6 Mo); Office Technology (15 Mo); Paramedic (1 Yr); Personal Computing (6 Mo); Pharmacy Technician (1 Yr); Physical Therapy Aide (2 Yr); Radiation Therapy Technology (1 Yr); Radiologic Technology (2 Yr); Respiratory Therapy (2 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr); Surgical Technology (1 Yr); Welding Technology (1 Yr)

TIFTON

Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College

2802 Moore Hwy., Tifton, GA 31793. Two-Year College. Founded 1908. Contact: Michelle Barton, Enrollment Services, (229)391-5000, 800-733-3653, E-mail: mbarton@abac.edu, abacinfo@abac.edu, Web Site: http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $961/semester residents; $3163/semester nonresidents. Enrollment: men 1,295, women 1,311. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate. Accreditation: NLNAC; SACS. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Agribusiness (2 Yr); Agribusiness - Marketing (2 Yr); Agricultural Science (2 Yr); Agri-Engineering & Mechanics (2 Yr); Agri-Management (2 Yr); Agri-Power Equipment (2 Yr); Animal Science, General (2 Yr); Business (2 Yr); Computer Technology (2 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Family Living Specialist (2 Yr); Forestry Technology (2 Yr); Horticulture (2 Yr); Hospitality (2 Yr); Human Services (2 Yr); Information Sciences Technology (2 Yr); Livestock Management (2 Yr); Marketing Management (2 Yr); Nursing, R.N. (2 Yr); Park & Turf Management (2 Yr); Plant Science (2 Yr); Poultry Science (2 Yr); Wild Life Management (2 Yr)

WACO

West Central Technical College (Thomas B. Murphy Campus)

176 Murphy Campus Blvd., Waco, GA 30182. Trade and Technical. Contact: Jim Eason, President, (770)537-6000, E-mail: ssinfo@westcentraltech.edu, Web Site: http://www.westcentraltech.edu. Public. Coed. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $1,008 in-state; $2,016 out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Associate.

WARNER ROBINS

Middle Georgia Technical College

80 Cohen Walker Dr., Warner Robins, GA 31088. Trade and Technical, Two-Year College. Founded 1973. Contact: Craig Jackson, Dir. of Admissions, (478)988-6800, (478)988-6843, 800-474-1031, E-mail: cjackson@middlegatech.edu, Web Site: http://www.middlegatech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $336/quarter. Enrollment: men 1,269, women 1,439. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma, Associate. Accreditation: COE. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (4 Qt); Aerospace (5 Qt); Air Conditioning (4 Qt); Airframe Mechanics (4 Qt); Automotive Technology (8 Qt); Aviation Maintenance Technology (8 Qt); Business Technology (4 Qt); Computer Information Science (5 Qt); Cosmetology (4 Qt); Dental Assisting (5 Qt); Dental Hygiene (8 Qt); Drafting, Trade (4 Qt); Early Childhood Education (4 Qt); Electronics Technology (4 Qt); Industrial Maintenance (6 Qt); Machine Tool Programming Technology (5 Qt); Marketing Management (5 Qt); Nursing, Practical (5 Qt); Office Technology (4 Qt); Radiologic Technology (8 Qt); Sheet Metal (6 Qt); Surgical Technology (5 Qt); Welding Technology (4 Qt)

WAYCROSS

Okefenokee Technical Institute

1701 Carswell Ave., Waycross, GA 31503. Trade and Technical. Founded 1965. Contact: Gloria Thomas, (912)287-6584, Fax: (912)287-4865, E-mail: gthomas@okefenokeetech.edu, info@okefenokeetech.edu, Web Site: http://www.okefenokeetech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: Varies; $28/credit hour. Enrollment: Total 2,000. Degrees awarded: Certificate, Diploma, Associate. Accreditation: CAAHEP; NAACLS; JRCERT; COE; NATEF. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Air Conditioning (18 Mo); Automotive Collision Repair (15 Mo); Automotive Technology (24 Mo); Business Automation (12 Mo); Computer Information Science (15 Mo); Cosmetology (12 Mo); Criminal Justice (12 Mo); Drafting Technology (12 Mo); Early Childhood Education (12 Mo); Electronics Technology (24 Mo); Forestry Technology (15 Mo); Industrial Technology (12 Mo); Medical Laboratory Technology (15 Mo); Nursing, Practical (15 Mo); Paramedic (18 Mo); Radiologic Technology (24 Mo); Surgical Technology (12 Mo); Welding Technology (12 Mo)

Satilla Hospital

410 Darling Ave., Waycross, GA 31501. Allied Medical. Contact: Rick McCallister, (912)283-3030, E-mail: deanat@satilla.org, Web Site: http://www.satilla.org. Public. Coed. Curriculum: Medical Laboratory Assistant; Nursing, Practical; Operating Room Technology; Radiologic Technology

WINDER

Lanier Technical College - Winder-Barrow Campus

89 East Athens St., Winder, GA 30680. Two-Year College.(770)868-4080, Fax: (770)868-4082, E-mail: info@laniertech.edu, Web Site: http://www.laniertech.edu. Public. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing not available. Term: Quarter. Tuition: $31 per credit hour in-state; $62 per credit hour out-of-state. Degrees awarded: Associate, Certificate, Diploma. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Placement service available. Handicapped facilities available. Curriculum: Accounting, General (2 Yr); Air Conditioning & Heating (2 Yr); Auto Body & Fender Repair (2 Yr); Clerical, General (2 Yr); Computer Information Science (2 Yr); Cosmetology (2 Yr); Criminal Justice (2 Yr); Data Processing (2 Yr); Dental Assisting (2 Yr); Drafting, Trade (2 Yr); Early Childhood Education (2 Yr); Electricity, Industrial (2 Yr); Electronics Technology (2 Yr); Emergency Medical Technology (2 Yr); Fire Science (2 Yr); Industrial Technology (2 Yr); Machine Shop (2 Yr); Management (2 Yr); Marketing (2 Yr); Medical Assistant (2 Yr); Medical Laboratory Technology (2 Yr); Nursing, Practical (2 Yr); Pharmacy Technician (2 Yr); Radiologic Technology (2 Yr); Secretarial, General (2 Yr); Secretarial, Science (2 Yr); Surgical Technology (2 Yr); Welding Technology (2 Yr)

YOUNG HARRIS

Young Harris College

1 College St., PO Box 68, Young Harris, GA 30582. Two-Year College. Founded 1886. Contact: Clinton G. Hobbs, VP for Enrollment Mgmt., (706)379-3111, 800-241-3754, E-mail: clinth@yhc.edu, Web Site: http://www.yhc.edu; Dr. Susan Vardeman, Dir. of Admissions. Private. Coed. HS diploma required. Out-of-state students accepted. Housing available. Term: Semester. Tuition: $13,800 for commuters, $18,372 with room and board. Enrollment: Total 625. Degrees awarded: Associate. Approved: Vet. Admin. Financial aid available. Curriculum: Business Education (2 Yr); Recreation Leadership (2 Yr); Recreation Technology (2 Yr); Teacher Assistant (2 Yr)

College Blue Book

Georgia

views updated May 23 2018

GEORGIA

LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT
TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE
FLORA AND FAUNA
ENVIRONMENT
POPULATION
MIGRATION
ETHNIC GROUPS
LANGUAGES
RELIGIONS
TRANSPORTATION
HISTORY
GOVERNMENT
POLITICAL PARTIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
JUDICIAL SYSTEM
ARMED FORCES
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
ECONOMY
INCOME
LABOR
AGRICULTURE
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
FISHING
FORESTRY
MINING
ENERGY AND POWER
INDUSTRY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DOMESTIC TRADE
FOREIGN TRADE
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
BANKING AND SECURITIES
INSURANCE
PUBLIC FINANCE
TAXATION
CUSTOMS AND DUTIES
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH
HOUSING
EDUCATION
LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS
MEDIA
ORGANIZATIONS
TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION
FAMOUS GEORGIANS
DEPENDENCIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Republic of Georgia

Sakartveld Respublika

CAPITAL: T'bilisi (Tbilisi)

FLAG: White rectangle, in its central portion a red cross connecting all four sides of the flag; in each of the four corners is a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; the five-cross flag appears to date back to the 14th century.

ANTHEM: National Anthem of the Republic of Georgia.

MONETARY UNIT: The lari (l) was issued in 1995 to replace government coupons that were introduced in 1993. l1 = $0.54945 (or $1 = l1.82) as of 2005.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is in force.

HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1–2 January; Christmas, 7 January; Independence Day, 26 May; St. George's Day, 22 November.

TIME: 3 pm = noon GMT.

LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT

Georgia is located in southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia. Comparatively, the area occupied by Georgia is slightly smaller than the state of South Carolina, with a total area of 69,700 sq km (26,911 sq mi). Georgia shares boundaries with Russia on the n and e, Azerbaijan on the e and s, Armenia and Turkey on the s, and the Black Sea on the w. Georgia's land boundary totals 1,461 km (906 mi). Its coastline is 310 km (192 mi). Its capital city, T'bilisi, is located in the southeastern part of the country.

TOPOGRAPHY

The topography of Georgia is mainly mountainous, with the great Caucasus Mountains in the north and lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south. The highest point in the nation is Mount Shkhara at a height of 5,201 m (17,064 ft) in the Greater Caucasus. The Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in the west and the Kura River basin lies in the east. The Kura River is the nation's longest river with a length of 1,514 km (941 mi). Good soils occur in the river valley flood plains and in the foothills of the Kolkhida Lowland.

CLIMATE

Georgia's climate along the Black Sea coast is similar to that along the Mediterranean, warm, humid, and almost subtropical. Farther inland the climate is continental, with warm summers and cold winters. July's mean temperature is 23°C (73.8°f). The mean temperature in January is -3°c (27.3°f). The annual rainfall in Georgia is 51 cm (20 in). In the mountains it is much cooler, with snow and ice all year in altitudes above 3,600 m (12,000 ft).

FLORA AND FAUNA

The country's land is composed of gently rolling plains. The Caucasus Mountains in Georgia begin a series of high mountains in Central Asia. The subtropical zone of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus Mountains has a distinctive vegetation: woods of black alder, oak, elm, and beech with a profusion of lianas and an admixture of evergreens. Mountain goats, Caucasian goats, Caucasian antelope, European wild boar, porcupine, and the leopard inhabit the Caucasus, and reptiles and amphibious creatures abound. As of 2002, there were at least 107 species of mammals, 208 species of birds, and over 4,300 species of plants throughout the country.

ENVIRONMENT

Georgia suffers from pollution of its air, water, and soil. Air pollution is especially heavy in Rust'avi. In 1996, Georgia's industrial carbon dioxide emissions totaled 2.9 million metric tons; in 2000, the total was at 6.2 million metric tons. The Mtkvari River and the Black Sea are both heavily polluted. Pesticides from agricultural areas have significantly contaminated the soil.

In 2003, 2.3% of Georgia's total land area was protected. There are two Ramsar wetland sites: one in central Kolkheti and the other at the Ispani II marshes. According to a 2006 report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), threatened species included 11 types of mammals, 8 species of birds, 7 types of reptiles, 1 species of amphibian, 6 species of fish, and 10 species of invertebrates. Species on the endangered list include Atlantic sturgeon, slender-billed curlew, Mediterranean monk seals, Darevsky's viper, and the Armenian birch mouse.

POPULATION

The population of Georgia in 2005 was estimated by the United Nations (UN) at 4,501,000, which placed it at number 116 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In 2005, approximately 13% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 19% of the population under 15 years of age. There were 90 males for every 100 females in the country. According to the UN, the annual population growth rate for 2005–10 was stagnant at 0.0%, a rate the government viewed as too low. The projected population for the year 2025 was 4,178,000. The population density was 64 per sq km (167 per sq mi), with the majority of the population living near the Black Sea or in the river valleys.

The UN estimated that 52% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that urban areas were growing at an annual rate of -0.88%. The capital city, T'bilisi (Tbilisi), had a population of 1,064,000 in that year. Other cities and their estimated populations include Kútáisi, 268,800, and Rustavi, 181,400.

MIGRATION

With independence in 1991 came three secessionist movements in three autonomous areas and conflicts in two of them. The conflict in South Ossetia in 1991, followed by the conflict in Abkhazia in 1992 and 1993, resulted in the mass displacement of ethnic Georgians, Ossetians, and Abkhaz, as well as other ethnic minorities. As many as 200,000 Georgians may have fled the fighting in Abkhazia in 1993. By December 1996, Georgia had 280,000 internally displaced persons. In February of 1997, a voluntary repatriation plan was agreed upon for persons to return to South Ossetia. Hostilities resumed in Gali in May 1998, displacing some 40,000 residents. Georgia's first census in 2002 detailed 4,961 stateless and 8,058 foreign citizens.

By year end 2004 there remained 237,069 internally displaced persons, mainly in urban areas, 29.6% in T'bilisi and 46.4% in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region. Repatriation of Meskhetian Turks began in 2003 and was planned to continue until 2011. Transit migration, trafficked migrants (primarily women from other former Soviet states), migrants from Asia and Africa, and irregular migrants were of increasing concern in 2004 as Georgia looked to membership in the European Union (EU). In addition, in that same year there were 2,559 refugees, mainly Chechen/Kist from the Pankisi Gorge, and 11 asylum seekers.

Georgian emigration during the 1990s was estimated between 300,000 to more than 1.5 million. In 2004, some 8,934 Georgians sought asylum in over 18 countries, mainly Austria, France, Slovakia, and Sweden. In 2005, the net migration rate was estimated as -4.62 migrants per 1,000 population, a significant change from -9.2 per 1,000 in 1990. The government views the migration levels as too high.

ETHNIC GROUPS

According to the 2002 census, 83.3% of the population are Georgian. The leading minorities are Azeris with 6.5%, Armenians with 5.7%, Russians with 1.5%, and others (including Ossetians and Abkhaz) with 2.5%.

LANGUAGES

Georgian is the official language and is spoken by about 71% of the population. Georgian is a South Caucasian language called Kartveli by its speakers. There is no article and a single declension with six cases. The alphabet is a phonetic one with 33 symbols. The literature dates from the 5th century ad.

Russian is spoken by 9% of the population, Armenian by 7%, Azeri by 6%, and various other languages are spoken by the remaining 7%. Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia.

RELIGIONS

In the 4th century ad Christianity briefly enjoyed the status of official religion, but successive conquests by Mongols, Turks, and Persians left Georgia with a complex and unsettled ethnic and religious heritage. According to the 2002 census, over 70% of the population are nominally Georgian Orthodox. About 13% are members of other Orthodox groups, including Russian, Armenian, and Greek. A small number of ethnic Russians belong to dissident Orthodox groups such as the Molokani, Staroveriy (Old Believers) and the Dukhoboriy. About 9.9% of the population are Muslims, most of whom are ethnic Azeris, Georgian Muslims of Ajara, and ethnic Chechen Kists. Less than 1% of the population are Roman Catholics. Smaller Christian denominations include Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists, Pentecostals, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Armenian Apostolic Church, and the New Apostolic Church. There are also small numbers of Bahai's and Hare Krishnas. There are about 8,000 Jews in the country.

In 2002, the parliament ratified a concordat with the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) granting them special recognition; however, the constitution has established a separation of church and state and freedom of religion. Some non-Orthodox groups have complained of the privileged status granted to the GOC. For instance, the GOC is allowed to review public school textbooks and to make suggestions on content. Registration of religious organizations is not required, but many do so in order to gain the legal status necessary to rent office or worship space and import written materials.

TRANSPORTATION

Railroads in Georgia as of 2004, consisted of 1,612 km (1,003 mi) of broad and narrow gauge lines, all of which were electrified. Nearly all of the country's railways were broad gauge, accounting for 1,575 km (980 mi), with narrow gauge lines making up only 37 km (23 mi). Railways serve primarily as connections to the Black Sea for inland cities like T'bilisi, Chiat'ura, Jvari, and Tkvarcheli. Highways in 2003 totaled an estimated 20,247 km (12,594 mi), of which 7,973 km (4,959 mi) were paved. The maritime fleet of 175 ships (of 1,000 GRT or over) had a capacity of 855,908 GRT in 2005. Batumi and Poti are the principal Black Sea ports. As of 2004, Georgia had an estimated 30 airports, 19 of which had paved runways, and three heliports (as of 2005). Its only international airport is T'bilisi which is capable of handling 1,000–1,200 passengers per hour. In 2003 there were about 2,000 aircraft departures, and around 124,000 passengers carried on scheduled domestic and international airline flights.

HISTORY

Georgia has existed as a state on a sporadic basis since classical times. The first Georgian state can be traced to the 4th century bc. Throughout its history Georgia has been conquered by the Romans, Iranians, the Arabs, the Turks, the Mongols and the Hordes of Tamerlane. Georgia did enjoy independence for short periods of time from the 6th to the 12th centuries ad. The Mongols invaded and conquered Georgia by 1236. Later the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for control of the region. Western Georgia became a Russian protectorate in 1783. All of Georgia was absorbed directly in the Russian empire during the 19th century.

During the tumult of the Russian revolution, Georgia declared its independence on 26 May 1918. Twenty-two countries recognized this new state, including Soviet Russia. Nonetheless, the Soviet Red Army invaded in February 1921 and Georgia's brief independence came to an end.

Many Georgians fell victim in the late 1920s and 1930s to Soviet collectivization, crash industrialization, and Stalin's purges (despite his Georgian-Ossetian ethnic origins). Nationalist riots were brutally suppressed in 1924 and 1956, and nationalist mass demonstrations occurred in 1978 and 1988. In April 1989, many Georgian demonstrators were murdered, some with shovels, by Soviet military and police forces during a peaceful protest against perceived Russian support for Abkhaz autonomy demands.

Georgia's first multiparty legislative elections, held in October 1990, resulted in a victory for the party coalition Round Table-Free Georgia, headed by academic and dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia. He was subsequently selected by the deputies to serve as chairman of the legislature. Following a March 1991 referendum, a formal declaration of independence was unanimously approved by the legislature on April 9. Gamsakhurdia was popularly elected as president in May, but still faced opposition from, among others, parties belonging to the National Congress, a national liberation body formed in October 1990. The Mkhedrioni paramilitary group, led by Jaba Ioseliani, was allied with the National Congress. During 1991, Gamsakhurdia's erratic attempts to remake Georgian society and politics caused the head of the National Guard, Tengiz Kitovani, to also join the opposition. The National Guard and Mkhedrioni spearheaded a general assault to overthrow Gamsakhurdia in December 1991, forcing him to flee the country in early January 1992.

A military council formed by Ioseliani, Kitovani, and others assumed power, suspending the Soviet-era constitution (and replacing it with one from 1921), dissolving the legislature, and declaring emergency rule. Former Georgian leader Eduard Shevardnadze (the Communist Party boss of Georgia from 1972 to 1985) was invited in early March 1992 to head a provisional government. He formed a civilian State Council to rule until elections could be held, and was elected head of its four-member presidium. During legislative elections in October 1992, he was elected speaker in an uncontested race. The new legislature granted Shevardnadze wide-ranging powers as head of state pending completion of a new constitution. In May 1993, Shevardnadze moved to consolidate his power by securing the resignations of Kitovani and Ioseliani from government posts. Gamsakhurdia returned from exile in September 1993 to the western Georgian region of Mingrelia and led a revolt to unseat Shevardnadze. Pro-Shevardnadze forces, assisted by the Russian military, were able to put down the revolt by early November 1993. Gamsakhurdia's death was reported in early January 1994. In further moves by Shevardnadze to consolidate power, Kitovani was arrested in January 1995 for planning an illegal paramilitary attack on Abkhazia, and he neutralized Ioseliani's Mkhedrioni.

Several of Georgia's ethnic minorities stepped up their dissident and separatist actions in the late 1980s and early 1990s. South Ossetians in 1989 called for their territory to be joined with North Ossetia in Russia, or for independence. Repressive efforts by former Georgian president Gamsakhurdia triggered conflict in 1990, reportedly leading to about 1,500 deaths and 50,000 displaced persons, mostly ethnic Georgians. In June 1992, Russian president Boris Yeltsin brokered a cease-fire, and a predominantly Russian military "peacekeeping" force numbering about 500 was stationed in South Ossetia. A coordinating commission on settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, composed of OSCE, Russian, Georgian, and North and South Ossetian emissaries, meets regularly, but rapprochement remains elusive. The November 1999 OSCE Summit Declaration urged Georgia and South Ossetia to agree on resettling displaced persons and called for international aid for the region. In his state of the nation speech on 9 February 2000, Shevardnadze praised the Russian peacekeepers and successes in reconciliation between ethnic Ossetians and Georgians.

Georgia's southern Ajaria region is to a large extent self-governing, under conditions resembling a police state. Ajaria's authorities claim that regional laws take precedence over national laws, and Shevardnadze has had to undertake extensive negotiations to establish national law in the region.

The Abkhaz conflict has resulted in about 10,000 deaths and over 200,000 refugees and displaced persons, mostly ethnic Georgians. In July 1992, the Abkhaz Supreme Soviet declared its effective independence from Georgia. This prompted Georgian national guardsmen to attack Abkhazia. In October 1992, the UN Security Council (UNSC) approved the first UN observer mission to a NIS state, termed UNOMIG, to help reach a settlement. In September 1993, Russian and North Caucasian "volunteer" troops that reportedly made up the bulk of Abkhaz separatist forces broke a cease-fire and quickly routed Georgian forces. Abkhaz-Georgian talks leading to a cease-fire were held under UN auspices, with the participation of Russia and the OSCE. In April 1994, the two sides signed framework accords on a political settlement and on the return of refugees and displaced persons. A Quadripartite Commission was set up to discuss repatriation, composed of Abkhaz and Georgian representatives and emissaries from Russia and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. The next month, a cease-fire was signed by Georgia and Abkhazia, providing for Russian troops (acting as Commonwealth of Independent States or CIS peacekeepers) to be deployed in a security zone along the Enguri River, which divides Abkhazia from the rest of Georgia. The Russian Defense Ministry in 1999 reported the deployment of about 1,700 peacekeepers.

A major point of contention between the two sides is Georgia's demand that displaced persons be allowed to return to Abkhazia, after which an agreement on broad autonomy for Abkhazia may be negotiated. The Abkhazians have insisted upon recognition of their "equal status" with Georgia as a precondition to large-scale repatriation. The CIS in 1997–1998 endorsed Shevardnadze's call for creating a special Abkhaz-Georgian administration, with UN and OSCE participation, to first seek peace in Abkhazia's Gali area, and to expand the security zone and give Russian peacekeepers police powers. Abkhazia refused to countenance changing the peacekeeping mandate. Although Shevardnadze has criticized the failures of the Russian peacekeepers, in February 2000 he stated that he saw no alternative to their presence, since no other international forces have come forward.

After a hiatus of two years, UN-sponsored peace talks were reconvened in mid-1997. In late 1997, the sides agreed to set up a Coordinating Council to discuss cease-fire maintenance and refugee, economic, and humanitarian issues. Coordinating Council talks and those of the Quadripartite Commission have been supplemented by direct discussions between an envoy from Vladislav Ardzinba, whom Abkhazian separatists have elected as their president, and the Georgian State Secretary. Abkhaz forces in mid-1998 reportedly expelled 30,000–40,000 ethnic Georgians who resided in the Gali area. In June 1999 in Istanbul, the two sides agreed to resume contacts they had cut off the year before, and a working group agreed to implement the separation of warring forces.

In November 1995, Eduard Shevardnadze was elected to the recreated post of president, receiving 74.32% of the vote in a six-person race, and a new parliament was selected. International observers termed the elections generally free and fair nationwide except in the region of Ajaria.

Seven candidates were registered to run in Georgia's 9 April 2000 presidential election. The major challengers to Shevardnadze were Jumbar Patiashvili, former first secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (who ran in the 1995 presidential race), and Aslan Abashidze, chairman of the Ajarian Supreme Council. Both challengers were leaders of the Revival Bloc that contested the 1999 legislative races. Abashidze did not actively campaign and withdrew from the race one day before the vote, alleging an unfair contest. Other speculation was that he withdrew in return for concessions from Shevardnadze on local power and finances. Voting did not take place in Abkhazia or South Ossetia. The Georgian Central Election Commission (CEC) reported that Shevardnadze received 80% of 1.87 million votes and Patiashvili received 17% (less than he received in 1995). The 150 OSCE monitors reported on April 10 that the election did not meet OSCE standards, though "fundamental freedoms were generally respected during the election campaign and candidates were able to express their views." They stressed that the government aided the incumbent, state media were biased, vote counting and tabulation procedures lacked uniformity and, at times, transparency, ballot box stuffing had taken place, and some voting protocols reportedly had been tampered with.

In March 2001, officials from Georgia and Abkhazia signed an accord stating they would not use force against one another. However, meetings between the two sides were cancelled later in the year due to continuing hostilities and hostage incidents. On 8 October 2001, a UNOMIG helicopter was shot down over Abkhazia, and all nine people on board were killed. As of February 2003, those responsible for the downing had not been identified. In August 2002, Georgia and Abkhazia failed to come to an agreement on the withdrawal of Abkhaz fighters from the Kodori Gorge, the only enclave controlled by Georgia in Abkhazia. Georgia was concerned that Russians were supporting the Abkhaz fighters. In January 2003, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan declared little progress had been made on talks to determine the future status of Abkhazia, and that the mandate for UNOMIG should be extended another six months, until 31 July 2003.

Upon coming into his second term in office, Shevardnadze claimed he would fight corruption and low living standards, undertake market reforms, and protect the territorial integrity of Georgia. Georgia desired NATO membership, and on 22 November 2002, Shevardnadze formally requested that Georgia be invited into the alliance. Russia did not immediately react to the announcement. In 1999, the OSCE demanded that Russia remove all of its troops from Georgia. In 2001, Russia vacated the Gudauta and Vaziani bases and the Marneuli military airfield, but did not agree to a time frame for a departure from the Akhalkalaki and Batumi military bases. One sore spot in Georgian-Russian relations remains the situation in Chechnya. Russian officials have accused Georgia of aiding Chechen rebels, especially in the Pankisi Gorge region of Georgia. Russia regards the armed conflict in Chechnya as a part of the international campaign against terrorism, and has demanded Georgia cooperate in combating Chechens in the region. In September 2002, Russia warned Georgia that it would take military action if Georgia failed to deal with Chechen rebels in the Pankisi Gorge. The United States, since 11 September 2001, has claimed that members of the al-Qaeda organization are operating in the Pankisi Gorge, and has enlisted Georgia's support in undertaking antiterror operations there. In April and May 2002, US Special Forces arrived in Georgia to train and equip troops for counterterrorist operations. On 8 February 2003, Russia claimed that terrorists recently arrested in Great Britain and France had trained in the Pankisi Gorge, and used laboratories built there to produce the poisonous toxin ricin that can be used as an agent in chemical warfare.

The end of 2003 brought with it drastic changes for Georgians. The parliamentary elections that were held on 2 November 2003 were criticized by national and international organizations as being grossly rigged. Mikhail Saakashvili, who received a law degree from Columbia University and worked in the United States for a short while, denounced the election results and urged the population of Georgia to nonviolent civil disobedience against the authorities. People responded to Saakashvili's call and mounted protests in T'bilisi (the so-called "Rose Revolution"), crying for fair elections. (The "Rose Revolution" inspired similar movements in other parts of the world, most notably in Ukraine where the "Orange Revolution" brought about long awaited change.) President Shevardnadze eventually bowed down under the pressure, and on 23 November 2003 resigned from his post, leaving parliamentary speaker Nino Burjanadze in charge until fresh presidential elections could be staged. This move was followed by a decision of the Supreme Court to annul the parliamentary elections results.

On 4 January 2004, Saakashvili emerged victorious in the presidential elections—he received support from all the opposition parties and garnered a 96.3% of the votes. His party, the National Movement-Democratic Front, subsequently won 67.6% of the votes (and 135 out of 150 party list seats in parliament) in the re-run of the parliamentary elections; the Rightist Opposition got 7.6% (15 seats), while other parties received less than 7%. The new prime minister was Zurab Noghaideli.

This victory, however, came in a context where Georgia was very politically, socially, and economically unstable. Aslan Abashidze, the leader of the Ajarian Autonomous Republic in western Georgia, accused Saakashvili of planning to invade Ajaria and declared a state of emergency and the mobilization of armed forces. He failed to attract support from Russia though, and intense criticism from several foreign governments and international organizations forced him to resign in May 2004 and leave for Moscow. These events were followed by tensions in the other two problematic regions—South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Parliamentary elections in South Ossetia in May 2004, and troubled presidential elections in Abkhazia in October 2004, were not recognized by the government in T'bilisi. A proposal on autonomy for South Ossetia presented by Saakashvili was consequently refused by the South Ossetian leaders who asked for full independence.

In May 2005, George W. Bush became the first US president to visit Georgia. That same month, the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan pipeline was officially opened, with US secretary of energy Samuel Bodman joining the presidents of Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey at the opening ceremony. A year later, oil began flowing through the pipeline.

GOVERNMENT

Until 1995, Georgia was governed according to a constitution dating back to 1921. Shevardnadze, though, pushed for the adoption of a new constitution giving the president added powers. A new constitution was approved by the legislature in August 1995. It re-establishes a strong presidency, though affirming a balance of executive and legislative powers more equitable than those in most other new constitutions approved by former Soviet republics. The president is elected for a five-year term. The constitution establishes a unicameral, 235-member legislature elected by single-man-date constituencies (85 seats) and party lists (150 seats). Legislators serve four-year terms. Government ministers are responsible to the president, who is assisted by a state minister. Shevardnadze in December 1999 decreed enhanced powers for the state minister "equal to those of a prime minister." The speaker's only constitutional powers are to sign bills and serve as acting president in case the president is indisposed or dies. The legislature agreed that federal provisions would be added to the constitution after Georgia's territorial integrity has been assured. The breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia are currently not under the control of the central government, and Ajaria is at least partly self-governing.

Voting for the new legislature took place on 5 November 1995, simultaneous with the presidential race. Only three of the 54 parties running received at least 5% of the party list vote required to win seats, though other parties won representation through constituency races; they have formed eight legislative factions. The elections were judged "consistent with democratic norms" by international observers.

Legislative elections were held in the spring of 2004. Voting was by party lists (150 seats) and single-member constituencies (73 seats; 12 sitting members representing separatist Abkhaz districts were allowed to retain their seats). Fifteen parties and blocs were registered but only two parties received at least 7% of the vote needed to gain party list seats (the new minimum was approved in July 1999). The National Movement-Democratic Front won 135 seats; the Rightist Opposition won 15.

POLITICAL PARTIES

Major political parties that won representation in the legislature elected in 1999, based on their share of the party list voting, included Shevardnadze's Georgian Citizens' Union (gaining 891,000 of 2.1 million party list votes cast), Ajarian leader Abashidze's pro-government Revival Union (537,000 votes), and Industry Will Save Georgia (151,000 votes). The Georgian Labor Party just failed to gain enough votes to win party list seats (141,000 votes). Other parties that gained more than 1% of the party list vote included the opposition National Democratic Party (NDP; it won the second-largest number of such seats in 1995), the People's Party, and the United Communist Party. Most of the minor political parties and groups characterized themselves as opposed to the government.

In November 2003, former President Eduard Shevardnadze resigned from office in a bloodless "Rose Revolution" following protests against his rule and what were seen to be fraudulent parliamentary elections. The election results were later annulled. Presidential elections were held on 4 January 2004, and Mikhail Saakashvili was elected president. His party, the National Movement-Democratic Front, won 135 seats out of the 150 that are on the party lists; the Rightist Opposition won the other 15.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Georgia's administrative subdivisions include the Abkhazian and Ajarian Autonomous Republics. The Georgian Supreme Soviet stripped South Ossetia of its autonomous status in late 1990, following its demands to secede and become a part of Russia. Abkhazia and South Ossetia consider themselves self-ruling, and Ajaria has substantial effective autonomy. There are 53 districts (rayons ) and 11 cities, whose governors or mayors are appointed by the president. Local assembly (sakrebulo ) elections were held for the first time under the new constitution in November 1998. Thirteen parties participated in the voting for more than 150,000 candidates for 10,000 municipal and district (rayon ) assemblies or councils. In small towns and villages of fewer than 2,000 voters, 654 majoritarian elections were held, while elsewhere 377 proportional elections by party lists took place. The Citizen's Union Party won the largest number of seats, followed by the Revival bloc, the National Democratic Party, and the Labor Party, though 12 of the 13 parties won some seats. Inadequate funding and the absence of legislation limited the functions of the new locally elected governments. Opposition parties accused the government and the ruling Citizens' Union Party of retaining the effective power to appoint the mayors of the largest cities and the regional leaders. There remains considerable contention between the central government and the Autonomous Ajarian Republic over the scope of local powers.

Local elections were held on 2 June 2002, and 4774 sakrebulo seats in regional Georgia were decided, along with 49 seats in T'bilisi. Independents won 2,749 of the regional seats, with the New Right Party taking 544 seats; Industry Will Save Georgia taking 478 seats; and the Revival Party/21st Century Bloc taking 195 seats. The Citizens' Union of Georgia won only 69 seats in a major defeat, faring poorly in both T'bilisi and the regions. This was attributed to a split between the two main factions of the party prior to the elections, both of which strove for the right to campaign as the CUG. The conservative faction won the right to campaign as the CUG in the week prior to the elections, and the reformist faction campaigned as the Christian Conservative Party.

JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Before 1995, Georgia's legal system retained traces of the pre-Soviet era, the Soviet period, the Gamsakhurdia presidency, and the State Council period. Courts included district courts, a T'bilisi city court, a supreme court in each of the two autonomous republics, and at the highest level the Supreme Court of the Republic.

The 1995 constitution provides for an independent judiciary. However, the judiciary is subject to some executive pressure and pressure from extensive family and clan networks. The Law on Common Courts, passed in 1997, establishes a three-tier court system. District courts hear petty criminal and civil cases. Regional courts of appeal have original and appellate jurisdiction. They try major criminal and civil cases, review cases, and can remand cases to the lower court for retrial. The Supreme Court was envisioned as the highest appellate court, but it also hears some capital cases and appeals from the Central Electoral Commission.

A constitutional court was set up in September 1996. It arbitrates constitutional disputes between the branches of government and rules on individual claims of human rights abuses.

Administration of the court system was transferred from the Justice Ministry to a Council of Justice in 1997, to increase the independence of the courts from budgetary and other influence. The council consists of four members from each of the three branches of government.

The constitution provides for the rights to presumption of innocence, to have a public trial, to legal counsel, and to refuse to make a statement in the absence of counsel. A criminal procedures code was approved in November 1997, and a new criminal code was passed in June 1999. The criminal procedures code aimed at reducing the dominant power of prosecutors over arrests and investigations. Under the new procedures, judges issue warrants for arrest and detention orders, and detentions must follow correct legal procedures, including informing detainees of their rights, allowing visits by family members and lawyers, and treating detainees without brutality. In mid-1999, however, some of the liberal strictures on defendants' rights were reversed at the insistence of the prosecutors, who continue to have a major influence over the courts.

Under the Law on Common Courts, Georgia has launched a system of testing judges on basic legal principles; many of those who have taken the test have failed. Georgia's accession to the Council of Europe in April 1999 led to new legislation taking jurisdiction over the prison system away from the Interior (police) Ministry and giving it to the Ministry of Justice.

ARMED FORCES

Georgia had a total of 11,320 active personnel in its armed forces as of 2005, supported by 1,578 reservists in the National Guard. The Army was the largest force in terms of manpower, with 7,042 active personnel. The Navy and the Air Force each had 1,350 active members. The Army had 86 main battle tanks, 89 armored infantry fighting vehicles, 91 armored personnel carriers, and 109 artillery pieces. Major naval units included 11 patrol/coastal vessels and six amphibious landing craft. The Air Force had seven combat capable aircraft that included six fighter ground attack aircraft, plus another used in a training capacity. The service also operated three attack helicopters. Paramiltary troops numbered 11,700, including 6,300 Ministry of Interior troops and 5,400 border guards. Georgian armed forces were deployed to Iraq in a peacekeeping support role, and under NATO in Serbia and Montenegro. There are also troops from 25 countries in Georgia acting as observers and in a peacekeeping role. The nation's defense budget in 2005 totaled $44 million.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Georgia was admitted to the United Nations on 21 July 1992. The country is a member of several UN specialized agencies, such as the FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, WHO, and the World Bank. Georgia joined the Commonwealth of Independent State (CIS) in 1993 and became a member of the WTO in 2000. The nation also belongs to the OSCE, the Council of Europe, the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Georgia has observer status in the OAS and is part of the NATO Partnership for Peace. In 2001, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova formed a social and economic development union known as GUAAM. Uzbekistan withdrew from the partnership in 2005.

In 1993, a UN Observer Mission (UNOMIG) was established in Georgia to monitor cease-fire agreements between the State of Georgia and the region of Abkhazia and to support ongoing CIS peacekeeping forces in that region. About 23 countries offer support for UNOMIG.

In environmental cooperation, Georgia is part of the Basel Convention, Conventions on Biological Diversity and Air Pollution, Ramsar, CITES, the Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, MARPOL, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change and Desertification.

ECONOMY

Over a decade after its emergence from the Soviet Union as an independent state, Georgia's economy has not fully recovered from the hyperinflation and economic collapse that by 1994 had reduced its GDP to 20% of its 1990 levels. In 2002 its GDP levels were still only at 40% of what they were in the 1980s. Continued civil strife and unresolved separatist struggles with Abkhazia and South Ossetia have combined with pervasive corruption, tax evasion, and a "shadow economy" larger than the legitimate one to stifle the country's economic progress. Shortfalls in revenues have caused the government to turn to external as well as domestic financing to cover chronic budget deficits. Foreign borrowing has in turn led to balance of payments problems and resort to IMF facilities. Georgia has entered into three programs with the IMF since independence. A short standby arrangement, June 1995 to February 1996, was followed on expiration by a multiyear program under the Extended Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF), which was in effect to 13 August 1999 when the IMF withdrew due to the failure of Georgia to meet budgetary targets. In January 2001, a revised program with more realistic targets was approved under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). In March 2001, having an IMF-supervised program underway, Georgia was able to reach an agreement with the Paris Club for rescheduling some of its sovereign debt owed to Paris Club members. From May to October 2001, the IMF again suspended disbursements to Georgia because of its failure to meet the program's conditionals. The 2001 PRGF program was scheduled to expire in January 2004; the government sought and was awarded a new three-year PRGF in June 2004.

Georgia's mild climate makes it an important agricultural producer, raising a growing range of subtropical crops (including tea, tobacco, citrus fruits, and flowers) in the coastal region and exporting them to the northern republics in return for manufactured goods. Georgia supplied almost all of the former Soviet Union's citrus fruits and tea, and much of its grape crop.

In 1996, the government embarked on a program for the privatization of land holdings. The country also has deposits of manganese, coal, iron ore, and lead, plus a skilled, educated work force. There were several oil refineries operating at the Black Sea port of Batumi. Since low points in 1994 and 1995, there has been sustained growth, although not in all sectors, and inflation has been brought substantially under control. Inflation fell from 163% (consumer prices) in 1995 to 39% in 1996 and 7% in 1997. The growth in GDP reached double digits, 11.2% (1996) and 10.6% (1997), stimulated in part by work on the Baku-Supsa pipeline (opened in April 1999). Since 1998, however, GDP growth slowed to about 3% a year due a combination of the effect of economic crises in Russia and Turkey (which together supply 40% of Georgia's imports and buy over 40% of its exports), an influx of refugees since 1999 from neighboring war-torn Chechnya, severe droughts affecting Georgia's agricultural output in 1998 and 2000, and, from 2001, the global economic slowdown. In 1998, overall GDP growth slowed to 3%, as agricultural production dropped 10% and industrial production dropped 2%. Growth remained at only 3% in 1999. GDP growth was even lower (2%) in 2000, despite 11% growth in industrial production, due to a recurrence of drought which caused agricultural production to fall 15% in one year.

In 2001, agriculture recovered somewhat, growing 6%, but industrial production fell back 5%, reflecting in part an 11% decrease in exports to countries outside the CIS. Exports to CIS countries, by contrast, rose 23% in 2000 and 9% in 2001. Georgia official statistics report that the GDP grew overall by 4.5% in 2001, while the US CIA estimated growth at 8.4%. Inflation, which spurted to 19% in 1999, fell to moderate levels of between 4% and 5% in 2000 and 2001.

In 2002, the economy was hampered by the necessity of importing over 90% of the petroleum products consumed due to the shutting down of its only two remaining refineries. The larger 106,000-barrels-per-day refinery at Batumi was closed for modernization and expansion under an agreement with Japan's Mitsui Corp. A small 4,000 barrels-per-day refinery, built in 1998 and idle for much of 2001, was closed permanently in 2002 by its operation company, CanArgo, in favor of a plan to replace it with a larger 30,100-barrels-per-day facility. Georgia's future economic prospects were thought to have improved greatly in December 2002 however, with the announcement of an agreement on the Georgia portion of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, which opened in May 2005. In addition to the BTC project, which is to pipe oil from the Caspian Sea to the Turkish port of Ceyhan on the Mediterranean to supply Western European markets, Georgia and Turkey concluded another agreement to build a railway from T'bilisi to Kars, Turkey. The railway would transport oil to Turkish refineries. Plans also exist to develop Georgia into a transit center for natural gas.

The economy experienced an explosive expansion in 2003, with a GDP growth rate of 11.1%. The economy cooled down in 2004, growing by 6.2%, but was expected to pick up again in 2005, with a projected growth rate of around 8.0%. The inflation rate was stable, fluctuating between 4% and 6%. As such, inflation did not pose a problem to the overall economy, although it was expected to rise in 2005 to 8.5%. The "Rose Revolution" in 2003 brought hope that the economy would take a turn for the better by emulating a Western development pattern. The Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipe lines and the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas pipe lines have brought much needed investment into the country and helped alleviate the chronic unemployment. However, Georgia's energy sector was still dependent on imports from Russia as of 2005, and its market needed heavy restructuring before it could reach functional economy status.

INCOME

The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that in 2005 Georgia's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $16.1 billion. The CIA defines GDP as the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year and computed on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP) rather than value as measured on the basis of the rate of exchange based on current dollars. The per capita GDP was estimated at $3,400. The annual growth rate of GDP was estimated at 10%. The average inflation rate in 2005 was 8%. It was estimated that agriculture accounted for 16% of GDP, industry 26.8%, and services 57.2%.

According to the World Bank, in 2003 remittances from citizens working abroad totaled $246 million or about $54 per capita and accounted for approximately 6.2% of GDP. Foreign aid receipts amounted to $220 million or about $43 per capita and accounted for approximately 5.5% of the gross national income (GNI).

The World Bank reports that in 2003 household consumption in Georgia totaled $3.12 billion or about $684 per capita based on a GDP of $4.0 billion, measured in current dollars rather than PPP. Household consumption includes expenditures of individuals, households, and nongovernmental organizations on goods and services, excluding purchases of dwellings. It was estimated that for the period 1990 to 2003 household consumption grew at an average annual rate of 4.5%. In 2001 it was estimated that approximately 33% of household consumption was spent on food, 13% on fuel, 2% on health care, and 4% on education. It was estimated that in 2001 about 54% of the population had incomes below the poverty line.

LABOR

The labor force was estimated at 2.1 million in 2001 (the latest year for which data was available). Agriculture provided work to 40% of the labor force, with another 40% engaged in services and the remaining 20% in industry. The estimated unemployment rate was 17% in 2001.

Employees have the right to form or join unions freely. A confederation of independent trade unions has emerged with the abandonment of the old centralized Soviet trade unions. Georgia's main trade union is the Amalgamated Trade Unions of Georgia. Workers are permitted to engage in collective bargaining, but this practice is not extensive.

The minimum employment age is 16 except in unusual circumstances, and this minimum employment age is generally respected. The government sets public-sector salaries dependent on the pay grade of the employee. The lowest such wage was $10.80 per month in 2002. There is no state prescribed minimum wage for the private sector. In general, wages and salaries do not provide a decent standard of living for a family. The legal standard work-week is 41 hours with a 24-hour rest period weekly.

AGRICULTURE

About 15% of Georgia's total land area was considered arable in 2003. Since independence in April 1991, Georgian agriculture has become much more associated with the private sector; 99% of agricultural land is now privately held. In 2003, agriculture accounted for an estimated 20% of GDP.

During the Soviet era, Georgia produced almost the entire citrus and tea crop and most of the grape crop for the entire Soviet Union. In 2004, production levels (in thousands of tons) included corn, 410; wheat, 186; barley, 61; tea, 24; vegetables and melons, 490; and grapes, 180.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Meadows and pastures account for about 30% of the Georgian land area. In 2005, the livestock population included cattle, 1,250,000; sheep, 689,000; pigs, 484,000; buffaloes, 35,000; horses, 44,000; and chickens, 9,100,000. Beef production in 2005 totaled some 51,000 tons; pork, 35,000 tons; and chicken, 15,000 tons. About 781,000 tons of milk were produced in 2005, as were 31,500 tons of eggs.

In mid-1993, a ban was placed on the export of dairy products (including milk), cattle and poultry, meat and meat products, and leather. Georgia does not produce enough meat and dairy products to satisfy domestic demand. Meat imports in 2004 exceeded $19.7 million.

FISHING

The Black Sea and Kura River are the main sources of the domestic catch. The total catch in 2003 was about 3,361 tons, with marine fishing accounting for 97%. Anchovies made up 67% of the total catch in 2003. Commercial fishing is not a significant contributor to the economy.

FORESTRY

About 44% of Georgia is covered with forests or woodlands, but the mountainous terrain inhibits forestry production. Timber production is primarily for domestic use; exports of forestry products amounted to only $17.9 million in 2003.

MINING

Georgia had significant mineral deposits, but the future of the industry depended on a more secure climate for investment, through greater political and economic stability. Manganese was the country's foremost mineral commodity in the Soviet era, producing 5 million tons in the mid-1980s; production has since fallen precipitously, reaching 59,100 metric tons in 2000, but had increased to an estimated 80,000 metric tons in 2002. Manganese came from the Chiat'ura basin; reserves of high-grade ore were almost depleted.

The Madneuli region was a major site of barite, copper, lead-zinc, gold, and silver mining. Lead and zinc were mined at the Kvaisi deposit, and arsenic was mined from the Lukhumi and Tsansa deposits. In 1995, the Georgian State Geology Committee, Gruzgeologiya, stated that Georgia had gold reserves of 250 tons and silver reserves of 1,500 tons, with another 250 tons of prospective gold reserves.

In 1996, Georgia permitted foreign firms to manage metallurgical enterprises. The Zestafoni ferroalloy plant was signed over to the Russian-Georgian Bank for Reconstruction and Development in conjunction with a US partner, North Atlantic Research, to be managed for a period of 10 years.

Mine output of copper was 8,000 metric tons in 2002. In that same year, gold output was estimated at 2,000 kg, and for silver, an estimated 33,000 kg. Also produced in 2002 were mine lead, barite, bentonite, mine zinc, and cement.

ENERGY AND POWER

Georgia must rely on imports for most of its energy needs. Its limited oil reserves were placed at about 30 million barrels in 2003. The country produced 2,000 barrels per day in 2004, much less than the 42,200 barrels of oil it consumed each day that same year. However, oil exploration is actively being carried out both on land and along the Black Sea coast. Most of the oil comes primarily from Azerbaijan, and Russia. Natural gas reserves in 2003 were placed at 0.3 trillion cu ft, with production and consumption at 0.6 billion cu ft and at 35.3 billion cu ft, respectively in that year.

Georgia has two oil refineries, a 106,000-barrel-per-day (bpd) facility at Batumi and a smaller refinery at Sartichala. Georgia plans on utilizing its Black Sea ports to become a significant transshipment point for oil produced by Azerbaijan (and the other republics of central Asia). On 8 March 1996, Georgia and Azerbaijan signed a 30-year agreement to pump a portion of the oil produced in the Azeri waters of the Caspian Sea to the Georgian port of Suspa. From there, the oil will be shipped across the Black Sea to western markets via Turkey. The pipeline along this route became operational in April 1999 following substantial upgrades. Additionally, improved ties with Iran will reduce dependence on energy imports from Russia, from which Georgia is trying to distance itself economically.

Deteriorating plants and equipment prevent Georgia's power sector from operating at full capacity, and power outages are common in many areas of the country. As with its imports of natural gas, Georgia is in arrears in paying for the electricity it has been obliged to import from Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Russia. The country has substantial untapped hydroelectric potential, however, and is planning to build two new hydroelectric plants on the Rioni River and a third, the 40-MW Minadze station, on the Kura River. In 2003, electricity production amounted to 6.7 billion kWh. In 2002, hydropower accounted for 83% of the electricity produced and 16.6% was from fossil fuel. Installed capacity in 2003 was 4.4 GW, with consumption at 6.8 billion kWh for that year. The two major power plants are a thermal plant at T'bilisi (with a capacity of 1,280,000 kW) and the Enguri hydroelectric plant (with a 1,325,000 kW capacity). Consumption of electricity in 2000 totaled 7.9 billion kWh.

Georgia is one of the 12 former Soviet republics to found the Intergovernmental Council on Oil and Gas (ICOG), which stresses international cooperation in the oil and natural gas industry and will entitle members to receive Russian energy resources in exchange for investment in Russia's oil and natural gas industries.

INDUSTRY

Heavy industry, based on the country's mineral resources, predominates, and includes metallurgy, construction materials, and machine building. Light industry includes food processing, beverage production, consumer durables, garments, and oil-processing. Hyperinflation in 1994 together with continuing political unrest severely affected industrial production. By 1995, industrial output of state enterprises was one-fifth of the 1990 level.

In 1996, although industrial production rose 6% for the year, less than 20% of the country's industries were operating, most at less than 15% of capacity. In 1997 another improvement of 7% was recorded, but in 1998, due mainly to the financial crisis in Russia, industrial production fell 2%. By the end of 1998, the privatization of small businesses was largely completed, with over 12,860 becoming privately owned. Among the large state enterprises, about 1,200 had been changed into joint stock companies, 910 of which have since been privatized.

Despite a model legal framework for the privatization of its enterprises, industry in Georgia had only been 15.2% privatized as of 2002, with the construction industry at about 18.5%, mainly because of a lack of buyers. The least privatized sector is energy, where, according to a recent USAID assessment, the infrastructure borders on catastrophic failure.

Growth in industrial production returned in 1999 and 2000, at 7% and 11%, respectively, but in 2001, there was a decline of 5%, due, externally, to declining export demand in non-CIS countries, and, internally, to the shutdown of most of Georgia's refinery production. Before independence, Georgia had several refineries, but by 2001, it had only two: one at the Black Sea port of Batumi with a 106,000 b/d capacity, and the other, a small 4,000 b/d refinery built in 1998 near CanArgo's Ninotsminda oil field called the Georgian-American Oil Refinery (GAOR).

In 2001, the GAOR operated only between July and September, and at less than 50% capacity. In September 2001, CanArgo shut it down, announcing plans to build a $200 million refinery in its place that would have a 30,100 b/d capacity. In 2002, the Batumi refinery was also closed, undergoing a $250 million upgrade and expansion directed by the Mitsui Corporation. As a result, Georgia has been obliged to import over 90% of its petroleum products. Mitsui has undertaken the work without Georgian government guarantees of its investment. The lack of such guarantees caused two other Japanese companies, Marubeni and JGC, to drop out of the project. Georgia's most promising industrial development came in December 2002, when agreement was announced for the construction of Georgia's part of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline; the pipeline was officially opened on 25 May 2005.

Industry accounted for 26.8% of overall economic output in 2005, and it was the sector with the smallest representation in the working population; agriculture and services were by far the largest employers (both with an approximate equal representation in the labor force—40%), although they achieved different productivity levels—agriculture accounted for 16% of the GDP, while services came in first with 57.2%. Current important industries include steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, and wine.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The Georgian Academy of Sciences has departments of mathematics and physics, earth sciences, applied mechanics, machine building, and control processes, chemistry and chemical technology, agricultural science problems, biology, and physiology and experimental medicine. Georgia has 44 research institutes, many attached to the academy, conducting research concerning agriculture, fisheries, and veterinary science; and medicine, natural sciences, and technology. The academy's Sukhumi Botanical Garden is maintained at Chavchavadze. The Scientific and Technical Library of Georgia, with more than 10 million volumes in 1996, is located in T'bilisi. Eight colleges and universities offer degrees in basic and applied sciences. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 39% of university enrollment.

In 2002, research and development spending totaled $33.702 million, or 0.29% of GDP. As of that same year, high technology exports totaled $41 million, or 38% of all manufactured exports. As of 2002, there were 2,317 researchers and 241 technicians per million people actively engaged in R&D.

DOMESTIC TRADE

The war in Abkhazia severely disrupted domestic trade in 1993 and hyperinflation in 1994 led to widespread fighting in the nation and catastrophic economic decline. Economic conditions began to improve by the mid-1990s following the influx of foreign aid. Agriculture continues to be a primary basis for the domestic economy. The fastest growing segment of the economy, however, is in services, which accounted for about 55% of the GDP in 2002. Small privately owned shops are still more prevalent than supermarkets or larger retail establishments. Business hours are generally from 9 am to 6 pm, Monday through Friday.

FOREIGN TRADE

Traditionally Georgia has been heavily dependent on Russia for power, bridges, roads, and other economic essentials. In return, Georgia sends Russia fruit, wine, and other agricultural products. Georgia's current government, however, is pursuing closer links with the EU and Turkey.

In 2005, exports reached $1.4 billion (FOB—Free on Board), while imports grew to $2.5 billion (FOB). The bulk of exports went to Turkey (18.3%), Turkmenistan (17.8%), Russia (16.2%), Armenia

Country	Exports	Imports	Balance
World	475.5	1,135.4	-659.9
Russia	84.0	155.3	-71.3
Turkey	82.4	112.1	-29.7
Turkmenistan	58.4	9.9	48.5
Armenia	41.1	12.0	29.1
Switzerland-Liechtenstein	33.3	14.5	18.8
Ukraine	30.2	80.3	-50.1
United Kingdom	27.9	145.6	-117.7
Azerbaijan	16.6	93.8	-77.2
United States	15.4	90.8	-75.4
Netherlands	9.9	22.3	-12.4
(…) data not available or not significant.

(8.4%), the United Kingdom (4.9%), and Azerbaijan (3.9%). Principal exports were ferro alloys, copper and gold, ferrous waste and scrap, iron and steel, wine, and mineral water. Imports included oil, gas, electricity, tubes and pipes, and automotives, and mainly came from Russia (14%), Turkey (11%), the United Kingdom (9.3%), Azerbaijan (8.5%), Germany (8.2%), the Ukraine (7.7%), and the United States (6%).

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

Georgia's high level of imports, until 2000, was largely due to its capital account surplus, stemming from the inflows of investments, loans, and grants, rather than from weak export performance. Georgia's capital account subsequently fell into deficit.

The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reported that in 2002 the purchasing power parity of Georgia's exports was $515 million

Current Account			-397.1
Balance on goods		-636.0
Imports	-1,466.6
Exports	830.6
Balance on services		52.5
Balance on income		34.3
Current transfers		152.0
Capital Account			19.9
Financial Account			323.0
Direct investment abroad		-3.8
Direct investment in Georgia		337.9
Portfolio investment assets		…
Portfolio investment liabilities		…
Financial derivatives		…
Other investment assets		-6.1
Other investment liabilities		-5.0
Net Errors and Omissions			6.6
Reserves and Related Items			47.7
(…) data not available or not significant.

while imports totaled $750 million resulting in a trade deficit of $235 million.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that in 2000 Georgia had exports of goods totaling $459 million and imports totaling $971 million. The services credit totaled $206 million and debit $216 million.

Exports of goods and services reached $1.1 billion in 2004, down from $1.3 billion in 2003. Imports decreased from $1.9 billion in 2003, to $1.8 billion in 2004. The resource balance was consequently negative in both years, reaching -$583 million in 2003 and -$637 million in 2004. The current account balance was also negative, decreasing from -$391 million in 2003, to -$430 million in 2004. Foreign exchange reserves (including gold) decreased to $187 million in 2004, barely covering a month of imports.

BANKING AND SECURITIES

The National Bank of Georgia (NBG), the state's central bank, was founded in 1991. The NBG has the functions of a central bank, namely issuing currency, managing the exchange rate, controlling monetary and credit aggregates, and regulating the activities of the banking sector.

In September 1995 Georgia introduced a new currency, the lari (l), to replace its interim currency, the coupon, at the rate of l1 = coupon1,000,000. The coupon had been introduced in May 1993 after the collapse of the ruble zone in response to a severe cash shortage in the republic. The coupon experienced one of the steepest devaluations of any currencies in the former Soviet Union, plummeting from around coupon1,000 = $1 shortly after its introduction to coupon1,550,000=$1 by December 1994. The coupon was scarcely used by the private sector, where the majority of transactions were carried out in dollars and rubles.

The government has since had more success with the lari. The new currency was introduced at l1.3 = $1, and given the dramatic success in reducing inflation, by the end of November 1996 it had appreciated slightly to trade around l1.28 = $1. However, by 2001, it had lost some value, trading at l2.07 = $1.

At the time of independence there were, in addition to the NBG, five specialized commercial banks, about 200 small domestic commercial banks, and the former Georgian branches of the Soviet Savings Bank and Vneshekonombank. During 1993 and 1994, a large number of small banks were set up, peaking at 227 by mid-1994. Several of these have since collapsed, leaving creditors bankrupt. In December 1994, the central bank stripped 28 commercial banks of their licenses on the ground that they had insufficient funds. In June 1995, the head of the central bank, Nodar Javakhishvili, moved to further stiffen capital requirements and stripped 22 more banks of the licenses. This was followed in July and August with similar measures that resulted in 58 additional banks losing their licenses. Also during 1995 was the merger of three state banks (Eximbank, Industrial Bank, and the Savings Bank) into the United Georgian Bank. State-owned banks accounted for some 75% of banking sector assets.

The first foreign bank, the Georgian-US bank, was opened in T'bilisi in early 1994. In September 1996 a joint investment bank began its operations with its founding capital contributed by the United Georgian Bank, the Commercial Bank of Greece, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Emlak Bankasi, a Turkish bank, and the Caucasus Development Bank, based in Azerbaijan, currently maintain offices in T'bilisi. In 1997, the EBRD announced that it is to lend $5 million to Absolute Bank, a US-Georgian joint venture, with 60% US ownership. The bank has $3 million in assets, making it one of the largest Georgian banks in terms of capital.

Other commercial banks include the Agricultural Bank (1991), the Bank of Industry and Construction (1991), Housing Bank of Georgia (1991), and the State Savings Bank (1989).

The International Monetary Fund reports that in 2001, currency and demand deposits—an aggregate commonly known as M1—were equal to $190.2 million. In that same year, M2—an aggregate equal to M1 plus savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual funds—was $356.0 million. The money market rate, the rate at which financial institutions lend to one another in the short term, was 17.5%.

The Caucasian Exchange, a stock exchange, opened recently in Georgia.

INSURANCE

Georgia's insurance system is largely inherited from government-controlled Soviet institutions. The civil war impairs growth of the insurance sector.

PUBLIC FINANCE

Georgia has been notorious for mismanaging its budget. In 1999, the IMF put one of its programs in the country on hold because Georgia could not meet the conditional budgetary targets the IMF set forth. A more realistic budget in the second half of 2000 paved the way for a new IMF program beginning in January 2001. Georgia's progress towards those new budgetary goals has been uneven, but it has remained on track.

The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that in 2005 Georgia's central government took in revenues of approximately $872.5 billion and had expenditures of $1 billion. Revenues minus expenditures totaled approximately $871.4 billion. Total external debt was $1.9 billion.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that in 2003, the most recent year for which it had data, central government revenues were l933.3 million and expenditures were l1,009.8 million. The value of revenues was us$435 million and expenditures us$471 million, based on an exchange rate for 2003 of us$1 = l2.1457 as reported by the IMF. Government outlays by function were as follows: general public services, 34.1%; defense, 6.0%; public order and safety, 10.7%; economic affairs, 8.8%; housing and community amenities, 0.6%; health, 1.0%; recreation, culture, and religion, 2.5%; education, 4.1%; and social protection, 32.4%.

TAXATION

As of 2004, Georgia has a standard corporate profits tax of 20%. Capital gains are considered part of taxable profits and are taxed at the corporate rate. Taxes on dividends, interest, and management fees are withheld at the source at a rate of 10%. Foreign entities not permanently established pay a withholding tax of 10% on dividends, interest, and royalty payments. There is also a withholding tax of 4% on insurance premiums and payments for international telecommunications and transportation services. A 1% tax on property of enterprises (TPE) is charged foreign companies that have permanent establishments in Georgia. There is also a personal

Revenue and Grants	933.3	100.0%
Tax revenue	602.3	64.5%
Social contributions	222.7	23.9%
Grants	48.4	5.2%
Other revenue	59.9	6.4%
Expenditures	1,009.8	100.0%
General public services	344.1	34.1%
Defense	60.4	6.0%
Public order and safety	107.6	10.7%
Economic affairs	88.5	8.8%
Environmental protection	…	…
Housing and community amenities	5.6	0.6%
Health	10.3	1.0%
Recreational, culture, and religion	25	2.5%
Education	41	4.1%
Social protection	327.3	32.4%
(…) data not available or not significant.

income tax, paid by resident and nonresident individuals, which has four brackets, the first one being a negative income tax of 12% up to an income of l200 (about $93). For l201–350 (about $165), the tax is l24 ($11) plus 15%. For l351–600 ($286), the tax is l46.5 ($22) plus 17%. Above l600, the tax is l98 ($42) plus 20%. Social charges are deducted from employees' salaries: 15% for the health protection fund and 1% for the social security fund. Employers' contributions are 3% for the health protection fund, 27% for social security, and 1% for unemployment. There is also a value-added tax (VAT) of 20% (reduced from 28%), in addition to various excise taxes, ranging from 10–90%

Georgia has one of the worst rates of tax compliance in the world. Chronic shortfalls in revenue collection means that the state must turn to external financing and loans from the National Bank of Georgia to make up for budget deficits. External borrowing to cover budget shortfalls have been the primary reason Georgia has had to turn to the IMF and the Paris Club for stand-by credit agreements and rescheduling of sovereign debt. The high rate of tax evasion puts legitimate business at a competitive disadvantage with a large "shadow economy," estimated officially to constitute 40–60% of the economy, but generally believed, according to the US State Department, to be much higher. Estimates of underpaying of taxes by enterprises have been close to 80%.

CUSTOMS AND DUTIES

Georgia has an open trade regime, with most commodities carrying tariffs of either 5% or 12%, although automobiles have considerably higher rates. Some goods, such as grains, humanitarian goods, and aviation fuel, are exempt from carrying customs tariffs. Imported goods are also subject to a value-added tax (VAT) of 20% and an excise tax of 5–100% is levied on luxury goods.

FOREIGN INVESTMENT

Georgia was one of the first former Soviet republics to adopt market reforms on foreign investment. However, political instability has hampered efforts to attract capital from abroad. Oil and gas pipeline projects and expanded privatization sales promised to reverse this trend. By the mid1990s both GDP and total foreign investment began to grow steadily. In September 1998 the decision was made to make all future economic regulations in full conformity with the norms of the European Community. Legislation in 2000 extended the scope of the privatization program, created a capital market, and provided for the registration of enterprise and agricultural land, all conducive to improving Georgia's investment climate. Also in 2000, the currency appeared to have stabilized. The main hindrances to foreign investment flows are not the legal framework but pervasive corruption and arbitrary and biased administration.

Annual foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow swelled to $242 million in 1997 and $265.3 million in 1998 mainly due to work on the Baku-Supsa pipeline and on the Supsa terminal. FDI flows fell to an annual average of $124.3 million 1999 to 2001. Total FDI stock from 1990 to 2000 was an estimated $672 million. The United States has been the leading source of foreign investment, accounting for about 22%.

Investment levels have, as expected, soared in recent years. Mainly due to work on the Baku-Tibilisi-Ceyhan pipeline and the Shah Deniz gas pipeline, FDI levels have grown from $163 million in 2002, to $336 million in 2003, and $490 million in 2004. Preliminary data for 2005 shows that inflows of capital have reached $284 million in the first half of the year. An encouraging fact is the winding down of the effects of the pipeline projects, and the increase in foreign investments as a result of privatizations done by the government.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

In late 1992, the government inaugurated its Medium-Term Program of Macroeconomic Stabilization and Systemic Change focusing on price and trade liberalization, budget constraints for public enterprises, and privatization. As part of a small enterprise privatization program, the first auction of small-scale assets was held in T'bilisi in March 1993. Practically all housing has been privatized, as well as a high percentage of agricultural land. Privatization was progressing as of 2003, and the government was developing the legal framework necessary for a good climate of investment. Nevertheless, due to a lack of enough foreign direct investment in 2003, the transportation and communication infrastructure remains in poor condition.

In spite of these reforms, political instability continues to hamper Georgian economic development. Although the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline brings much needed foreign investment, most observers feel that the fate of the Georgian economy hinges on the ultimate fate of the Caucasus.

Corruption hampers economic development, and has undermined the credibility of the government's economic reforms. The size of the shadow economy is also a concern. The Paris Club rescheduled Georgian debt in 2001. That year, Georgia negotiated a three-year $144 million Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) Arrangement with the IMF, which was due to expire in 2004. The IMF encouraged the country to implement tax reform, to improve revenue collection, strengthen the banking system, and to combat corruption and smuggling.

The construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipe lines and the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas pipe lines have been extremely beneficial for the economy of Georgia. The economy has registered impressive growth rates (11.1% in 2003, and 8% in 2005), unemployment has been alleviated, and the privatization of several national enterprises has been made easier as a result. A strong industrial sector, together with higher productivity rates in the agricultural sectors, will ensure that the impressive economic expansion will continue at similar rates for at least another couple of years. The government needs to speed up reforms however, and ensure a proper economic restructuring by developing and diversifying its manufacturing and export bases.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

All employees are eligible for old age benefits, which are funded primarily by employers, who contribute 31% of payroll. Disability and death are not covered. A special social pension exists for the aged and disabled who do not qualify for the employee pension system as determined by need. Paid maternity leave is provided for up to eight weeks, although it is reported that employers frequently withhold benefits. Temporary disability is only payable if the employer is responsible for the injury, although unemployment and permanent disability benefits are provided. Medical services are provided to needy residents by government health officials. Family allowances, initiated in 2002, provide for all needy residents, and is funded by the government.

Women remain predominantly in low-skilled, low-paying jobs, regardless of qualifications. Female participation in politics has been discouraged, and women rarely fill leadership positions in the private sector. Discrimination and harassment in the workplace are common. Violence against women is a serious problem and there are virtually no mechanisms to assist victims. Societal bias discourages the reporting of domestic abuse or sexual violence. In 2004, kidnapping of women for marriage still occurred.

Human rights abuses by the police and security forces continue, often to obtain confessions or extract money. Prison conditions are inhumane and life threatening, and corruption is endemic in the judicial and law enforcement systems. There is some discrimination against ethnic minorities.

HEALTH

Since 1995 there have been wide-ranging reforms to the centralized system of health care inherited from the former Soviet Union. Staffed by a disproportionate number of specialists, and supporting a relatively high number of hospital beds, the system proved too costly and inefficient to maintain. In the period immediately following independence, financial shortages led to delayed payment, or even nonpayment, of medical staff salaries; a virtual halt to investment in new medical equipment and buildings; and the emergence of a black market in pharmaceuticals. Changes in health care policy since 1995 include introduction of a health insurance system and an end to free health care outside a basic package of health benefits, as well as new systems of provider payment. The network of rural and urban primary care centers is still largely a holdover from the Soviet era, but the payment structure for services has changed. Health care expenditure was estimated at 2.8% of GDP.

In 2004, there were an estimated 391 physicians, 372 nurses, 29 midwives, and 30 dentists per 100,000 people. Immunization rates for the country in 1997 were as follows: children up to one year old were vaccinated against tuberculosis, 76%; diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, 92%; polio, 98%; and measles, 95%.

Life expectancy in 2005 was an average of 75.88 years and the infant mortality rate was 18.59 per 1,000 live births. The total fertility rate has decreased from 2.9 children per woman of child-bearing years in 1960 to 1.1 in 2000. The under-five mortality rate was 59 per 1,000 live births. The maternal mortality rate was much lower than the average in Eastern Europe. In 1995 there were 22 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The estimated overall mortality rate as of 2002 was 14.6 per 1,000 people. There were approximately 2,000 civil war-related deaths in 1992. A diphtheria epidemic has spread through the former Soviet Union. In most affected countries, the incidence rate of reported diphtheria has increased two- to tenfold every year.

The HIV/AIDS prevalence was 0.10 per 100 adults in 2003. As of 2004, there were approximately 3,000 people living with HIV/AIDS in the country. There were an estimated 200 deaths from AIDS in 2003.

HOUSING

Before independence, most urban housing was regulated by the government while most rural housing was privately owned. Beginning in the mid 1990s, legislation towards privatization led to the legalization of an open real estate market. Unfortunately, the need for adequate housing is far greater than current supplies. In 1989, there were 152,033 people registered and waiting for adequate housing. Overcrowding became a problem as extended families stayed together in one household simply because of the lack of alternative housing. Natural disasters have caused trouble for an already problematic housing situation. Mudslides are common in some areas. In 1987, a mudslide destroyed 210 homes and seriously damaged 850 more. In 1991, an earthquake destroyed 46,000 homes. Civil unrest has caused a great deal of homelessness as well. As of 2001, there were about 300,000 displaced persons throughout the country.

During 1995 a total of 55,423 sq m of dwelling was built in the republic, but this represented only a 4.4% increase in new dwelling area since 1987. Building costs are high, with the price of one square meter often between $500 and $1,000. At the 2002 census, there were 1,243,158 private households, with the average size of household at 3.5 persons.

In western Georgia, a typical older home is wooden, raised off the ground slightly in areas where flooding or very damp ground is problematic. In the drier climate of eastern Georgia, stone (later brick) houses with flat roofs were constructed along roads. In urban regions, two-story brick or cement block homes are not uncommon.

EDUCATION

Georgia's educational system was based on the Soviet model until the late 1980s, when there was a de-emphasis of Soviet educational themes in favor of Georgian history and language. Georgian students are taught in a number of languages, including Georgian, Russian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Abkhazian, and Ossetian. Education is compulsory for nine years, beginning at age seven. Elementary school covers six years of study. This is followed by either seven years of general secondary school or six years of technical school. The academic year runs from September to June.

In 2001, about 41% of children between the ages of three and five were enrolled in some type of preschool program. Primary school enrollment in 2003 was estimated at about 89% of age-eligible students. The same year, secondary school enrollment was about 78% of age-eligible students. It is estimated that about 82% of all students complete their primary education. The student-to-teacher ratio for primary school was at about 16:1 in 2000; the ratio for secondary school was about 8:1.

There are 24 state institutions of higher learning in the country and 73 private accredited institutions. These include the Iran Dzhavakhiladze University of T'bilisi, Georgian Technical University, Abkhazian State University, and State University of Batumi. In 2003, about 38% of the tertiary age population were enrolled in some type of higher education program. The adult literacy rate has been estimated at about 99%.

As of 2003, public expenditure on education was estimated at 2.2% of GDP, or 11.8% of total government expenditures.

LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS

The National Library in T'bilisi holds over six million volumes, while the Georgian State Public Library has eight million. The largest library in the country, however, is the Scientific and Technological Library of Georgia, which contains 10.1 million volumes. There are dozens of private libraries held by various scientific, cultural, and religious organizations and extensive university library holdings. Chief among the latter are T'bilisi State University (three million volumes), the Polytechnic University in T'bilisi (1.14 million volumes), and the Pedagogical Institute in T'bilisi (336,000 volumes).

Most of the country's cultural institutions are in T'bilisi, including the State Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, the State Museum of Georgia, the T'bilisi Museum of History and Ethnography, and the Georgian State Museum of Oriental Art. There are local or specialty museums in Gori, Suchumi, and Kútáisi.

MEDIA

Georgia has international telecommunications links via landline to other former Soviet republics and Turkey. There is also a low capacity satellite earth station and connections via Moscow. In 2003, there were an estimated 133 mainline telephones for every 1,000 people; about 138,800 people were on a waiting list for telephone service installation. The same year, there were approximately 107 mobile phones in use for every 1,000 people.

In 2004, there were 54 independent television stations in the country, but only three provided national service. Though independently operated, most stations rely on some amount of support from the national or regional governments. There are at least 10 radio stations in operation, most of which are privately owned. Primary news agencies include the state operated Sakinform, and the privately held Prime-News, Iprinda, and Kavkasia-Press. In 2003, there were an estimated 568 radios and 357 television sets for every 1,000 people. About 12.4 of every 1,000 people were cable subscribers. Also in 2003, there were 31.6 personal computers for every 1,000 people and 31 of every 1,000 people had access to the Internet. There were 11 secure Internet servers in the country in 2004.

In 2001, there were about 200 independent newspapers throughout the country. The most widely read was Sakartvelos Respublika, with a 1995 circulation of 40,000. In T'bilisi, the major daily is Vestnik Gruzzi (Georgian Herald ). There are also several general and special interest periodicals available.

The constitution and a 1991 press law provide for a free press, but in practice the government is said to restrict some press rights. Libel laws, as well as pressure from business and society leaders and government authorities, inhibit hard core investigative reporting.

ORGANIZATIONS

Georgia's Chamber of Commerce and Industry promotes trade and commerce with its fellow members of the CIS. The country belongs to the International Chamber of Commerce as well. Union organizations in Georgia include the Confederation of Independent Trade Unions, an umbrella organization. Important political organizations include the all-Georgian Mecrab Kostava Society and the Paramilitary group Mkhredrioni.

The Georgian Academy of Sciences, promoting research and education in all branches of science, was established in 1941. The Georgian Medical Association serves as a physician networking organization while also promoting research and education on health issues and working to establish common policies and standards in healthcare There are also associations dedicated to research and education for specific fields of medicine and particular diseases and conditions, such as Georgian Association of Cardiology.

Youth organizations include the National Youth Council of Georgia (through the Department of Youth and Sport), the United Nations of Youth: Georgia, YMCA/YWCA, and scouting programs. There are also several sports associations promoting amateur competition in such pastimes as baseball, track and field, badminton, and figure skating.

Volunteer service organizations, such as the Lions Clubs and Kiwanis International, are also present. There are national chapters of the Red Cross Society and Caritas.

TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION

Bounded by the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains, Georgia has been known for its lucrative tourist industry, but tourism declined after independence due to political and economic turmoil. Mtskheta, the ancient capital, is home to the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, an 11th-century edifice that is the spiritual center of the Georgian Orthodox Church, and a major tourist attraction. The present-day capital, T'bilisi, is over 1,000 years old and offers historic citadels, cathedrals, and castles, as well as warm springs and dramatic mountain views. In 2002, approximately 298,469 tourists visited Georgia. There were 3,712 hotel rooms with 8,250 beds and an occupancy rate of 71%.

In 2005, the US Department of State estimated the average daily expenses for T'bilisi at $245. Other areas ranged from $96 to $128 per day.

FAMOUS GEORGIANS

Eduard A. Shevardnadze (b.1928), a key figure in the Soviet government, was president of Georgia from 1992 until 2003, when he resigned in the midst of mounting criticism following disputed elections, known as the "Rose Revolution." Mikhail Saakashvili (b.1967) was elected president in January 2004. Joseph Stalin (1879–1953), a key figure in the Soviet period, was born in Gori, Georgia. The medieval poet Shota Rustaveli, who was from Georgia, wrote the masterpiece Knight in the Tiger's Skin. Nineteenth-century poets include Ilia Chavchavadze (1837–1907), Akaki Tsereteli (1840–1915), and Vazha Pshwda. Writers of that century include Titsian Tabidze (1895–1937), Giorgi Leonidze, and Irakli Abashidze. Painters include Niko Pirosmanashvili (1862–1918), and Irikli Toidze. Composers include Zakhari Paliashvili (1871–1933) and Meliton Balanchivadze (1862–1937).

DEPENDENCIES

Georgia has no territories or colonies.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Giannakos, S.A. (ed.). Ethnic Conflict: Religion, Identity, and Politics. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002.

Nationalism and History: The Politics of Nation Building in Post-Soviet Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Centre for Russian and East European Studies, 1994.

Streissguth, Thomas. The Transcaucasus. San Diego, Calif.: Lucent Books, 2001.

Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations

Georgia

views updated May 29 2018

Georgia

5 Environmental Protection

22 Domesticated Animals

34 Libraries and Museums

35 Communications

36 Press

37 Tourism, Travel & Recreation

38 Sports

39 Famous Georgians

40 Bibliography

State of Georgia

ORIGIN OF STATE NAME: Named for King George II of England in 1732.

NICKNAME : The Empire State of the South; the Peach State.

CAPITAL: Atlanta.

ENTERED UNION: 2 January 1788 (4th).

OFFICIAL SEAL: obverse: same as the coat of arms.

reverse: a sailing vessel and a smaller boat are offshore; on land, a man and horse plow a field, and sheep graze in the background. The scene is surrounded by the words “Agriculture and Commerce 1776.”

FLAG: The Georgia flag has two red stripes and one white stripe. The state coat of arms is on a blue field in the upper left corner. Flag adopted 8 May 2003.

COAT OF ARMS: Three columns support an arch inscribed with the word “Constitution;” intertwined among the columns is a banner bearing the state motto. Right of center stands a soldier with a drawn sword, representing the aid of the military in defending the Constitution. Surrounding the whole are the words “State of Georgia 1776.”

MOTTO: Wisdom, Justice and Moderation.

SONG: “Georgia on My Mind.”

FLOWER: Cherokee rose; azalea (wildflower).

TREE: Live oak.

BIRD: Brown thrasher.

FISH: Largemouth bass.

INSECT: Honeybee.

GEM: Quartz.

FOSSIL: Shark tooth.

LEGAL HOLIDAYS: New Year’s Day, 1 January; Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr., 3rd Monday in January; Confederate Memorial Day, 26 April; National Memorial Day, last Monday in May; Independence Day, 4 July; Labor Day, 1st Monday in September; Columbus Day, 2nd Monday in October; Veterans’ Day, 11 November; Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thursday in November; Robert E. Lee’s Birthday, 19 January (observed the day after Thanksgiving); Christmas Day, 25 December.

TIME: 7 AM EST = noon GMT.

1 Location and Size

Located in the southeastern United States, Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River and ranks 21st in size among the 50 states. The total area of Georgia is 58,910 square miles (152,576 square kilometers), of which land comprises 58,056 square miles (150,365 square kilometers) and inland water 854 square miles (2,211 square kilometers). Georgia extends 254 miles (409 kilometers) east-west and 320 miles (515 kilometers) north-south. The Sea Islands extend the length of the Georgia coast. The state’s total boundary length is 1,039 miles (1,672 kilometers).

2 Topography

There are three main geographic regions in the state: northern Georgia is mountainous, the central region has the rolling hills of the Piedmont Plateau, and southern Georgia is a nearly flat coastal plain.

The Blue Ridge Mountains end in northern Georgia, where Brasstown Bald, at 4,784 feet (1,459 meters), is the highest point in the state. Stone Mountain, where a Confederate memorial is carved into a mass of solid granite 1,686 feet (514 meters) high, is located in the piedmont region. The coastal plain, thinly populated except for towns at the mouths of inland rivers, ends in marshlands along the Atlantic Ocean. Lying offshore are the Sea Islands, called the Golden Isles of Georgia, the most important of which are, from north to south, Tybee, Ossabaw, St. Catherines, Sapelo, St. Simons, Sea Island, Jekyll, and Cumberland.

Two great rivers rise in the northeast: the Savannah and the Chattahoochee. The two largest rivers of central Georgia, the Ocmulgee and Oconee, flow together to form the Altamaha. Perhaps the best-known Georgia river, though smaller than any of the above, is the Suwannee, flowing southwest through the Okefenokee Swamp, across Florida, and into the Gulf of Mexico.

Huge lakes created by dams on the Savannah River are Clark Hill Reservoir and Hartwell

Georgia Population Profile

Total population estimate in 2006:	9,363,941
Population change, 2000–06:	14.4%
Hispanic or Latino†:	7.1%
Population by race
One race:	98.6%
White:	62.5%
Black or African American:	29.3%
American Indian /Alaska Native:	0.2%
Asian:	2.7%
Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander:	0.0%
Some other race:	3.9%
Two or more races:	1.4%

Population by Age Group

Major Cities by Population
City	Population	% change 2000–05
Notes: †A person of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race. NA indicates that data are not available.
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey and Population Estimates. www.census.gov/ (accessed March 2007).
Atlanta	470,688	13.0
Augusta-Richmond	190,782	-2.3
Columbus	185,271	NA
Savannah	128,453	-2.3
Athens-Clarke	103,238	3.0
Macon	94,316	-3.0
Roswell	85,920	8.3
Albany	75,394	-2.0
Marietta	61,261	4.3
Warner Robins	57,907	18.7

Lake; artificial lakes on the Chattahoochee River include Lake Seminole, Walter F. George Reservoir, Lake Harding, West Point Reservoir, and Lake Sidney Lanier.

3 Climate

The Chattahoochee River divides Georgia into separate climatic regions. The mountain region to the northwest is colder than the rest of Georgia, averaging 39°f (4°c) in January and 78°f (26°C) in July. The state experiences mild winters, ranging from a January average of 44°f (7c) in the piedmont to 54°f (12c) on the coast. Summers are hot in the piedmont and on the coast, with July temperatures averaging 80°f (27°c) or above. The record high is 113°f (45°c) at Greenville on 27 May 1978. The record low is -17°f (–27°c), registered in Floyd County on 27 January 1940.

Humidity is high, ranging from 82% in the morning to 56% in the afternoon in Atlanta. Rainfall averages 50 inches (127 centimeters) annually in the lowlands, increasing to 75 inches (191 centimeters) in the mountains. Snow falls occasionally in the interior. Tornadoes are an annual threat in mountain areas and Georgia beaches are exposed to hurricane tides.

4 Plants and Animals

Georgia has about 250 species of trees, 90% of which are of commercial importance. White and scrub pines, and northern red oak cover the mountain zone, while loblolly, yellow pines and white-back maple are found throughout the piedmont. Pecan trees grow densely in southern Georgia,

Georgia Population by Race

Census 2000 was the first national census in which the instructions to respondents said, “Mark one or more races.” This table shows the number of people who are of one, two, or three or more races. For those claiming two races, the number of people belonging to the various categories is listed. The U.S. government conducts a census of the population every ten years.

	Number	Percent
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000: Redistricting Data. Press release issued by the Redistricting Data Office. Washington, D.C., March, 2001. A dash (—) indicates that the percent is less than 0.1.
Total population	8,186,453	100.0
One race	8,072,265	98.6
Two races	106,506	1.3
White and Black or African American	18,367	0.2
White and American Indian/Alaska Native	19,232	0.2
White and Asian	13,643	0.2
White and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	1,030	—
White and some other race	26,324	0.3
Black or African American and American Indian/Alaska Native	5,567	0.1
Black or African American and Asian	3,591	—
Black or African American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	941	—
Black or African American and some other race	9,776	0.1
American Indian/Alaska Native and Asian	937	—
American Indian/Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	69	—
American Indian/Alaska Native and some other race	1,342	—
Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	1,000	—
Asian and some other race	4,115	0.1
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander and some other race	572	—
Three or more races	7,682	0.1

and white oak and cypress are plentiful in the eastern part of the state. Trees found throughout the state include scaly-bark and white hickories, sassafras, and various dogwoods and magnolias. Common flowering shrubs include yellow jasmine, flowering quince, and mountain laurel. Spanish moss grows in the coastal regions, and kudzu vines, originally from Asia, are plentiful. The state lists 58 protected plants, of which 23 (including smooth coneflower, fringed campion, and small whorled pogonia) are endangered.

Prominent among Georgia animals is the white-tailed (Virginia) deer, found in some 50 counties. Other common mammals include the black bear, muskrat, mink, and three species of squirrel: fox, gray, and flying. At least 160 bird species breed in Georgia, among them the mockingbird, brown thrasher (the state bird), and numerous sparrows. There are 79 species of reptile, including such poisonous snakes as the rattler and copperhead. The state’s 63 amphibian species consist mainly of various salamanders, frogs, and toads. The most popular freshwater game fish are trout, bream, bass, and catfish. Dolphins, porpoises, shrimp, oysters, and blue crabs are found off the Georgia coast.

As of April 2006, 38 animal species were considered endangered or threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Among these are the bald eagle, eastern indigo snake, West Indian manatee, four species of moccasinshell, five species of turtle, three species of whale, and the shortnose sturgeon.

5 Environmental Protection

The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) within the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was established in 1972. This agency administers 21 state environmental laws, most of them passed during the 1970s. The EPD issues all the environmental permits, with the exception of those required by the Marshlands Protection and Shore Assistance Acts, which are enforced by the Coastal Resources Division of the DNR.

Georgia’s greatest environmental problems are an increasingly scarce water supply, nonpoint source water pollution, and hazardous waste sites. In 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency’s database listed 408 hazardous waste sites in the states, 15 of which were on the National Priorities List in 2006. As of 1997 the state had 7.7 million acres of wetlands.

6 Population

Georgia ranked ninth in population among the 50 states in 2006 with an estimated total population of 9,363,941. In 2004, the population density was 153.4 persons per square mile (59.2 persons per square kilometer).The population is projected to reach 11.4 million by 2025.

The state’s largest cities and their estimated populations in 2005 were Atlanta, 470,688; August-Richmond, 190,782; Columbus, 185,271; and Savannah, 128,453. In 2004, the median age was 34. In 2005, about 9% of all residents were 65 years old or older, while about 27% were 18 or younger.

7 Ethnic Groups

Most Georgians are of English or Scotch-Irish descent. In 2000, there were 173,170 Asians and 4,246 Pacific Islanders within the state. Asian Indians were the largest group, with a population of 46,132. There were about 29,016 Vietnamese, 28,745 Koreans, and 27,446 Chinese. The black population was estimated at 2,349,542, the third-largest black population among the 50 states. Atlanta has been a significant center for the development of black leadership, especially at Atlanta University. The Native American population in Georgia was estimated to be 21,737 in 2000. About 6% of the population (435,227 people) were of Hispanic or Latino origin. The total number of Georgians who were foreign-born was 577,273.

In 2006, estimates indicated that 2.7% of the population was Asian, 29.3% was black, 7.1% was Hispanic or Latino, and 0.2% was Native American.

8 Languages

Georgia English is typically Southern. However, a highly unusual variety of regional differences makes a strong contrast between northern up-country and southern low-country speech. In such words as care and stairs, for example, many up-country speakers use a vowel like that in cat, while many low-country speakers use a vowel like that in pane. A peanut might be called a goober in the north or a pinder in the south. Other northern terms include French harp for harmonica and sallet for salad. In Atlanta a big sandwich is a poorboy.

In 2000, about 6,843,038 Georgians (90.1% of the population five years old and older) spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home, and the number of people who speak them, include Spanish and Spanish Creole (426,115), French or French Patois (Cajun, 43,428), German (32,777), Vietnamese (27,671), and Korean (25,814).

9 Religions

The Church of England was the official church in colonial Georgia. Daniel Marshall, the first “separate” Baptist in Georgia, established a church near Kiokee Creek in 1772. Some 16 years later, James Asbury formed the first Methodist Conference in Georgia.

In 2000, most of the religious adherents in the state were Evangelical Protestants. The Southern Baptist Convention was the largest single denomination, claiming 1,719,484 adherents. Mainline Protestants included 476,727 United Methodists (in 2004), 105,774 USA Presbyterians (in 2000), and 71,950 Episcopalians (2000). Roman Catholic adherents numbered about 447,126 in 2004. Judaism claimed about 93,500 adherents in 2000 and there were about 38,882 Muslims. Only 16 Buddhist and 15 Hindu congregations were reported. About 55.2% of the population were not counted as members of any religious organization.

10 Transportation

Georgia’s location between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean makes it the link between the eastern seaboard and the Gulf states. From the 1830s onward, businessmen in the eastern cities built railroads west to maintain their commerce. The two principal lines, the Georgia and the Central of Georgia, were required by law to make connection with a state-owned line, the Western and Atlantic, at the new town of Atlanta, which thus became in 1847 the link between Georgia and the Ohio Valley. By the Civil War, Georgia, with more miles of rail than any other Deep South state, was a vital link between the eastern and western sectors of the Confederacy.

In 2003, total trackage was at 4,532 rail miles (7,805 kilometers). In the same year, CSX and Norfolk Southern were the only Class I railroads operating within the state. Amtrak provides east-west routes through Atlanta, and north-south routes through Savannah. In 1979, Atlanta inaugurated the first mass-transit system in the state, including the South’s first subway.

Major ports are located at Savannah, Brunswick, and St. Mary’s. In 2004, Georgia had 721 miles (1,160 kilometers) of navigable inland waterways.

In the 1920s, Georgia became the gateway to Florida for motorists. Today, I-75 is the main route from Atlanta to Florida, and I-20 is the major east-west highway. Both cross I-85 at Atlanta, which proceeds southeast from South Carolina to Alabama. I-95 stretches along the coast from South Carolina through Savannah to Jacksonville, Florida. In 2004, Georgia had 116,917 miles (188,236 kilometers) of public roads, 7.8 million registered motor vehicles and 5.7 million licensed drivers.

In 2005, there were 341 airports in Georgia, 109 heliports, and 4 STOLports (Short Take-Off and Landing). Hartsfield International Airport in Atlanta is the hub of air traffic in the Southeast.

11 History

The Native Americans of the Master Farmer culture that reached its height in about ad 800 left impressive mounds at Ocmulgee (near Macon) and at Etowah (north of Atlanta). During the colonial period, the most important tribes were the Creek and the Cherokee. By clever diplomacy, the Creek were able to maneuver between the English on the one hand and the French and Spanish on the other. With the ascendancy of the English and the achievement of statehood, however, the Creek lost their leverage and were expelled from Georgia in 1826.

In an effort to avoid expulsion or annihilation, the Cherokee sought to adopt the Europeans’ ways. Thanks to their remarkable linguist Sequoyah, they learned to write their own language, later running their own newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, and their own schools. Some even owned slaves. Unfortunately for the Cherokee, gold was discovered on their lands and they were expelled from their territory between 1832 and 1838. Thousands died on the march to Indian Territory (Oklahoma), known ever since as the Trail of Tears.

Georgia’s first European explorer was Hernando de Soto of Spain, who crossed the region in 1540. By 1586 Spanish captain Pedro Menéndez de Avilés had established the mission of Santa Catalina de Gaule on St. Catherines Island. By 1700, Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries had established an entire chain of missions along the Sea Islands and on the lower Chattahoochee.

By 1702, however, the English had forced the Spaniards back to St. Augustine, Florida. In 1732, desiring a buffer between the valuable rice-growing colony of Carolina and Native American-held lands to the south and west, King George II granted a charter to a group who wanted to establish a colony in present-day Georgia. The first settlers, led by James Edward Oglethorpe, landed at Yamacraw Bluff on 12 February 1733. By 1742 Oglethorpe had fought off Spanish threats to the British colony.

Statehood In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony. Its society, like that of Carolina, was shaped by the planting of rice, indigo, and cotton. After the French and Indian War, settlers began to pour into the Georgia backcountry above Augusta. Following the War of Independence, a period of rapid expansion began. Georgia ratified the US Constitution on 2 January 1788, becoming the fourth state of the Union. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 made cotton cultivation profitable in the lands east of the Oconee River. The settlement of the cotton lands brought prosperity to Georgia.

After South Carolina seceded from the Union in 1860, Georgia also withdrew and joined the Confederate States of America. In 1864, troops under General William Tecumseh Sherman moved relentlessly upon Atlanta, capturing it in September. In November, Sherman began his famous “march to the sea,” and he presented Savannah as a Christmas present to President Abraham Lincoln.

After ratifying the 14th and 15th amendments, Georgia was readmitted to the Union on 15 July 1870. After the Democrats recovered control of the state in 1871, business interests dominated politics. Former Democratic Representative Thomas E. Watson, who declared himself a Populist during the early 1890s, incited anti-Black, anti-Jewish, and anti-Catholic sentiment in order to control a bloc of rural votes with which he dominated state politics for ten years.

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s efforts to introduce the New Deal to Georgia after he became president in 1933 were blocked by Governor Eugene Talmadge. It was not until the administration of Governor Eurith D. Rivers (1937–41) that progressive social legislation was enacted. The Supreme Court order to desegregate public schools in 1954 provided Georgia politicians with an emotional issue they exploited to the maximum.

1960s–2000s During the 1960s, Atlanta was the home base for the civil-rights efforts of Martin Luther King Jr., though his campaign to end racial discrimination in Georgia focused mostly on the town of Albany. Federal civil-rights legislation in 1964 and 1965 changed the state’s political climate by guaranteeing the vote to black citizens. A black man, Julian Bond, was elected to the state legislature in 1965. In 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected mayor of Atlanta, thus becoming the first black mayor of a large southern city. Governor Jimmy Carter’s resolute renunciation of racism in his inaugural speech in 1971 marked a turning point in Georgia politics and was a key factor in his election to the presidency in 1976.

The prosperity of Atlanta in the 1970s and 1980s stemmed largely from its service-based economy. The decline of service industries in the early 1990s, however, pulled Atlanta and the state of Georgia as a whole into a recession. That decline was exemplified by the collapse in 1991 of one of the two airlines that used Atlanta as its hub, Eastern Airlines, which cost Atlanta 10,000 jobs. Nevertheless, as the decade progressed, the state’s economy rebounded, fueled in part by the science and technology sector. Some changes were still on the horizon, however, as in 2000 the major employers of Lockheed Martin, CocaCola, and BellSouth announced combined layoffs of more than 15,000 workers.

Georgia Governors: 1776–2007

Democrat Provisional – Dem-Prov
Democratic Republican – Dem-Rep
Republican Provisional – Rep-Prov
Union Democrat – Union-Dem
1776	William Ewen
1776–1777	Archibald Bulloch
1777	Button Gwinnett	President
1777–1778	John Adam Treutlen
1778–1779	John Houstoun
1779	John Wereat	President
1779–1780	George Walton
1779–1782	Sir James Wright
1780	Richard Howley
1780	Stephen Heard	President
1780–1781	Myrick Davies
1781–1782	Nathan Brownson
1782–1783	John Martin
1783–1784	Lyman Hall
1784–1785	John Houstoun
1785–1786	Samuel Elbert
1786–1787	Edward Telfair
1787–1788	George Mathews
1788–1789	George Handley	Dem-Rep
1789	George Walton	Dem-Rep
1789–1793	Edward Telfair	Dem-Rep
1793–1796	George Mathews	Dem-Rep
1796–1798	Jared Irwin	Dem-Rep
1798–1801	James Jackson	Dem-Rep
1801	David Emanuel	Dem-Rep
1801–1802	Josiah Tattnall, Jr.	Dem-Rep
1802–1806	John Milledge	Dem-Rep
1806–1809	Jared Irwin	Dem-Rep
1809–1813	David Byrdie Mitchell	Dem-Rep
1813–1815	Peter Early	Dem-Rep
1815–1817	David Brydie Mitchell	Dem-Rep
1817–1819	William Rabun	Dem-Rep
1819	Matthew Talbot	Dem-Rep
1819–1823	John Clark	Dem-Rep
1823–1827	George Michael Troup	Dem-Rep
1827–1829	John Forsyth	Dem-Rep
1829–1831	George Rockingham Gilmer	Whig
1831–1835	Wilson Lumpkin	Union-Dem
1835–1837	William Schley	Unionist
1837–1839	George Rockingham Gilmer	Whig
1839–1843	Charles James McDonald	Democrat
1843–1847	George Walker Crawford	Whig
1847–1851	George Washington Towns	Democrat
1851–1853	Howell Cobb	Union-Dem
1853–1857	Herschel Vespasian Johnson	Union
1857–1865	Joseph Emerson Brown	Democrat
1865	James Johnson	Dem-Prov
1865–1868	Charles Jones Jenkins	Democrat
1868	Gen. Thomas Howard Ruger	Military
1868	Rufus Brown Bullock	Rep-Prov
1868–1871	Rufus Brown Bullock	Reconstructionist
1871–1872	Benjamin Conley	Reconstructionist
1872–1877	James Milton Smith	Democrat
1877–1882	Alfred Holt Colquitt	Democrat
1882–1883	Alexander Hamilton Stephens	Democrat
1883	James Stoddard Boynton	Democrat
1883–1886	Henry Dickerson McDaniel	Democrat
1886–1890	John Brown Gordon	Democrat
1890–1894	William Jonathan Northen	Democrat
1894–1898	William Yates Atkinson	Democrat
1898–1902	Allen Daniel Candler	Democrat
1902–1907	Joseph Meriwether Terrell	Democrat
1907–1909	Hoke Smith	Democrat
1909–1911	Joseph Mackey Brown	Democrat
1911	Hoke Smith	Democrat
1911–1912	John Marshall Slaton	Democrat
1912–1913	Joseph Mackey Brown	Democrat
1913–1915	John Marshall Slaton	Democrat
1915–1917	Nathaniel Edwin Harris	Democrat
1917–1921	Hugh Manson Dorsey	Democrat
1921–1923	Thomas William Hardwick	Democrat
1923–1927	Clifford Mitchell Walker	Democrat
1927–1931	Lamartine Griffin Hardman	Democrat
1931–1933	Richard Brevard Russell, Jr.	Democrat
1933–1937	Eugene Talmadge	Democrat
1937–1941	Eurith Dickinson Rivers	Democrat
1941–1943	Eugene Talmadge	Democrat
1943–1947	Ellis Gibbs Arnall	Democrat
1947	Herman Eugene Talmadge	Democrat
1947–1948	Melvin Ernest Thompson	Democrat
1948–1955	Herman Eugene Talmadge	Democrat
1955–1959	Samuel Marvin Griffin	Democrat
1959–1963	Samuel Ernest Vandiver, Jr.	Democrat
1963–1967	Carl Edward Sanders	Democrat
1967–1971	Lester Garfield Maddox	Democrat
1971–1875	James Earl Carter	Democrat
1975–1983	George Dekle Busbee	Democrat
1983–1991	Joe Frank Harris	Democrat
1991–1999	Zell Miller	Democrat
1999–2002	Roy E. Barnes	Democrat
2002–	Sonny Perdue	Republican

The 1996 Summer Olympics were staged in and around Atlanta. An explosion (on 27 July) killed one person and marred the 100th anniversary of the modern Olympics.

Georgia Presidential Vote by Political Parties, 1948–2004

YEAR	GEORGIA WINNER	DEMOCRAT	REPUBLICAN	STATES’ RIGHTS DEMOCRAT	PROGRESSIVE
* Won US presidential election.
** Write-in votes.
1948	*Truman (D)	254,646	76,691	85,136	1,636
1952	Stevenson (D)	456,823	198,961	—	—
1956	Stevenson (D)	444,6878	222,778	—	—
1960	*Kennedy (D)	458,638	274,472	—	—
1964	Goldwater (R)	522,163	616,584	—	—
1968	Wallace (AI)	334,440	380,111	535,550	—
1972	*Nixon (R)	289,529	881,490	—	—
1976	*Carter (D)	979,409	483,743	**1,071	1,1681
				LIBERTARIAN
1980	Carter (D)	890,955	654,168	15,627	—
1984	*Reagan (R)	706,628	1,068,722	1521	—
					NEW ALL.
1988	*Bush (R)	714,792	1,081,331	8,435	5,099
					IND. (PEROT)
1992	*Clinton (D)	1,008,966	995,252	7,110	309,657
1996	Dole (R)	1,053,849	1,080,843	17,870	146,337
				LIBERTARIAN
2000	*Bush, G. W. (R)	1,116,230	1,419,720	36,332	13,273
2004	*Bush, G. W. (R)	1,366,149	1,914,254	18,387	—

Weather problems struck the state in July 1994, when record floods caused 31 deaths and millions of dollars in damage. In 2000, the state suffered one of the worst droughts in its history, with farmers struggling to keep their crops alive.

In 2003–05, the problems faced by the state included a weak economy, declining tax revenues, rising interest rates, and poor SAT scores, the latter of which inspired some colleges to stress the need for better higher education standards.

12 State Government

Georgia has had a number of constitutions in its history, the last of which, ratified in 1982 and still in force, had been amended 63 times by January 2005.

The legislature, called the general assembly, consists of a 56-seat senate and a 180-seat house of representatives. All the legislators serve two-year terms. Elected executives include the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, and state school superintendent.

To become law, a bill must be passed by both houses of the legislature and approved by the governor, or passed over the executive veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses. All revenue measures originate in the house, but the senate can propose, or concur in, amendments to these bills. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by two-thirds votes of the elected members of each chamber and must then be ratified by popular vote.

In 2004, the governor’s salary was $127,303 and the legislative salary was $16,200 per year.

13 Political Parties

Georgia voted solidly Democratic between 1870 and 1960, casting its electoral votes for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election until 1964, when Republican Barry Goldwater won the state. The state’s 12 electoral votes went to independent candidate George C. Wallace in 1968 and Republican Richard Nixon in 1972. In 1976, Georgia’s native son Jimmy Carter returned the state to the Democratic camp in presidential balloting.

Congressman Newt Gingrich was instrumental in guiding the Republicans to control of both the House and the Senate in the 1994 elections. Following the election, Gingrich became the first Republican Speaker of the House in 40 years. However, after Republican losses in the November 1998 midterm elections, Gingrich stepped down as Speaker and resigned his seat in 1999.

Republican George W. Bush won 58% of the vote and Democrat John Kerry won 41% in the 2004 presidential election. Long-time Democrat Sonny Purdue changed party affiliations in 1998 to the Republican Party, and won election as governor in 2002, the first Republican governor in Georgia since Reconstruction. He was reelected in 2006. Republican Saxby Chambliss was elected US senator in 2002. Republican Johnny Isakson was elected US senator in 2004. Georgia’s US House delegation following the 2006 election consisted of six Democrats and seven Republicans. At the state level there were 34 Republicans and 22 Democrats in the state senate, and 74 Democrats and 106 Republicans in the state house. There were 44 women serving in the state legislature following the 2006 elections, or 18.6%. In 2004, there were 4,968,000 registered voters; there is no party registration in the state. The state had 15 electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election.

14 Local Government

In 2005, Georgia had 159 counties, 531 municipal governments, 180 public school districts, and 581 special districts. In 1965, the legislature passed a home-rule law permitting local governments to amend their own charters. The traditional and most common form of municipal government is the mayor-council form. But city managers are employed by some communities, and a few make use of the commission system.

15 Judicial System

Georgia’s highest court is the supreme court, consisting of a chief justice, presiding justice, and five associate justices. Georgia’s general trial courts are the superior courts, which have exclusive jurisdiction in cases of divorce and land title, and in major criminal cases. Cases from local courts can be sent to the court of appeals. Each county has a probate court and separate juvenile courts. The prison population in Georgia numbered 51,104 in December 2004, an increase of 8.3% over the previous year. Georgia’s death penalty is carried out through lethal injection. From 1976–2006, the state executed 39 persons. According to the FBI Crime Index, the violent crime rate per 100,000 inhabitants for 2004 was 455.5. The rate for crimes against property was 4,265.9 per 100,000 people.

16 Migration

During the colonial period, the chief source of immigrants to Georgia was England. Other important national groups were Germans, Scots, and Scotch-Irish. The number of African slaves increased from 1,000 in 1752 to nearly 20,000 in 1776. After the Revolution, a large number of Virginians came to Georgia, as well as lesser numbers of French refugees from Hispaniola and immigrants from Ireland and Germany. Following the Civil War, there was some immigration from Italy, Russia, and Greece.

The greatest population shifts during the 20th century were from country to town and, after World War I, of black Georgians to northern cities.

For the period 2000–05, net international migration was 192,844 and net internal migration was 232,666 for a net gain of 425,510 people.

17 Economy

Georgia’s economy underwent drastic changes as a result of World War II. Many northern industries moved to Georgia to take advantage of low wages and low taxes. The raising of poultry and livestock became more important than crop cultivation, and manufacturing replaced agriculture as the chief source of income. Georgia is a leader in the making of paper products, tufted textiles products, processed chickens, naval stores, lumber, and transportation equipment.

Textile manufacturing, Georgia’s oldest industry, remained its most important source of income until 1999, when food processing exceeded it. Also, most durable-goods industries, such as electrical machinery and appliances, have grown rapidly. The state economy suffered in the national recession of the early 1980s but performed better during the expansion of the latter part of the decade than the nation as a whole. Service industries grew dramatically, particularly health and business as well as finance, insurance, and real estate.

The 2001 national recession had more of a negative effect on Georgia’s economy than it did on other states’ economies, as layoffs from the end of 2001 to the end of 2002 were the worst in the nation. In 2004, there were 29,547 new businesses established and 27,835 businesses terminated.

18 Income

In 2005, Georgia has a gross state product (GSP) of $364 billion, ranking 10th among the 50 states and the District of Columbia. In 2004, Georgia ranked 36th in the nation with a per capita (per person) income of $29,782; the national average was $33,050. In 2000, the median household income was $42,887, compared to the national average of $42,148. The three-year average median household income for 2002–04, was $43,217 compared to the national average of $44,473. For the same period, 12% of the population lived below the federal poverty level, compared to the national average of 12.4%.

19 Industry

The transport equipment, chemical, food-processing, apparel, and forest-products industries today rival textile industries in economic importance. The state’s most famous product was created in 1886, when druggist John S. Pemberton developed the formula for what became CocaCola, the world’s most widely known commercial product. In 2004, the shipment value of all products manufactured in the state was over $131 billion.

20 Labor

In April 2006, the civilian labor force in Georgia numbered 4,693,900, with 214,800 workers unemployed, yielding an unemployment rate of 4.6%, compared to the national average of 4.7% for the same period. In 2006, about 5.2% of the labor force was employed in construction; 21.4% in trade, transportation, and public utilities; 6.2% in financial activities; 14.6% in professional and business services; 10.7% in education and health services; 10.1% in leisure and hospitality services, and 16.2% in government.

Georgia is not considered to be a unionized state. In 2002, some 218,000 of Georgia’s 3,643,000 employed wage and salary workers were members of unions. This represented 6% of those so employed. The national average is 13.2%.

21 Agriculture

In 2001, Georgia’s farm marketings totaled $5.5 billion (11th in the United States). Georgia ranked first in the production of peanuts and pecans, harvesting 25% of all the pecans grown in the United States in 2001 and 40% of all peanuts.

Cotton, first planted near Savannah in 1734, was the mainstay of Georgia’s economy through the early 20th century. World War I stimulated the cultivation of peanuts along with other crops. By the 1930s, tobacco and peanuts were challenging cotton for agricultural supremacy and Georgia had also become an important producer of peaches, a product for which the “peach state” is still widely known. In fact in 2002, Georgia produced 110 million pounds (49.8 kilograms) of peaches.

Sales of potted flowering plants produced in Georgia amounted to nearly $9 million in 2001.

The number of farms has declined from 226,000 in 1945 to 50,000 in 2002, when the average farm size was 226 acres (91 hectares). Georgia’s farmland area of 11 million acres (4.6 million hectares) represents roughly 30% of its land area.

22 Domesticated Animals

In 2003, Georgia had an estimated 1.3 million cattle and calves valued at around $774 million, and an estimated 345,000 hogs and pigs in 2002 valued at around $21.7 million. Cows kept for milk production numbered an estimated 86,000 in 2001, when Georgia dairies produced around 1.4 billion pounds (0.64 billion kilograms) of milk. In the same year poultry farmers sold an estimated 6.2 billion pounds (2.8 billion kilograms) of broilers, more than any other state, with a value of $2.43 billion. The total egg production was 5.11 billion in 2001, valued at $367.9 million.

23 Fishing

In 2002, the total commercial fishing catch in Georgia brought about 9.5 million pounds (4.3 million kilograms) with a value of $15 million. Commercial fishing in Georgia involves more shellfish than finfish, the most important of which are caught in the nets of shrimp trawlers. Leading finfish are snappers, groupers, tilefish, and porgy. In 2001, the state had 5 processing and 30 wholesale plants. In 2002, the commercial fleet had about 226 vessels.

In brisk mountain streams and sluggish swamps, anglers catch bass, catfish, jackfish, bluegill, crappie, perch, and trout. In 1998, over 4.8 million bass were distributed within the state. Georgia issued 666,389 sport fishing licenses in 2001.

24 Forestry

Georgia, which occupies 1.6% of the total US land area, has nearly 3.3% of the nation’s forestland and nearly 5% of the nation’s commercial forests. In 2002 Georgia’s forest area totaled 24,405,000 acres (9,877,000 hectares), of which 23,802,000 acres (9,633,000 hectares) were commercial forest.

Forests cover about two-thirds of the state’s land area. The most densely wooded counties are in the piedmont hills and northern mountains. Ware and Charlton counties in southeastern Georgia, containing the Okefenokee Swamp, are almost entirely forested. In 2002, about 90% of Georgia’s forestland was privately owned.

The chief products of Georgia’s timber industry are pine lumber and pine panels for the building industry, hardwood lumber for the furniture industry, and pulp for the paper and box industry. In 2002, Georgia produced over 3.04 billion board feet of lumber (third in the United States), of which 87% was softwood (pine).

25 Mining

In 2001, the US Geological Survey estimated the value of nonfuel minerals produced in Georgia at $1.61 billion. The state ranked seventh nationally in value of nonfuel mineral production. According to preliminary figures, Georgia produced about 24% of all clay output in the United States. Kaolin clay was Georgia’s foremost non-fuel mineral commodity, accounting for 54% of the total nonfuel mineral value in 2001, while crushed stone represented about 29%. Other minerals increasing in value included portland cement, fuller’s earth, crushed stone, and industrial sand and gravel.

In 2001, the state was the national leader in the quantity of kaolin, fuller’s earth, and iron oxide pigments. Georgia also ranked second in barite (used by the chemical and the industrial filler and pigments industries), fourth in common clays and feldspar, fifth in dimension stone, and ninth in masonry cement. Blue-gray granite, known as “Elberton granite,” is the mainstay of the industry. The granite is commonly used for road curbing in the northeastern United States. Overall, the estimated quantity of dimension stone produced was 74 million metric tons valued at $11 million in 2001. Output of crushed stone, Georgia’s second-leading mineral commodity, was 76 million metric tons valued at $463 million.

26 Energy and Power

Georgia is an energy-dependent state which produces only a small proportion of its energy needs, most of it through hydroelectric power. There are no commercially recoverable petroleum or natural-gas reserves, and the state’s coal deposits are not of great importance. Georgia does have large amounts of timberland, however, and it has been estimated that 20–40% of the state’s energy demands could be met by using wood that is currently wasted.

In 2000, Georgia’s total per capita energy consumption was 338 million Btu (85.2 million kilocalories), ranking it 28th among the 50 states. In 1999, Georgia produced 117.7 billion kilowatt hours of electricity (utility and nonutility) and had a total installed capacity of 25 million kilowatts. As of 2001, the Georgia Power Co. operated two atomic reactors at the Edwin I Hatch power plant near Baxley, with a combined capacity of 1,726,000 kilowatts, and two more reactors, with a combined capacity of 2,297,000 kilowatts, at the Vogtle plant at Waynesboro. All utilities are regulated by the Georgia Public Service Commission.

Exploration for oil is currently in progress off the coast, but the state’s offshore oil resources are expected to be slight.

27 Commerce

Georgia’s wholesale trade in 1997 had total sales of $170 billion. The state ranked 10th in retail trade in 1992, with sales totaling $49.9 billion. Retail sales in the Atlanta area accounted for 53% of the total. Georgia exported goods worth $13 billion in 1998. Savannah is Georgia’s most important export center.

28 Public Finance

The governor’s Office of Planning and Budget prepares the budget, which is then presented to the general assembly at the beginning of each year’s session. The assembly may decide to change the revenue estimate, but it usually goes along with the governor’s forecast. The fiscal year begins on 1 July. The Georgia constitution forbids the state to spend more than it takes in from all sources,

The total state revenues for 2001 were $25.2 billion and expenditures were $27.8 billion. The largest general expenditures were for education ($11.5 billion), public welfare ($6.3 billion), and highways ($1.7 billion). Georgia’s state debt totaled more than $7.5 billion in 2001, or about $894.61 per capita.

29 Taxation

Georgia was the last of the 13 original colonies to tax its citizens, but today its state tax structure is among the broadest in the United States. Sales tax in the state is at 4% and provides the second-largest source of revenue. Basic foods and prescription drugs are exempt. State law allows counties to charge an additional 1% local-option sales tax and to use the money to roll back property taxes. Local sales and use taxes range from 1% to 3%. Almost half of Georgia’s taxes are collected at the local level.

The state personal income tax schedule has six brackets ranging from 1% to 6%. The basic corporate tax rate is 6%. Other state taxes include selective sales taxes (excises) on tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, motor fuels and insurance premiums, and various license fees.

State tax collection in Georgia totaled $13.77 billion in 2002, with 47.1% from individual income tax, 35% from state sales tax, 8.6% from selective sales taxes, and 4.1% from the corporate income tax. In 2003, combined state and local taxes amounted to 9.9% of income, the 15th highest in the country.

30 Health

In 2000, Georgia’s infant mortality rate was 8.5 per 1,000 live births. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease were leading causes of death. Of the population age 18 and older, 23.6% were smokers. The same year, the HIV-related death rate was 9.4 per 100,000 population. AIDS cases numbering 24,559 had been reported through 2001.

In 1998, there were 147 community hospitals in Georgia. By 2001, there were 24,113 beds available in these hospitals. Georgia had 28,326 full-time registered nurses and 4,502 full-time licensed practical nurses in 2001 and 225 physicians per 100,000 population the same year. The average daily expense for hospital care was $1,173.7. In 2002, at least 16.7% of Georgia’s adult population was uninsured.

The Medical College of Georgia, established at Augusta in 1828, is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States and the center of medical research in the state. The Federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were established in Atlanta in 1973.

31 Housing

In 2002, there were an estimated 3,487,088 housing units in Georgia, of which 3,078,258 were occupied; 67.9% were owner-occupied. About 64.9% of all units were single-family, detached homes; about 12% were mobile homes. The average household size was 2.7 people. It was estimated that about 137,503 units were without telephone service, 14,408 lacked complete plumbing facilities, and 16,281 lacked complete kitchen facilities. Most households relied on gas and electricity for heating.

In 2002, 97,523 privately owned housing units were authorized for construction. The median value of a one-family home was about $131,221. The median monthly cost for mortgage owners was $1,125 while renters paid a median of $664 per month.

32 Education

During the colonial period, education was in the hands of private schoolmasters. Georgia’s first constitution called for the establishment of a school in each county. The oldest school in the state is Richmond Academy (Augusta), founded in 1788. The nation’s oldest chartered public university, the University of Georgia, dates from 1784. In 2000, 78.6% of the population age 25 or older had a high school diploma and 24.3% had obtained a bachelor’s degree or higher.

Total enrollment in public schools was estimated at 1,444,937 in fall 2000 and expected to reach 1,527,000 by fall 2005. Enrollment in private schools in fall 2001 was 116,407. Full-day kindergarten is offered statewide and preschool classes are available for all four-year-olds. Every school has a satellite dish for long-distance learning, and computers are being provided to every school, with extensive technology services, both instructional and administrative. Additionally, instructional services are provided for hearing- and sight-impaired students at three state schools: Atlanta Area School for the Deaf, Georgia Academy for the Blind, and Georgia School for the Deaf.

As of fall 2000, there were 436,555 students enrolled in college or graduate school. In the same year Georgia had 125 degree-granting institutions. Thirty-four public colleges are components of the University System of Georgia; the largest of these is the University of Georgia (Athens). The largest private university is Emory (Atlanta).

33 Arts

Atlanta is the major arts center of Georgia. The state has eight major art museums, as well as numerous private galleries. The Atlanta Memorial Arts Center was dedicated in 1968. The Atlanta Art Association exhibits the work of contemporary Georgia artists. Georgia’s Art Bus Program delivers art exhibits to Georgia communities, mostly in rural areas, for three-week periods.

Atlanta has a resident theater and there are community theaters in some 30 cities and counties. Georgia has actively cultivated the film-making industry and, as of the late 1990s, an increasing number of films for cinema and television were being produced in the state.

Georgia has at least 11 symphony orchestras, ranging from the Atlanta Symphony to community and college ensembles throughout the state. Atlanta and Augusta have professional ballet touring companies. Augusta has a professional opera company and choral groups and opera societies perform in all major cities. Macon has become a major recording center, especially for popular music. The north Georgia mountain communities retain their traditional folk music.

The Georgia Council for the Arts was founded in 1965. Major ongoing programs of the Council include the Georgia Folklife Program (est. 1987), the Grassroots Arts Program (est. 1993), and the State Capitol Gallery (est. 1991), which features exhibits from the State Art Collection of over 600 works of art from Georgian artists. The Georgia Humanities Council was founded in 1971. Georgia’s arts education programs are offered to about 21,600 students. There are over 200 arts associations in Georgia along with an estimated 30 local arts groups.

34 Libraries and Museums

In 2000, the Georgia public library system included 33 regional and 24 county systems, each operating under its own board. The holdings of all public libraries totaled 14.8 million volumes in 2000 with a combined circulation of over 34 million. The University of Georgia had by far the largest academic collection, including over 3 million books.

Georgia has 179 museums, including the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences in Savannah, the Georgia State Museum of Science and

Industry in Atlanta, and the Columbus Museum of Arts and Sciences. Atlanta’s Cyclorama depicts the 1864 Battle of Atlanta.

Georgia abounds in historic sites. Sites administered by the National Park Service include the Chickamauga battlefield, Kennesaw Mountain battlefield, Fort Pulaski National Monument, and Andersonville prison camp near Americus, all associated with the Civil War, as well as the Fort Frederica National Monument, an 18th-century English barracks on St. Simons Island. The Martin Luther King Jr., National Historic Site was established in Atlanta in 1980. Also in Atlanta is former President Jimmy Carter’s library, museum, and conference center complex.

35 Communications

As of 2001, 93.2% of Georgian households had telephones. In 2003, Georgia had 106 major radio stations, 24 AM and 82 FM. There were 37 major television stations in the same year. Atlanta had 1,774,720 television-owning households in 1999, 70% of which received cable.

On 1 June 1980, Atlanta businessman Ted Turner inaugurated the independent Cable News Network (CNN), which made round-the-clock news coverage available to 4,100 cable television systems throughout the United States. By the late 1980s, CNN had become well known worldwide. In addition, Turner broadcasts CNN Headline News. A total of 183,093 Internet domain names were registered in Georgia by the year 2000.

36 Press

In 1817, the Savannah Gazette became the state’s first daily. After the Native American linguist Sequoyah gave the Cherokee a written language, Elias Boudinot gave them a newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, in 1828. Georgia authorities suppressed the paper in 1835 and Boudinot joined his tribe’s tragic migration westward. In 1958, Ralph E. McGill, editor and later publisher of the Constitution, won a Pulitzer Prize for his editorial opposition to racial intolerance. In 2001, the Constitution, and the Atlanta Journal merged to form the Journal-Constitution, owned by Cox Newspapers.

As of 2002, Georgia had 27 morning dailies, 6 evening dailies, and 28 Sunday newspapers. Leading newspapers with their 2002 daily circulations were: the Journal-Constitution (396,464); the Augusta Chronicle (69,022); and the Macon Telegraph (63,553).

Periodicals published in Georgia include Golf World, Atlanta Weekly, Robotics World, and Southern Accents. Among the nation’s better-known scholarly presses is the University of Georgia Press (Athens), which publishes the Georgia Review.

37 Tourism, Travel & Recreation

In 2002, over 42 million travelers spent $23.9 billion on visits to Georgia. More than 207,000 jobs are supported by the tourism industry in Georgia.

Besides national forests and parks, major tourist attractions include the Okefenokee Swamp in southern Georgia; Stone Mountain near Atlanta; former President Jimmy Carter’s home in Plains; the birthplace, church, and gravesite of Martin Luther King Jr., in Atlanta; and the historic squares and riverfront of Savannah. The varied attractions of the Golden Isles include fashionable Sea Island. Georgia has long been a hunters’ paradise. Waynesboro calls itself the “bird dog capital of the world,” and Thomasville in South Georgia is a popular destination for quail hunters.

38 Sports

There are four major league professional sports teams in Georgia, all in Atlanta. Turner Field and the Georgia Dome, main venues for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, serve as the home field baseball’s Atlanta Braves and the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. The Philips Arena houses the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association and the Atlanta Thrashers of the National Hockey League. The Atlanta Braves won the National League Pennant five times in the 1990s and won the World Series in 1995.

The Cracker Barrel Old Country Store 500 and the NAPA 500 are two of the NASCAR Winston Cup auto races. They are both held at Atlanta Motor Speedway. The Masters, the most publicized golf tournament in the world, has been played at the Augusta National Golf Club since 1934. The Atlanta Golf Classic is also listed on the professional golfers’ tour.

Football and basketball dominate college sports. The University of Georgia Bulldogs play in the Southeastern Conference. Georgia Tech’s Yellow Jackets of the Atlantic Coast Conference are a perennial basketball power. The Peach Bowl has been an annual postseason football game in Atlanta since 1968.

Professional fishing, sponsored by the Bass Anglers Sportsman’s Society, is one of the fastest-growing sports in the state. Another popular summer pastime is rafting with raft races on the Chattahoochee at Atlanta and Columbus, and on the Savannah River at Augusta.

39 Famous Georgians

James Earl “Jimmy” Carter (b.1924), born in Plains, was the first Georgian to serve as president of the United States. He was governor of the state (1971–75) before being elected to the White House in 1976. He was the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Clarence Thomas (b.1948) was appointed as a Supreme Court Justice in 1991. Dean Rusk (1909–1994) was secretary of state in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Notable US senators in recent years were Herman Talmadge (1913–2002), and Sam Nunn (b.1938). A Georgia member of Congress, Newt Gingrich (b. Pennsylvania 1943), served as Speaker of the US House of Representatives from 1994 until 1998.

Revolutionary War hero James Jackson (b.England, 1757–1806) organized the Democratic-Republican Party (today’s Democratic Party) in Georgia. Confederate General Joseph Wheeler (1836–1906) became a major general in the US Army during the Spanish-American War. Other Civil War generals included W. H. T. Walker (1816–1864), Thomas R. R. Cobb (1823–1862), who also codified Georgia’s laws, and John B. Gordon (1832–1904), later a US senator and governor of the state.

Among Georgia’s notable Native Americans were Osceola (1800–1838), who led the Seminoles into the Florida swamps rather than move west and rallied them during the Seminole War of 1835–42; Sequoyah (b.Tennessee, 1773–1843), who framed an alphabet for the Cherokee; and John Ross (Coowescoowe, b.Tennessee, 1790–1866), the first president of the Cherokee republic.

Distinguished black Georgians include civil-rights activists W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt) DuBois (b.Massachusetts, 1868–1963). One of the best-known Georgians was Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968), born in Atlanta, leader of the March on Washington in 1963, and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Black Muslim leader Elijah Muhammad (Elijah Poole, 1897–1975) was also a Georgian. Other prominent black leaders include Atlanta Mayor and former UN Ambassador Andrew Young (b.Louisiana, 1932), former Atlanta Mayor Maynard Jackson (b.Texas, 1938), and Georgia Senator Julian Bond (b.Tennessee, 1940).

Famous Georgia authors include Joel Chandler Harris (1848–1908), Conrad Aiken (1889–1973), and Flannery O’Connor (1925–1964). Also notable is Margaret Mitchell (1900–1949), whose Pulitzer Prize-winning Gone With the Wind (1936) typifies Georgia to many readers.

Entertainment celebrities include songwriter Johnny Mercer (1909–1976); comedian Oliver Hardy (1877–1961); musicians Ray Charles (Ray Charles Robinson, 1930–2004), James Brown (1933–2006), Little Richard (Richard Penniman, b.1935), Otis Redding (1941–1967), Gladys Knight (b.1944), Brenda Lee (b.1944), and Amy Grant (b.1961); and actors Joanne Woodward (b.1930), and Burt Reynolds (b.1936).

Major sports figures include baseball’s “Georgia peach,” Tyrus Raymond “Ty” Cobb (1886–1961); Jack Roosevelt “Jackie” Robinson (1919–1972), the first black man to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame; and Robert Tyre “Bobby” Jones (1902–1971), winner of the “grand slam” of four major golf tournaments in 1930.

40 Bibliography

BOOKS

Bristow, M. J. State Songs of America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000.

Doak, Robin S. Georgia, 1521–1776. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006.

King, Coretta Scott. My Life with Martin Luther King. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.

Lommel, Cookie. James Oglethorpe. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2000.

McAuliffe, Emily. Georgia Facts and Symbols. Rev. ed. Mankato, MN: Capstone, 2003.

Murphy, Andrea. Georgia. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens, 2006.

Murray, Julie. Georgia. Edina, MN: Abdo Publishing, 2006.

Otfinoski, Steven. Georgia. New York: Benchmark Books, 2001.

Waters, Andrew, ed. On Jordan’s Stormy Banks: Personal Accounts of Slavery in Georgia. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 2000.

WEB SITES

Georgia Department of Economic Development. Georgia. www.georgia.org (accessed March 1, 2007).

State of Georgia. Georgia.gov. www.georgia.gov/00/home/0,2061,4802,00.html (accessed March 1, 2007).

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States, 5th ed.

Georgia

views updated May 29 2018

Georgia

Basic Data
Official Country Name:	Republic of Georgia
Region:	East & South Asia
Population:	5,019,538
Language(s):	Georgian, Russian, Armenian, Azeri, Abkhaz
Literacy Rate:	99%
Number of Primary Schools:	3,201
Compulsory Schooling:	9 years
Public Expenditure on Education:	5.2%
Foreign Students in National Universities:	69
Libraries:	3,929
Educational Enrollment:	Primary: 293,325
	Secondary: 444,058
	Higher: 163,345
Educational Enrollment Rate:	Primary: 88%
	Secondary: 77%
	Higher: 42%
Teachers:	Primary: 16,542
	Secondary: 57,963
	Higher: 25,549
Student-Teacher Ratio:	Primary: 18:1
	Secondary: 8:1
Female Enrollment Rate:	Primary: 88%
	Secondary: 76%
	Higher: 44%

History & Background

The Republic of Georgia has a long and difficult history that began in the Middle Ages. Georgia was an independent nation before and after its incorporation into the Russian sphere of influence, which has occurred twice in its history. It is once again a sovereign nation, a highly independent country that did not choose to join the Council of Independent States after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Like many nations that were incorporated into the Soviet Union in the twentieth century, for much of its recent history, Georgia was considered simply a region of the USSR. Before it became associated with the Soviet Union, it was taken into the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century. In 1918, at the time of the Russian Revolution, Georgia became an independent nation, and remained so until 1921. In that year, the Republic of Georgia was forced to become a part of the USSR. In the 1990s, the era of perestroika in Russia and the nations that were once called its satellites, the Republic of Georgia was one of the first countries to break away from the Soviet Union and declare its independence. It became a sovereign nation once again in 1991.

Despite its tense and complex relations with Russia, several of Russia's most important twentieth-century leaders were Georgians. Joseph Stalin, the Russian premier before, during, and after World War II, was from Georgia. So was Eduard Shevardnadze, the foreign minister of the USSR during its breakup, who later became President of Georgia shortly after it gained its independence. Lavrenty Beria, who lived from 1899 to 1953, was Stalin's head of the secret police (or KGB), and was also a Georgian. Despite his origins, he was especially brutal against Georgian dissidents. Beria was assassinated by the Russian administration that succeeded Stalin after his death.

Geography & Population: Although not well known to foreigners, Georgia has a distinctive character and significant national unity. It has its own primary language as well as several other languages that are used in special regions and by minority groups. Its culture, including its dance, music, and art, is significantly different from other formerly Soviet nations.

Georgia is a truly Caucasian nation—a nation that is located in the Caucasus region of the European and Asian continents. The Caucasus mountain range is located between the Caspian and Black seas; its northern parts are in Europe and its southern regions, which border Turkey and Iran, are in Asia. The Republic of Georgia's location is in southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea. Geographically, it falls between Turkey and Russia and is therefore influenced by both Europe and Asia. Georgia covers 69,700 square kilometers (26,911 square miles), which is about the size of South Carolina. The climate is warm and pleasant, similar to the Mediterranean region.

There are many natural resources, including forests, iron and copper, some coal and oil, and soil that can be used to grow tea and citrus. A good portion of the nation is woodlands and permanent pastures. Air and water pollution, lack of sufficient amounts of potable water, and some soil pollution from toxic chemicals are among the environmental problems the country faces.

The people of Georgia are many and are diverse: the total population is 5.4 million. About 70 percent of the people are Georgian, but 80 other nationalities and groups make up the balance. Some 6.3 percent are Russian, 5.7 percent are Azeris, 3 percent are Ossetes, 1.9 percent are Greek, 1.8 percent are Abkhazians, and 0.5 percent are Jewish. Two of these minority groups, Azeris and Abkhazians, have their own republics within the Georgian Republic. The urban population stands at 56 percent, while 44 percent live in rural areas. Life expectancy for men is 69.43 years and 76.95 for women, with an average for the whole population of 73.1 years. About half the population, or 2.76 million people, are in the labor force. Industry and construction employ 31 percent of workers, while 25 percent are in agriculture and forestry. The unemployment rate is about 14.5 percent.

Although there are other religions, the great majority of the people of Georgia, over 80 percent, are Christians. Most of them (65 percent) are Georgian Orthodox, 10 percent are Russian Orthodox, and 8 percent Armenian Orthodox. Eleven percent are Muslim, and the nations that surround the Republic of Georgia are generally majority Muslim. This predominant Christianity is one of the bases for the close relations between the Republic of Georgia and Western nations, including the United States.

Language: Language is a central issue in any educational system and the languages of Georgia are different from those of the rest of the world. The Caucasus region is also the source of the Caucasian languages, of which there are some 40. Only Georgian, however, is considered a modern language. There is some dispute about the nature of the language. Some sources call it part of the Indo-European language group. Others, however, say that Georgian is not a part of that group or of the Finno-Ugric or Semitic language families, arguing that it is part of the Ibero-Caucasian or Kartvelian language group.

The Georgian language probably evolved around the fifth century B.C. It has 33 characters, distinctive word formations, and complex rules governing its use of verbs. Many of the Georgian words place several consonants together with few intervening vowels. The name of the capital city, Tbilisi, is an example. Although the official language of the nation is Georgian, in some regions people also use Megruli and Chanuri. All three languages derived from Old Kartvelian. Several other regional languages are also in modern use.

Georgia's multiplicity of languages dates to ancient times, when there were so many languages used in the nation that Romans needed 130 interpreters to do business there. Because of its long association with Russia, a modern visitor can typically navigate in the nation by using Russian. But those who speak neither Russian nor Georgian need to engage interpreters: few in the population speak other languages, except for specific ethnic languages.

Political, Social, & Cultural Context: Georgia is a member of the United Nations and many international compacts. It has close ties to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, both of which help the nation more fully develop its economy and, in the case of the World Bank, its educational system, as explained more fully in the summary.

Although Georgia is no longer subservient to Russia and has its own democratic government, there are Russian troops at military bases in Georgia. They serve as peacekeepers in two regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which are separatist and sometimes threaten to break with the Republic of Georgia.

The United States and the Republic of Georgia have strong diplomatic relations and work closely together. Georgia receives the second largest amount of per capita assistance, among all the world's nations, from the United States. According to former Secretary of State James Baker, Georgia became important to the United States because it provided an opportunity to influence the institutions formed in the wake of the fall of the Communist Soviet Union. Moreover, Georgia was important because of Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgia's president, who was thought to be heavily involved in ending the Cold War. According to Baker, that era in world history would not have ended in a peaceful way without Shevardnadze, whom Baker considered a hero.

Post-Soviet Georgia is attempting to move the economy and the people toward a market economy that could be connected with Western institutions. Recent developments include an efficient telephone system, including cell phones, and delivery from Federal Express. Georgian food remains popular, but French, Chinese, and other national cuisines are also available in the Republic.

The Georgian economy has demonstrated annual growth rates of about 3.5 percent in recent years, although 60 percent of the population lives below the poverty line. A key problem is the inflation rate for consumer prices, which stands at 19 percent. Another problem has been the inability to collect all the taxes that they levy, and there are continuing problems with tax evasion and corruption. Moreover, the nation lacks sufficient energy, despite extensive hydroelectric power and the exportation of some electricity. Because they lack adequate oil and coal, they must import energy sources. Nonetheless, some hopeful projections anticipate that economic growth could nearly double in the twenty-first century.

Historical Development: With free and compulsory schooling a part of Georgia's educational tradition, the nation's population is generally well educated. The nation of Georgia has a long history of attention to higher education; according to one authority, the Georgian population was the most highly educated of all the peoples under the USSR. One indication of the careful attention and expenditure of resources on education in Georgia is the number of physicians: there are 53.7 physicians for every 10,000 people in the nation. Moreover, a third of the working population of Georgia has some form of higher education or specialized middle education. This compares favorably to the United Kingdom, in which 11.2 percent of the population have some form of specialized education, and also to Japan, where 14.2 percent of the population have higher or other specialized education.

The history of education in Georgia dates from as early as the Middle Ages. Monasteries and academies functioned as vital centers of learning, which was important to the people of the nation because they assisted in preserving their national heritage when they were occupied by other cultures. By 1915, just prior to the Russian Revolution, there were 1,648 schools of all types in Georgia. In spite of that, most Georgians were illiterate. However, the era of Soviet connection increased the quantity of mass education and illiteracy was basically eliminated. The definition of literacy used by Georgia is the proportion of the population age 15 and over who can read and write. The total population is, therefore, 99 percent literate. One hundred percent of the men, according to Georgian government estimates, are literate, and 98 percent of females are literate.

Because of changes in the government in the 1990s, the education system of Georgia also changed dramatically. For example, in the era of the Soviet Union, the government provided for free education at all stages for all people. In post-Soviet Georgia, only nine years of primary education are compulsory and free for all; higher levels of secondary schools and the universities are free only for 30 percent of students, while others pay tuition. Perhaps the most significant change has been the granting of autonomous status to higher education institutions, which occurred in 1992.

Constitutional & Legal Foundations

The first president of the Republic after the Soviet era was Zviad Gamsakhurdia. After a period of disorder in which Gamsakhurdia was forced to flee and ultimately died, President Shevardnadze was elected by popular vote for a five-year term and was re-elected in 2000.

The country has a legislature, referred to as Parliament, which is unicameral—that is, it has only one house—and the members serve four-year terms. There are 235 members. The judicial branch is a supreme court, which is elected by Parliament on the recommendation of the president.

With regard to education, Article 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of Georgia states:

Each citizen has the right to education and freedom of choice in education is recognized.
The state guarantees that educational programs conform to international standards and rights.
The state guarantees preschool education. Primary education is mandatory for all, and the state provides free primary education. Citizens also have the right to free secondary, professional, and tertiary education at state institute, within the framework and by the rules established in law.
The state supports educational institutions by the right established in law.

Educational System—Overview

Public education in Georgia is comprised of the following categories: kindergarten, ages 2-5; elementary school, grades 1-4; secondary school, grades 5-9; and upper secondary school, grades 10-11. The system of kindergarten has largely collapsed, however, and has become increasingly privatized. Attendance is now a sign of prestige and, according to a World Bank report (Perkins 1998), only 20 percent of eligible children attend. There are plans to introduce a grade 12, but financial constraints have prevented any progress thus far.

Education is not limited to general day schools; there are also boarding schools for children with disabilities and "Youth Palaces" for an intensive study of such subjects as art, music, drama, and dance. In 1993 the first school for internally displaced persons (IDP schools) opened for elementary, secondary, and high school education. Both the teachers and students are IDPs; 90 percent of students must be IDPs, and the remaining 10 percent are local children.

The school year officially begins in September and ends in June, but the number of official school days is close to 150 due to numerous holidays and breaks throughout the year. Principals may decide to close school altogether during part of the winter due to lack of heat and electricity, or during harvesting season in the agricultural regions. A typical school day generally lasts from seven hours in upper school to as little as three hours in primary school. Schools use a two-semester schedule.

Examinations, Promotions, & Certifications: Students progress to the next grade based on their teachers' recommendations. The decision is made according to written work and participation throughout the year. Instead of being assigned a letter grade, students are rated on a scale of one to five, with five being the best. Students rarely fail or repeat a grade.

Every student in Georgia completing secondary school takes the exit exam, comprised of both oral and written assessment on the same day at the same time. The Minister or Deputy Minister of Education announces the essay questions via radio and television to eliminate the possibility of obtaining questions or answers beforehand. Whatever precautions are used before the test to ensure equity are lost in the grading. The exams are graded by members of a panel that includes the student's teacher. Because it is the individual student's teacher who ultimately records the grades and turns them in, the process is ripe for corruption and bribery. Additionally, no school wants to fail students or provide an excuse for further faculty or staff cuts. Annual examinations can also be held after the fourth grade, and many schools use that opportunity to test and evaluate students.

Because Georgia currently lacks national assessment standards for the exit exams, college entrance exams have been instituted. Although passage of exit exams is nearly universal, the rate of students passing the college entrance exams is markedly reduced. Students who want to continue their education thus often hire tutors to prepare for the exam. A World Bank reform project, discussed in detail in the Summary, would ensure national grading standards for exit exams by impartial judges, allowing for the elimination of the unpopular entrance exams. Universal testing at the secondary level and elimination of college entrance exams would improve the quality of students, especially those with financial constraints.

Only about 70 percent of pupils are accepted to higher education institutions. Students who do not successfully move to the next stage after completing secondary or high school can attend vocational and technical schools.

Educational Style & Textbooks: As Georgia tries to distance itself from a Russian curriculum, it still holds on to Soviet educational methodology. Education is content-based and focuses on memorizing facts, lectures, and texts, rather than analyzing subjects and teaching students critical thinking, which is more common in Western educational systems. A typical class begins with the review of homework and the material covered in the previous class, after which students recite the passages read or concepts learned word-for-word from the text. The teacher then explains a new concept and goes over exercises that students will take for homework. Then the teacher may review previous material covered or use the time to talk about what was learned during class. Reading, repeating, and recalling is the standard drill.

Each class lasts about 45 minutes, though in the rural regions classes may be shorter during the winter due to the cold and the lack of fuel to heat school facilities. There is a growing argument that such a curriculum doesn't adequately prepare students for university study and should be modified. Students who go on to study at universities usually have had extensive private tutoring throughout school.

Study of even the most basic topics has become difficult, however, as many students and teachers do not have textbooks. Government policy dictates that students supply their own school texts and supplies. Textbooks are quite expensive and often out of reach for many parents, especially in rural regions. Often the costs of purchasing texts for one child exceed the family's monthly income. The textbooks that are available are often in very poor condition, as the Ministry of Education encourages printers to keep costs low by using inexpensive, poor quality material and smaller type. Students who can afford to may buy several copies of each book because they have such a short life span. Relying on secondhand books is not always an option, as they are often in Russian and do not reflect the new Georgian curriculum and ideas. The Ministry of Education estimates textbook availability to be anywhere from 40 to 75 percent for elementary schools, 40 to 60 percent for secondary, and 25 to 30 percent for upper secondary grades. Plans for textbook reform are also part of the World Bank project.

Enrollment: Accurately estimating the number and percentage of children enrolled in schools is difficult, as no recent official data has been published, and the organizations collecting information use different methods for doing so. Moreover, some poorer families don't register the births of their children until they are old enough to attend school in order to delay the cost of registration.

Estimates for the 1997-1998 school year indicate 926,000 students enrolled in all levels of the Georgia educational system. In 1997, about 87 percent of children eligible for first grade were enrolled. This marks a decline in enrollment since Georgia gained its independence in 1991. Some suggest that the decline might be as large as 20 percent for primary school. The starting age for school was lowered from seven to six years and grade nine is now compulsory, which should raise the level slightly. The dropout rate is about 4.3 to 5 percent in elementary school, 5.4 percent in incomplete secondary, and 9.9 percent at the upper secondary level.

Preprimary & Primary Education

Preprimary Education: The Georgian government works to develop the personality of children through pre-school programs. There are two types of preschool programs: nursery schools for babies age one and two, and kindergarten for children age three to six. In 1989, during the Soviet period, preschool was free, and 42 percent of eligible children attended kindergarten. In that year, there were 2,431 preschool programs with 213,396 pupils, or an average of 87 children per institution.

By 1993, there were 1,921 preschool institutions with 105,975 students, or 55 pupils per institution. By 1995 there was a further decrease to 1,272 institutions serving 79,200 pupils, or 62 pupils per institutions. Prior to the breakup of the Soviet Union, preschool institutions were established at factories and other organizations, and children of employees were cared for during working hours in those institutions. The economic depression following Georgia's independence made that impossible, and the number of preschools in factories and other work sites decreased from 805 to 47. In addition, during the Soviet period, food was given to preschool institutions, while after independence schools were required to pay for their own food.

Private kindergartens have developed to replace the official or governmental schools that existed prior to the change in government and the economic crises. There are also many nonregistered preschool institutions operating in private apartments. The government does not have specific data about these schools, though some estimates of the total enrollment in kindergartens of all kinds suggest that in 1997-1998, approximately 926,000 students were enrolled in public and private kindergartens. By contrast, the government reports its kindergarten enrollment for that year at 75,000. Other sources suggest that kindergarten is much less than universally available, and that it is a sign of prestige and privilege to send one's children to kindergarten.

The preschools are open from September through August. Many charitable organizations are also establishing preschools for younger children. The state-operated preschools receive some subsidy from the government, but parents are expected to pay part of the cost.

Primary Education: The Georgian government attempts to keep records on the percentage of children who enroll in school, compared to the data on births. In 1997, nearly 89 percent of children born in 1991 (and thus of school age) had enrolled in first grade. For the period from 1990 through 1998, there were 512,256 children in grades one through six. That number dropped for the 1995-1996 school year to 429,864. In 1996-1997, primary school enrollments were 435,797. In 1997-1998, the figure was 442,265.

Students in the primary grades study about 7 subjects, compared to 15 in the upper grades. Primary school subjects include native language study, math, fine arts, music, physical education, natural studies, Russian, and literature. All grades also have a free period for extracurricular activities, but the Ministry of Education plans to introduce new courses in religion and culture, which may take up this time. The school day is approximately three hours in the primary grades.

The methodological approach in all disciplines is highly teacher and textbook centered, rather than attempting to engage children through more active learning or research-oriented activities. In the fourth grade, for example, educational strategy focuses on copying, solving exercises with the teacher or individually, applying rules, and recalling.

As Georgia tries to distance itself from its Soviet legacy, the ministry is placing more emphasis on humanities, specifically Georgian history and culture, and less on math, science, and Russian. They have increased the number of hours spent studying foreign languages, humanities, the history and geography of Georgia, and Georgian language and literature. The constitution requires schools to provide education in the Georgian, Russian, Armenian, Azeri, Ossetian, and Abkhazian languages. Georgian is by far the predominant language of instruction, however, especially since many Russians have migrated back to Russia, and South Ossetia and Abkhazia have declared their separation from Georgia.

Secondary Education

In 1997-1998 there were about 275,000 students in the country's two divisions of secondary education. The lower division is called basic, or secondary. The higher level is called upper secondary, or high school. The basic level consists of grades 7 through 9, and the higher level is grades 10 and 11. There is some hope of adding a twelfth grade in the future. Education is compulsory, as mentioned earlier, through ninth grade.

An assessment of the primary teaching activities for ninth graders found that:

They consist of low cognitive complexity level tasks.
They are centered on the text and not on transferring potential to other learning activities.
They do not foster understanding or promote critical and independent thinking.

The typical school day in the secondary school classroom follows a pattern similar to that of the primary schools, as follows:

Lesson starts by calling the roll and taking note of those absent.
Teachers check students' homework.
Teachers propose more exercises or ask questions.
Teachers introduce a new concept or lesson.
Teachers make sure students learn the "right" answers.
Lesson ends with the indication of more homework.
Lesson lasts for 45 minutes.

The school day for basic, or the lower level of secondary education, is five to six hours per day; for the higher level, it is six to seven hours per day. Most students also have two or more hours of homework. History, geography, biology, physics, chemistry, and foreign languages are studied at the secondary level and, at the higher level, students choose an emphasis to study. The choices include humanities, physics and math, chemistry and biology, vocational education, or language. High school is the highest level of education before students reach eligibility for entering higher education.

Higher Education

Post-high school education is diverse in Georgia. The nation's universities used to follow the Soviet five-year program but now have a four-year bachelor's degree program. A master's degree takes two to three years. The next level is called the aspirantura, which takes another three to four years and which ends in a candidate degree, a scientific degree that focuses on independent research. The highest degree given is the doctor of science.

Universities administer their own entrance exams. Each state university offers an entrance exam during the same week in August. Students must decide beforehand which university, program, and faculty they want to apply to. Private institutions hold their exams the following week. Reports of corruption are rampant. According to some estimates, about half the students purchase a copy of the test questions beforehand. Faculties have also been implicated in purchasing tests to help their students.

The nation's total higher education system is made up of 22 institutions, including universities, institutes, technicums, and cultural academies. Before independence, the state sponsored more than 100,000 students at these schools, providing a stipend based on school performance. In 1992, approximately 24 percent of Georgians of higher-education age were enrolled in higher education.

University studies typically provide highly specialized, rigid training focusing on a single area of study. Law and medicine students do not attend regular university, but go directly to law and medical school from high school. Law school takes five years to complete and medical schools seven, plus two to three years of ordinatura, which is comparable to an internship.

Although the Soviet government ran well-equipped vocational and technical schools, the schools were not popular, and the economic depression that followed independence saw the vocational and technical education system disintegrate. Much of the equipment was stolen and school buildings were occupied by other organizations. There had been 170 vocational technical schools enrolling 70,000 students in 300 branches, but by 1996 there were only 115 schools with 20,000 students and 150 branches.

Since 1996, the government has been working to reestablish vocational and technical education for those who could not attend universities. The programs train specialists in an improved technical system and offer courses for farmers, manufacturers, and businesspersons. Centers for education and industry were established in different parts of the country in the 1990s, and unemployed workers and persons changing professions were given opportunities for retraining.

Study in vocational and technical schools is three to four years. Graduates from those schools receive certificates that permit them to work in their fields of study. Those who pass special advanced courses can continue their education. Graduates of technical schools may acquire certificates as midlevel specialists for work as nurses, teachers, computer operators, and other fields of expertise. There are 32 such schools under the Ministry of Education. There are approximately the same number of schools under other ministries, such as health, culture, and agriculture. These schools are called technicums, and their graduates are permitted to enter higher education.

Administration, Finance, & Educational Research

The Ministry of Education is the central governing body and oversees most decisions regarding education throughout the country. The ministry has 10 regions and the city of Tbilisi, which has a separate region. Each region has an education department, with 72 districts comprising the region, and there are local school administrators. The ministry is responsible for approving textbooks, courses, and curricula at all levels. It also licenses and certifies teachers, principals, and schools.

The office of the Ministry of Education experienced a fire several years ago and had insufficient funds to repair the building. Therefore, it works out of two separate buildings. Department heads are often separated from their staff and, with the energy crisis facing Tbilisi, telephones and electricity often do not work, making communication even among officials and staff difficult. The ministry has a few computers, but regional and local offices do not, nor do they have copy machines, so most still fill out forms, registrations, and records by hand.

Funding Sources: In responding to its charge of establishing budgets and overseeing financial matters, the ministry has taken zealous measures. In 1997, Parliament imposed a fee of 10 laris per month (about 8 U.S. dollars) for all but the top 30 percent of students attending public schools. The money is collected at the school level or deposited directly into a bank account set up by the ministry. However, the money does not stay at the school level. Schools are, in fact, forbidden to open their own bank accounts. Because the ministry plays such a significant role in the distribution of funds, having friends and connections at such a level can often increase a district's funding. Some schools have chosen to charge more than the required 10 laris and use the money to purchase heating fuel or pass it along in the form of a teacher's bonus.

A major cause of tight education budgets and inadequate funding for schools is the way the national education budget is spent. All money goes through the Ministry of Education and from there is dispersed to the rayons, the substructures of Georgian government. At the rayon level, the funds then go to local districts and finally to the schools. The triangular nature of the system allows for diversion of funds into noneducation functions. The Ministry of Education reportedly uses 40 percent of the national education budget for salaries, social contributions, and the "miscellaneous" category. In Tbilisi, the capital, 60 percent of the budget goes to personnel costs at the administrative level.

Other sources of budget disparity are the methods of revenue generation. While each rayon receives some funding from the national level, the rest must be generated locally through taxes and contributions. Rayons in rural areas are much poorer, and in some areas bartering and trading are more common than using money, causing real problems in generating money for schools. Consequently, schools in Tbilisi and other cities are much better equipped and in better condition. Since the Soviet period, local businesses have assisted and sponsored local schools, and some are still able to do this today, which greatly helps schools operate, especially the poorer schools in the regions. Other schools rent out space in the buildings to businesses to generate revenues.

Expenditures: Most school facilities in Georgia are fairly old and have not received much maintenance since the fall of the Soviet Union. The Ministry of Education estimates that over 80 percent of schools are in need of serious repair or reconstruction. Although schools in Tbilisi and other larger cities are in relatively good condition, many schools pose serious threats to students health, with no staircase railings; cracks in walls, ceilings, and hallways; peeling paint; broken windows; no running water; leaking roofs; and decaying, uncomfortable furniture. In rural areas, some schools do not have bathrooms. Fences have not been repaired, allowing animals to roam the schoolyards and creating unsanitary conditions. Some rural schools also lack basic teaching equipment including blackboards, desks, and books.

Lack of teaching materials has forced teachers to become creative in order to carry on their work. A number of teachers make teaching aids in their own homes or ask others to do so. For beginning grades some make alphabet letters and calendars out of cardboard. Most teachers, however, view creating their own teaching materials as something outside their defined roles and responsibilities, and consider it an extra burden forced on them by the lack of funds.

School buildings were constructed during the Soviet period, when energy was well below world price, and many buildings were not insulated. In the cities, there was an underground heating system provided free of charge to schools. In the post-Soviet era energy became scarce, and underground systems are no longer used. Each school is given funding for energy and water, but usually in name only. What money actually makes it to the individual schools is hardly adequate and not enough to install insulation or introduce new technology to conserve water. Consequently, schools are forced to find additional funds or simply close. In the cities, the school budget covers the purchase of some fuel for stoves or space heaters, and parents must provide additional money. In the rural areas, schools usually have wood-burning stoves, and students bring what wood or fuel they can contribute. During the coldest part of the winter schools often close for weeks or months due to lack of heating.

During Soviet times, a certain percentage of the government's funds was allocated for food in the education system. Three meals a day were provided in kindergarten and boarding schools. Meals in primary and vocational schools and university cafeterias were also subsidized. Even though the kindergartens can no longer afford to buy food and provide meals for their students, many still, under contracts, have to pay the kitchen staff. This redundancy of personnel, an ongoing problem at several levels, interferes with the efficiency of the educational system.

Nonformal Education

Under the Soviet system, Georgia had a strong program of adult education and nonformal education, including evening classes and study through correspondence. These systems were very popular because of the small number of people who were allowed to enter formal institutions. In 1996 these programs encountered a reduction in enrollments, largely because adults enrolled instead in private institutions.

Special Education: In Georgia, government has a public policy of providing special education for persons with disabilities as well as appropriate general education and, when it is required, therapeutic training in schools that are established for this purpose. These schools have special syllabi, lesson plans, and teaching methods. Special vocational and technical courses are aimed at enabling students to develop a profession and to be eligible for employment. There is also an effort to help special education students improve their physical and social status.

In 1996, there were 18 special boarding schools in Tbilisi and two preschools for blind children and those with speech defects. There were about 2,000 pupils in those institutions. Duration of study in special schools is based on the ability of the students to learn the subjects offered by the school. Study in special education schools is free and has a high priority in Georgia based on resolutions passed by the Cabinet of Ministers in the mid-1990s. In most cases, there is one institution to correspond with each of the following disabilities: blindness, limited eyesight, limited hearing, cerebral palsy, curvature of the spine, asthma, problems in speech development, and gastric diseases. There are two schools for deaf children, and eight auxiliary schools for children who are mentally retarded. These figures compare similarly to special education institutions in the United States, if one compares Georgia to a state with three to five million people.

Teaching Profession

Salaries: Teachers' salaries reached their lowest level in 1995, at an amount of US$4 per month. At one time teaching was the lowest paid profession in Tbilisi, a relatively high-paying city: teachers earned 21.8 laris per month, compared to the overall average salary of 61.5 laris per month. Subsequent increases have raised teachers' salaries to about 30 laris (US$24) per month. A lari is worth about 80 U.S. cents. Average teacher salaries are about 55 percent of the average wage for the total economy (54.9 laris) and about 80 percent of that for other public sector employees (37.5 laris). One reason for the low wages is overstaffing: education staffing in Georgia is atypically generous by international standards, and is twice as high per student as in Western nations. Thus already tight budgets must be spread thin over many teachers. Teachers in some rural villages have turned to farming and teach classes in their spare time. Others sell fruit or their remaining household items in Tbilisi market places in order to make ends meet.

The state still controls Georgia's most prominent higher education institutions and is unable to pay professors a living wage. As a result, scholars have been forced to emigrate or "moonlight" at jobs outside their fields. Many now teach at the private colleges and universities that have opened in the country. Although these schools pay decent salaries, the scholars have no time for research and writing, and are sometimes forced to instruct students who do not wish to learn.

An even bigger problem for many teachers, however, has been not being paid at all. Some regions have gone almost a year without paying their teachers, leading to several teacher strikes. In one instance, more than 100 teachers blocked the road in front of the of the regional administration office to demand their wages, which had not been paid for six to eight months.

Parents also complained, noting that teachers were looked at by pupils as poor people who could not even afford to buy proper clothing. This had a negative impact on teacher morale, and some believed that their authority among students was compromised. Teachers who had to work in the market during the weekend considered that shameful and said that they did not want to be seen by their students. The months without pay, combined with ill-equipped classrooms and limited teaching materials, have made many teachers feel inferior about their jobs.

Training & Qualifications: Teachers in Georgia have been hired not out of necessity, but because of the social prestige associated with teaching and a strong pressure to accommodate the growing number of graduates. The actual abilities and credentials of many candidates played a small role in the process. (An exception is the rural mountainous areas, where most schools lacked even a minimum number of teachers.) Large numbers of teachers cannot teach without a textbook; textbooks have become the main source of knowledge, not a supplement. This is in part due to the practices of the Soviet period, when teachers were compelled to rely heavily on texts; teachers have become accustomed to following them step by step.

The number of teachers has significantly declined since 1990-1991. In 1996, there were 102,073 teachers in Georgia: 69,219 (68 percent) in grades 1-11; 9,368 (9 percent) at preschool; and 18 percent in higher education. In the process of reducing the number of teachers, those teachers who received their posts by merit, as opposed to bribery and nepotism, are most likely to lose their jobs. Another factor is that male teachers were leaving teaching at rates beyond the national average, moving to find work in Russia or Armenia.

The proportion of teachers with complete higher education has increased slightly, to 87 percent in urban schools and 75 percent in rural schools. So far, the impact of low pay and poor conditions has been confined mainly to growing teacher shortages in foreign languages and computer science, where demand is strong outside the teaching profession, and in the remote rural areas, where it has become extremely difficult to replace retiring teachers. Recent measures by the government to consolidate and improve the teaching force have succeeded in raising the pupil-teacher ratio to 10.4 (from 8.3 in 1991), reducing the number of part-time teachers, increasing the full-time working load, and increasing salaries on a performance basis through a national testing and certification process.

Unions & Associations: There are two major trade unions in Georgia. The first is the Education Workers Trade Union of the Georgian Trade Unit Amalgamation, and the second is the Free Trade Union of Teachers of Georgia-Solidarity. Both unions are focused on teachers in the regions. The Education Workers Trade Union is the older organization, and is based in the northeastern region of Tianeti. Many call this union an offshoot of the old Soviet-style unions, although the leaders deny this. The Free Trade Union was established in 1998 and is based out of Kutaisi; it has 2,800 members throughout the regions. Although the trade unions do not have a good working relationship with each other and disagree over methods of change, they appear to have similar goals of improving teachers' working conditions and compensation.

Summary

Georgia faces many problems, but it is also in the process of working to reform its educational system. In that effort, it has the support and participation of the World Bank. The World Bank is working on a 12-year program that will eventually give US$60 million to the government of Georgia. The program is divided into several phases; the first phase goes until 2005 and involves US$25.9 million. If all the triggers are accomplished, the program will advance to the next phase and involve more money. The goal of this project is to realign the educational system and to make it more equitable, effective, and efficient. There are groups at the Georgian Ministry of Education specifically devoted to each component of reform.

There are seven components to the program: curriculum reform, national student assessment, professional development of teachers, development of new textbooks, strengthening policy and administration, efficient use of human resources, and increasing public awareness.

The curriculum component involves developing a national curriculum by 2005 for both primary (grades one through six) and secondary education (grades seven through nine). Students all over the country will study the exact same materials at the same levels.

A national student assessment exam and a national assessment center will be developed. As of 2001, assessment exams were administered and recorded by each local school. Thus students may score the same but be tested on different material. The old system has also been tainted by corruption: because teachers are paid so little and so rarely, some sell test scores, offer private tutoring, or change grades for a little extra money. With a national assessment, the exams will be reviewed and recorded by the national assessment center. The center will also collect and compile data and statistics nationwide for education.

The component for the professional development of teachers has several parts. One important aspect is the development of school networks for sharing information and creating a community of teachers. A program for individual school grants is also planned. The Ministry of Education will be responsible for setting up the regulations and provisions and will also provide support and instruction in grant proposal writing for those without experience in this field. Every school will receive a grant for the purpose of helping children learn. The grant cannot go to books or computers, but to projects engineered by the teachers themselves, in order to involve teachers in the reform process and allow the schools to see immediate results from the project.

The development of new textbooks includes the training of authors and those who will have to make the final decisions about what texts schools should use. Schools will buy the books and then rent them out to students. The first-year students will pay about 50 percent of the cost of the books, and then 30 percent for the next four years. Thus through book rentals the schools will accumulated enough funds to purchase new textbooks every four years and so on. This would make the project self-sustainable and would not require foreign loans or aid in order to provide books for students.

The project also includes a component to strengthen policy and administration. Regional education departments, which were established in the late 1990s, lack clear and defined roles. The Soros Foundation is helping to define the roles of the various departments. Local authorities are responsible for paying teachers' salaries, funding school maintenance and upkeep, however, the management responsibilities have not been plainly articulated.

The next component is a more efficient allocation of resources. Currently there is one teacher for every 10 students, a carryover from the Soviet system in which there was about a 1:5 teacher-student ratio. One of the program's goals is to increase this ratio to 1:14 by 2005. According to current regulations teachers are allowed to teach only certain grades and subjects. Therefore, a village school could have only 5 students but 10 teachers because secondary teachers are not allowed to teach primary classes. Because of this redundancy of teachers, about half of all teachers will have to be laid off. The Ministry of Education and the World Bank are trying to establish a severance package for pensioners. Although teaching pays very little, pensions are even less. It is against World Bank policies to pay severance for teachers, but they are revisiting the policy to look for an interpretation that would allow this. The system would have to retain the most qualified teachers and insure that those receiving severance pay would not return to the education system as consultants or in other capacities.

The Bank's project does not provide for any changes to school buildings, but it will analyze and map schools to eliminate redundancy. If there are two schools in close proximity they may be merged together. These resources will go into a database and the center will develop software and a computerized system for recording this data. Not all schools will have computers—they may still have to fill out their forms by hand—but the data will be computerized. This will allow the government and others access to information about the schools throughout the country.

The final component of the project is increasing public awareness. Sustaining education reform will require the increased dissemination of information and higher levels of parent and teacher involvement in the school system.

This project will help combat corruption through its measures to increase openness, cooperation, community involvement, and organization. Hopefully the example of these reforms will encourage similar changes in higher education, which faces even greater problems of corruption. For example, with nationwide exams throughout secondary schooling, higher institutions of learning might adopt this type of assessment as well, thus minimizing unfair influence and bribery.

Georgia's educational system has a long way to go before it is as effective as its supporters hope it will be. Nonetheless, the country has a plan and the resources to help it achieve major improvements over time.

Bibliography

Bateman, Graham, ed. Encyclopedia of World Geography, Vol. 14, Russia and Northern Eurasia. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1994.

Ghurchumelia, Manana [Leader of the Free Trade Union of Teachers of Georgia—Solidarity]. Interview by Sara Payne. Kutaisi, Georgia, 13 February 2001.

Grachev, A.S. Final Days: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.

Harbor, Bernard. The Breakup of the Soviet Union. New York: New Discovery, 1992.

Imnadze, Elene [Public Sector Management Specialist, World Bank Office]. Interview by Sara Payne. Tbilisi, Georgia, 8 February 2001.

Jones, Stephen F. "Republic of Georgia." In The Encyclopedia Americana, 12: 532-537. Danbury, CT: The Grolier Society, 2000.

McGiffert, Carolyn, and Melvin A. Ekedahl. The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze. State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.

Mikeladze, Mzia [Dean of the Georgian Institute of Public Affairs]. Interview by Sara Payne. Tbilisi, Georgia, 14 February 2001.

Orivel, Francois. Cost and Finance of Education in Georgia. Université de Bourgogne: Irédu/CNRS, 1998.

Polazchenko, Pavel, Don Oberdorfer, and P. Polazchenko. My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoirs of a Soviet Interpreter. State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.

Read, Tony, Carmelle Denning, Christopher Connolly-Smith, and Kenneth Cowan. School Textbook Provision in Georgia: A Sub-Sector Study Comprising an Analysis of Current Problem Areas with Options and Recommendations for Future Strategies. London: International Book Development, 1998.

Rosen, Roger. Georgia: A Sovereign Country of the Caucasus. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1999.

Shevardnadze, Eduard A. The Future Belongs to Freedom. New York: Free Press, 1991.

Specter, Michael. "Letter from Tbilisi: Rainy Days in Georgia." The New Yorker 76 (December 18, 2000): 54-62.

Topouria, Giorgi. "Science and Education," March 1997. Available from http://www.sakartvelo.com./.

—Leon Ginsberg

World Education Encyclopedia Ginsberg, Leon

Georgia

views updated May 14 2018

Georgia

PROFILE
PEOPLE AND HISTORY
GOVERNMENT
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
ECONOMY
FOREIGN RELATIONS
U.S.-GEORGIA RELATIONS
TRAVEL

Compiled from the August 2007 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes.

Official Name:

Republic of Georgia

PROFILE

Geography

Area : 69,700 square kilometers; slightly smaller than South Carolina; 20% of total territory is not under government control.

Cities: Capital Tbilisi (population 1.1 million, 2002).

Terrain: Mostly rugged and mountainous.

Climate: Generally moderate; mild on the Black Sea coast with cold winters in the mountains.

People

Nationality : Noun and adjective Georgian(s).

Population: (July 2007 est.) 4.65 million.

Population growth rate: (2007 est.) 0.33%.

Ethnic groups: (2002 census) Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5%.

Religions: (2002 census) Orthodox Christian 83.9%, Muslim 9.9%, Armenian Apostolic 3.9%, Catholic 0.8%; other 0.8%; none 0.7%.

Languages: Georgian (official), Abkhaz also “official language” in Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.

Education: Years compulsory 11. Literacy (2004 est.) 100%.

Health : Infant mortality rate (2007 est.) 17.36 deaths/1,000 live births. Life expectancy (2007 est.) 76.3 yrs.

Government

Type: Republic.

Constitution: August 24, 1995; amended February, April, and June 2004; December 2005; and January 2007.

Government branches: Executive: president with State Chancellery. Legislative: unicameral parliament, 235 members. Judicial: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and local courts.

Political subdivisions: 67 electoral districts, including those within the two autonomous republics (Abkhazia and Adjara) and five independent cities.

Political parties: United National Movement-Democrats [Mikheil Saakashvili]; Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) [Georgi Topadze]; Labor Party [Shalva Natelashvili]; National Democratic Party [Bachuki Kardava]; New Rights [David Gamkrelidze]; Republican Party [David Usupashvili]; Traditionalists [Akaki Asatiani]; Union of National Forces-Conservatives [Koba Davitashvili and Zviad Dzidziguri], Georgia's Way [Salome Zourabichvili].

Suffrage: Universal over 18 years of age.

Economy

GDP: $6.46 billion (2006).

GDP per capita: $3,800, purchasing power parity (2006).

GDP growth: 9.4% in 2006 and 11.4% in the 1st quarter of 2007.

Inflation rate: 7.3% (end of June 2007).

Natural resources: Forests, hydropower, nonferrous metals, manganese, iron ore, copper, citrus fruits, tea, wine.

Industry: Types—steel, aircraft, machine tools, foundry equipment (automobiles, trucks, and tractors), tower cranes, electric welding equipment, fuel re-exports, machinery for food packing, electric motors, textiles, shoes, chemicals, wood products, bottled water, and wine.

Trade: (2006 est.) Exports—$1.76 billion. Partners: United Kingdom, Turkey, United States, Spain, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan. Imports—$3.32 billion. Partner: Turkey, United States, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Germany, Italy.

Work force: (2.02 million in 2005) Agriculture 40%, industry: 20%, services: 40%.

Unemployment: (2005 est.) 13.8%.

PEOPLE AND HISTORY

Georgia's recorded history dates back more than 2,500 years. Georgian, a South Caucasian (or “Kartvelian”) language unrelated to any other out-side the immediate region, is one of the oldest living languages in the world, and has its own distinctive alphabet. Tbilisi, located in the picturesque Mtkvari River valley, is more than 1,500 years old. In the early 4th century Georgia adopted Christianity, the second nation in the world to do so officially. Georgia has historically found itself on the margins of great empires, and Georgians have lived together in a unified state for only a small fraction of their existence as a people. Much of Georgia's territory was fought over by Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Mongol, and Turkish armies from at least the 1st century B.C. through the 18th century. The zenith of Georgia’ power as an independent kingdom came in the 11th and 12th centuries, during the reigns of King David the Builder and Queen Tamara, who still rank among the most celebrated of all Georgian rulers. In 1783 the king of Kartli (in eastern Georgia) signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with the Russians, by which Russia agreed to take the kingdom as its protectorate. In 1801, the Russian empire began the piecemeal process of unifying and annexing Georgian territory, and for most of the next two centuries (1801-1991) Georgia found itself ruled from St. Petersburg and Moscow. Exposed to modern European ideas of nationalism under Russian tutelage, Georgians like the writer Ilya Chavchavadze began calling for greater Georgian independence. In the wake of the collapse of tsarist rule and war with the Turks, the first Republic of Georgia was established on May 26, 1918, and the country enjoyed a brief period of independence under the Menshevik president, Noe Zhordania. However, in March 1921, the Russian Red Army re-occupied the country, and Georgia became a republic of the Soviet Union. Several of the Soviet Union's most notorious leaders in the 1920s and 1930s were Georgian, such as Joseph Stalin, Sergo Orjonikidze, and Lavrenti Beria. In the postwar period, Georgia was perceived as one of the wealthiest and most privileged of Soviet republics, and many Russians treated the country's Black Sea coast as a kind of Soviet Riviera. On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia declared independence from the U.S.S.R.

Beset by ethnic and civil strife from independence in 1991, Georgia began to stabilize in 1995. The separatist conflicts in Georgia's regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia remain unresolved, although cease-fires are in effect. In Abkhazia, the Common-wealth of Independent States (in fact, only Russian forces) maintains a peacekeeping force, and the United Nations maintains an Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG), both of which monitor compliance with the 1994 cease-fire agreement. In South Ossetia, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) has the prime role in monitoring the 1992 cease-fire and facilitating negotiations.

The Georgian Government stakes much of its future on the revival of the ancient Silk Road as a Eurasian transportation corridor, using Georgia's geography as a bridge for the transit of goods, including oil and gas, between Europe and Asia. Georgians are renowned for their hospitality and artistry in dance, theater, music, and design.

GOVERNMENT

Georgia has been a democratic republic since the presidential elections and constitutional referendum of October 1995. The President is elected for a term of 5 years, limited to 2 terms; his constitutional successor is the Speaker of Parliament.

Parliamentary elections on November 2, 2003 were marred by irregularities and fraud according to local and international observers. Popular demonstrations ensued in the streets of Tbilisi; protestors carried roses in their hands and these peaceful protests became known as the Rose Revolution. Former President Eduard Shevardnadze resigned on November 23, 2003, and the Speaker of Parliament Nino Burjanadze assumed the role of Interim President. President Mikheil Saakashvili was elected to a 5-year term in January 2004. Parliamentary elections were re-held in March 2004 and President Saakashvili's party, National Movement, combined with Speaker Burjanadze's party, the Burjanadze-Democrats, won the majority of seats. On May 24, 2005, the Parliament passed legislation to decentralize power from the central government in Tbilisi to local government authorities in the regions. Elections were held on October 5, 2006 to elect 1,732 members of 69 local councils and seven city governments.

Presidential and parliamentary elections are scheduled for 2008.

Principal Government Officials

Last Updated: 2/1/2008

President (Acting): Nino BURJANADZE

Speaker of Parliament (Acting): Mikheil MACHAVARIANI

Prime Minister: Lado GURGENIDZE

Min. of Agriculture: Petre TSISKARISHVILI

Min. of Culture: Giorgi GABASHVILI

Min. of Defense: Davit KEZERASHVILI

Min. of Economics & Infrastructure: Giorgi ARVELADZE

Min. of Education & Science: Maia MIMINOSHVILI

Min. of Energy: Alexander KHETAGURI

Min. of Environment: Davit CHANTLADZE

Min. of Finance: Nikoloz GILAURI

Min. of Foreign Affairs: Gela BEZHUASHVILI

Min. of Health & Social Welfare: Davit TKESHELASHVILI

Min. of Internal Affairs: Vano MERABISHVILI

Min. of Justice: Eka TKESHELASHVILI

Min. of Refugees: Koba SUBELIANI

State Min. for Conflict Resolution: Davit BAKRADZE

State Min. for Euro-Atlantic Integration: Giorgi BARAMIDZE

State Min. for National Reconciliation: Zinaida BESTAYEVA

State Min. for Small & Medium-Size Businesses: Kakha BENDUKIDZE

Prosecutor General: Zurab ADEISHVILI

Sec., National Security Council: Kakha LOMAIA

Chmn., National Bank (Acting): David AMAGLOBELI

Ambassador to the US: Vasil SIKHARULIDZE

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York: Irakli ALASANIA

Georgia maintains an embassy in the United States at 2209 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008, telephone (202) 387-2390, fax (202) 393-4537.

POLITICAL CONDITIONS

President Mikheil Saakashvili came to power following his near-unanimous election in early 2004 on the heels of the Rose Revolution in November 2003. The revolution swept out nearly all the old, discredited politicians in the previous government and replaced them with young, often western-educated officials. Saakashvili's National Movement party continues to enjoy wide popularity; opposition parties are weak and disunited, although they are free to organize and actively campaign for office. Beginning in 2004, the government announced its goals of building democracy, increasing prosperity, and peacefully reincorporating Georgia's separatist regions. The political status of the Russian-supported separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia remains unresolved, however, and continues to challenge the government.

Since 2004, the Government of Georgia has turned a nearly failed state into a rapidly maturing market democracy. Parliamentary and municipal elections have been judged to be largely free and fair, although problems remain with voter lists. The new government took action against endemic corruption. It completely reorganized the traffic police, which was infamous for its corruption prior to the Rose Revolution. Corrupt judges were dismissed, and a fair examination system for entering the universities was implemented. A great deal of progress has also been made in reforming Georgia's military, bringing it closer to the standards required for NATO membership. Georgia is seeking membership in Euro-Atlantic institutions, particularly the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and eventually the European Union (EU). In September 2006, NATO granted Georgia Intensified Dialogue on requirements for membership in the organization.

Nearly four years after the Rose Revolution, the Georgian government has implemented an impressive program of governance reform, anti-corruption measures, and democratic institution building. The Saakashvili government has been criticized for concentrating too much power within the executive branch of government. However in 2006, Parliament passed sweeping local government reforms designed to decentralize power to the regions and give local governments increased authority. Successful local elections were held in October 2006 to elect officials to fill new positions throughout Georgia created by these reforms. Georgia has received high marks from the World Bank and others on the government's aggressive anti-corruption campaign. Democratic institutions were strengthened as public service reform gained momentum and judicial reform was acknowledged as a priority. Constitutional amendments signed into law in 2006 increased the independence of the judiciary; further reforms have aimed at increasing respect for and strengthening the rule of law. In July 2007, legislation banning ex parte communication was passed, prohibiting parties to a case from communicating with judges during the pretrial investigation period as well as during the trial. Legislation requiring the Ministry of Justice to establish a legal aid office was also passed, making available assistance and representation in court proceedings to those who request it. The Georgian legislature has instituted political reforms supportive of higher human rights standards, including religious freedoms that are enshrined in the constitution. The government has launched an aggressive campaign to combat trafficking in persons.

The separatist conflict in Abkhazia continues to simmer, with frequent accusations from the Georgian Government that ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia face discrimination from the Abkhaz de facto authorities. The Abkhaz de facto authorities seek full independence from Georgia, and are currently refusing talks following the reassertion of Georgian Government control over the upper Kodori Valley area of Abkhazia in the summer of 2006. Since December 1993, the United Nations has chaired negotiations toward a settlement in Abkhazia. The UN mediator is the Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG), currently Ambassador Jean Arnault. The Group of Friends of the UN Secretary General on Georgia (consisting of the United States, France, Germany, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom) supports the UN-led peace process. UNOMIG and the Friends continue to encourage the adoption of confidence-building measures in the region. The Georgian legislature passed a resolution on the CIS peacekeepers in Abkhazia, declaring its belief that the peacekeepers have been ineffective in establishing conditions to allow the return of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians displaced by the conflict.

The Parliament has repeatedly expressed its desire for the peacekeepers to be replaced by an international police force; however, the Georgian Government has made no official demand for the peacekeepers in Abkhazia to leave. For more information on the separatist conflict in Georgia's Abkhazia region, see the Department of State's Fact Sheet on Abkhazia http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/53745.htm. The United States supports the strengthening of Georgia's territorial integrity through peaceful means. Unilaterally and as a member of the Group of Friends, the U.S. seeks to advance negotiations toward a comprehensive settlement of the conflict, including on Abkhazia's future status within Georgia and the safe and dignified return of refugees and internally-displaced perso

The 1992 Sochi Agreement, which established a cease-fire between the Georgian and South Ossetian forces, and defined both a zone of conflict around the South Ossetian capital of Tskhinvali and a security corridor along the border of South Ossetian territories, remains in effect. The South Ossetia region is comprised of a patchwork of Georgian villages interspersed with ethnic Ossetian villages. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) monitors the ceasefire and facilitates negotiations between the Georgians and the South Ossetians toward a comprehensive settlement consistent with Georgian independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. The Agreement also created the Joint Control Commission (JCC) and a peacekeeping body, the Joint Peacekeeping Forces (JPKF). The JPKF is under Russian command and is comprised of peacekeepers from Georgia, Russia, and Russia's North Ossetian autonomous republic. South Ossetian peacekeepers, however, serve in the North Ossetian contingent. Talks on South Ossetia are held under the auspices of the Joint Control Commission (JCC), with Georgian, Russian, North Ossetian, and South Ossetian delegations participating. The Georgian Government has frequently complained that the current format for talks puts Georgia at a disadvantage, and would like greater participation by the international community.

In January of 2005, Georgian President Saakashvili put forth a proposal to give autonomous status to South Ossetia within Georgia. The United States welcomed President Saakash-vili's initiative to resolve the conflict through peaceful means and continues to look for ways to encourage a lasting resolution of the conflict. An alternative leader in South Ossetia emerged in November 2006, when ethnic Georgian Dmitry Sanakoyev was elected in an unrecognized, de facto presidential election by the ethnic Georgian population. Sanakoyev has set up an alternative government in Kurta, South Ossetia.

The United States supports the territorial integrity of Georgia and supports only a peaceful resolution of the separatist conflict in South Ossetia that defines the status of South Osse-tia within Georgia's internationally recognized borders, while affording South Ossetia significant autonomy within a unified Georgia.

The United States views Georgia's autonomy proposal as an important step in a peace process that should be marked by direct and frequent negotiations between the two sides. International donors, including the United States, launched an economic rehabilitation project in 2006 to help establish a peaceful and prosperous future for South Ossetia within Georgia.

ECONOMY

The Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia was one of the most prosperous and envied locations in the former Soviet Union. The political turmoil after independence had a catastrophic effect on Georgia's economy. The cumulative decline in real GDP is estimated to have been more than 70% between 1990 and 1994, and by the end of 1996, Georgia's economy had shrunk to around one-third of its size in 1989. Today, the largest share of Georgia's GDP is produced by agriculture, followed by trade, manufacturing, and transport. Georgia's main exports are metals and ores, wine, nuts, and aircraft.

Although Georgia experienced some years of growth in the mid-1990s, it was hit hard by the Russian economic crisis of 1998-99. The later years of former President Shevardnadze's administration were marked by rampant cronyism, corruption, and mismanagement. Public disaffection with the situation resulted in the Rose Revolution of 2003. The new government, led by Mikheil Saakashvili, promised to reorient the government and the economy toward privatization, free markets, and reduced regulation, to combat corruption, to stabilize the economy, and to bring order to the budget.

The government reduced the number of taxes from 21 to 7 and introduced a flat income tax of 12%. It significantly reduced the number of licenses a business requires, and introduced a “one-window” system that allows an entrepreneur to open a business relatively quickly. Strict deadlines for agency action on permits were introduced, and consent is assumed if the agency fails to act within the time limit. The government intends to completely eliminate import duties by 2008, which should reduce costs and stimulate business.

The World Bank recognized Georgia as the world's fastest-reforming economy in its 2007 “Doing Business” report, ranking it as the world's 37th easiest place to do business, in the same league as countries such as France, Slovakia, and Spain. The World Bank's “Anti-Corruption in Transition 3” report places Georgia among the countries showing the most dramatic improvement in the struggle against corruption, due to implementation of key economic and institutional reforms, and reported reduction in the bribes paid by firms in the course of doing business.

Economic growth has remained strong, reaching 8% in 2006; inflation reached 10% in the same year but decreased to 7.3% in the first six months of 2007.. Efforts to improve the efficiency of government operations since the Rose Revolution have required the government to release workers, pushing official unemployment to 13.8% in 2005. A strongly negative balance of trade is offset by inflows of investment and assistance from international donors. The fiscal deficit was 2.9% of GDP in 2006according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Improved collection and administration of taxes have greatly increased revenues for the government. In two years, from 2003 to 2005, tax collections went up from 13.8% of GDP to 20.8%. The government has been able to pay off wage and pension arrears and increase spending on desperately needed infrastructure such as roads and electric energy supply systems. The government privatized nine times the value of state-owned assets in 2005 as it did in all of 2000-2003. It expects to have privatized all of the largest state-owned industries by the end of 2008, increasing revenues and removing a major temptation toward corruption from the control of state bureaucrats.

Before 2004, electricity blackouts were common throughout the country, but since late 2005, distribution has been much more reliable, approaching consistent 24-hour-a-day service. Improvements have resulted from increased metering, better billing and collection practices, reduced theft, and management reforms. Investments in infrastructure have been made as well. Hydroelectricity output increased by almost 27%, and thermal by 28%, from 2005 to 2006. Natural gas has traditionally been supplied to Georgia by Russia. Through conservation, new hydroelectricity sources, and the availability of new sources of natural gas in Azerbaijan, Georgia's dependence on Russia for energy supplies should decrease in the near future.

The banking sector is becoming more open to competition from foreign-owned banks. The sector is relatively stable, and is supplying more credit to domestic businesses. Credit from Georgian banks to the economy was 15% of GDP in 2005, compared to 10% in 2004—still low, compared to the average in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland for 2005, which was 36%.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the most important source of capital for Georgia and other post-Soviet states. Such investment not only supports new plants and equipment, but usually entails bringing in modern management methods as well. The Georgian Government is eager to welcome foreign investors. From 2002 to 2006, FDI averaged 9% of GDP, with much of it dedicated to the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the South Caucasus gas pipeline. In 2006, which saw diminishing pipeline investment as a function of total FDI, more than half of FDI went to the banking, manufacturing, and tourism sectors.

Georgia faces many challenges in attracting foreign investment and growing its economy. In 2006, more than 50% of the population lived below the official poverty line. With only 4.7 million people, most of whom have little disposable income, it is a small market in itself. The major market to which Georgia has traditionally been linked is Russia. (For example, at one time nearly 100% of the Soviet Union's citrus fruits were grown in Georgia.) In 2006, trade relations were plagued by politically motivated interruptions when Russia imposed bans on all Georgian exports of wine, fruits and vegetables, and mineral water. In October 2006, Russia severed all direct transportation links, as well as postal service and visa issuance. In addition, Russia undertook a campaign of deportations of Georgian nationals residing in Russia and closed the only legal land border crossing between Georgia and Russia, diverting traffic into the separatist regions outside of Georgia's control. In light of these restrictions, Georgian businesses are actively seeking new markets for their products in the EU, Eastern Europe, North America, and elsewhere. Reports confirm that the sanctions have not had an adverse effect on the economy; in fact, exports have increased since the beginning of 2006 because Georgia was forced to find alternate markets for its goods.

The government faces a major challenge in controlling corruption, which is a persistent problem. Shortly after President Saakashvili took office, his administration dismissed nearly the entire police force and replaced it with better-paid and -trained officers. Several high officials have been prosecuted for corruption-related offenses. On the other hand, widespread lack of confidence in the Georgian courts and system of justice is a major obstacle to both foreign and domestic investment. The new government has promised to tackle this difficult task, which requires balancing the objective of judicial independence with honest, fair, and competent decision making.

The United States and other international donors have targeted foreign assistance to promote democratic reform, resolve regional conflicts, foster energy independence, assist economic development, and reduce poverty. The U.S. seeks to help Georgia consolidate democratic gains since the Rose Revolution. The USG lends significant diplomatic and funding support to Georgia's efforts to resolve the separatist conflicts of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. With USG assistance, Georgia is working to free itself from near total energy dependence on Russian sources of energy. Georgia is one of the first countries to receive a compact, in the amount of $295 million over five years, from the United States Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). MCC offers grant assistance to countries that meet certain requirements for good governance and commitment to reform. In 2004, Georgia's debt to the Paris Club was restructured. Since 2004, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has monitored a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility that will terminate in 2007. The World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, EU, OSCE, and the UN are all active in Georgia. Their goals are complementary, and include assisting in conflict resolution in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, energy and transportation development, legal and administrative reform, health, and many other areas.

FOREIGN RELATIONS

Georgia's location between the Black Sea, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey gives it importance as a transport corridor far beyond its size. It is developing as the gateway from the Black Sea to the Caucasus and the Caspian basin. Following Russian bans on imports of Georgian wine, water, and agricultural products, and the severing of transportation links in 2006, Georgia has reached out to other neighbors and to the West to diversify its export markets. It signed a partnership and cooperation agreement with the European Union, and in 2006 signed an action plan under the European Union's European Neighborhood Policy for reforms aimed at building a closer relationship with the EU. Georgia participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program. In September 2006, Georgia was granted Intensified Dialogue with NATO to formalize discussions on Georgia's membership aspirations. In addition, Georgia has reached out to a number of countries that have expressed interest in investing in the country. China, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine, as well as a number of European Union countries (including Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) maintain embassies in Tbilisi. Georgia is a member of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Trade Organization, the Council of Europe, and the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development—GUAM.

U.S.-GEORGIA RELATIONS

U.S.Georgia relations continue to be close. Extensive U.S. assistance is targeted to support Georgia's democratic, economic, and security reform programs, with an emphasis on institution-building and implementing lasting reforms. The United States has provided Georgia approximately $1.7 billion in assistance since 1991. On September 12, 2005, Georgia signed a compact with the Millennium Challenge Corporation for a five-year $295.3 million assistance package. Information about U.S. assistance to Georgia can be found at http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/66198.htm.

In recognition of the extensive assistance provided to Georgia and the political dynamic of the time, in September 2003, the United States completed a comprehensive review of U.S. foreign assistance to Georgia. Following the Rose Revolution in November 2003, the United States increased assistance to the Georgian Government in response to its ambitious reform and anti-corruption plans. We continue to help Georgia establish itself as a successful market economy and democracy.

The United States works closely with Georgia to promote mutual security and counterterrorism interests. The United States provides Georgia with bilateral security assistance, including English-language and military professionalism training, through the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program. The multiyear Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP) ended in 2004, achieving its intended goals of enhancing Georgia's military capability and stimulating military reform. Launched in January 2005, the Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program has advanced GTEP's goals and trained the Georgian contingent participating in coalition operations in Iraq. Partnership with the Georgia (U.S.) National Guard, visits by the Sixth Fleet and the Coast Guard to Georgia, and the Bilateral Working Group on Defense and Military Cooperation are also important components of our security relationship with Georgia.

Promoting democracy and reform is another strategic pillar of our bilateral relationship with Georgia. In April 2006 the government passed a strong anti-trafficking-in-persons law. Since then, the government has taken further constructive steps to combat trafficking in persons. In 2007, Georgia moved up to the Tier 1 list, meaning that it fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.

Principal U.S. Embassy Officials

Last Updated: 2/19/2008

TBILISI (E) 11 George Balanchine Street, Tbilisi, Georgia, 0131, APO/ FPO Unit 7060, APO/AE 09742-7060, 995 32 277000, Fax 995 32 532310, INMARSAT Tel 2 INMARSATS 683130425/BGAN 870772242768; 2 Thurayas +8821652073174 & +8821651072639, Workweek: M-F; 0900-1800, Website: http://georgia.usembassy.gov.

DCM OMS:	Valerie Davis
AMB OMS:	Judy Thiessen
DHS/CIS:	Ronald Grimes
DHS/ICE:	Chris Nelson
DPO:	Lester Brayshaw
ECO:	Robert Kiene
FM:	Steven Gavazza
HRO:	Richard Marsh
MGT:	John Bernlohr
PAO/ADV:	Stepen Guice
POL ECO:	Bridget Brink
USCS OIC:	Christopher Nelson
AMB:	John Tefft
CON:	Lindsay Henderson
DCM:	Mark Perry
PAO:	Cynthia Whittlesey
GSO:	Brian Anselman
RSO:	John Galido
AGR:	Sean Carmody
AID:	Robert Wilson
CLO:	Georgetta Caroll
DAO:	Col. Matthew Brand
FIN:	Timothy Grewe
FMO:	Kristen Heslink-Purcell
ICASS:	Chair Bridget Brink
IMO:	Lester Brayshaw
IPO:	Vacant
ISO:	Guadalupe Pinon
ISSO:	Lester Brayshaw
LEGATT:	Jeffrey Pelaez
NAS:	Laura A Melanas
State ICASS	: Bridget Brink

TRAVEL

Consular Information Sheet

October 3, 2007

Country Description: Georgia is a constitutional republic with a developing economy. Tourist facilities outside of Tbilisi are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available.

Entry Requirements: A passport is required. U.S. citizens visiting for 90 days or less do not need a visa to enter Georgia. Armenian and Azerbaijani visas are no longer valid for transit through Georgia. For further information, please contact the Embassy of Georgia at 2209 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington DC, 20008 tel. (202) 387-2390, fax: (202) 393-4537. Visit the Embassy of Georgia web site at http://embassy.mfa.gov.ge for the most current visa information.

Safety and Security: As a result of civil wars in the 1980s early 1990s, there are two separatist regions in Georgia that are not under the control of the Government of Georgia: South Ossetia, in north-central Georgia; and Abkhazia, in northwest Georgia. Although armed conflict between the separatist regions and the central government has ceased, episodes of violence continue and political relations are tense. Political developments have the potential to result in open hostilities. Due to the volatility of the political situation, high levels of crime, and inability of Embassy personnel to travel to Abkhazia or South Ossetia, the U.S. Embassy advises American citizens not to travel to these separatist-controlled areas.

In July 2004, political tensions increased significantly between the Georgian Government and the South Ossetia separatist regime, based in Tskhinvali. This situation culminated in sniper and mortar exchanges between South Ossetian and Georgian troops. Although the fighting did not escalate into an all-out war, low-level violence continues between the two sides, periodically resulting in deaths, and underscoring the potential for instability in the region. A tense truce also exists between the Georgian Government and the separatist de facto government of Abkhazia. Over the past several years, a number of attacks, criminal incidents, and kidnappings have occurred in Abkhazia. While Abkhaz “border officials” may demand that travelers entering the region purchase “visas” from the so-called “Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia,” the U.S. Government recognizes the territorial integrity of Georgia. American citizens in areas of western Georgia, near Abkhazia, are advised to be aware of their surroundings at all times and to avoid straying off main roads or traveling after dark.

Because of the restricted access of U.S. officials to Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the ability of the U.S. Government to assist American citizens in these regions is extremely limited, even in emergencies. All travelers to these regions, regardless of purpose, should register with the U.S. Embassy. The U.S. Embassy recommends that Americans maintain contact with the Embassy for the latest information on the security situation in these separatist regions.

American citizens should be aware that they cannot legally cross by land, air, rail, or sea between Russia and Georgia, even if in possession of valid Russian or Georgian visas. In July 2006, the Russian Government closed the only border crossing between Georgia and Russia under the control of both governments (the only other crossings are through Georgia's separatist regions). Russian authorities said the closure, at Verkhny Lars, would be temporary, pending necessary repairs at the crossing, although it remains closed as of August 2007. On August 6, 2007 a missile was fired from an aircraft near a village between the city of Gori and the separatist region of South Ossetia. Although this was an isolated incident, it serves as a reminder that the situation near the separatist areas remains unpredictable.

Georgia's armed forces have periodically conducted operations against suspected international terrorists, Chechen fighters, and criminals who have taken refuge in the Pankisi Gorge. American citizens should avoid all travel to the Pankisi Gorge, north of the city of Akhmeta. American citizens are also advised to exercise caution when traveling in the northern mountainous areas of Georgia bordering the Russian Federation, especially the Chechnya and Dagestan sectors.

Regardless of the region in Georgia one is planning to visit, American citizens are urged to review their personal security precautions, increase their levels of awareness, register with the consular section, and as appropriate, take increased security measures.

In the past, religious minorities in Georgia have been targets of violent attacks. The victims were primarily Jehovah's Witnesses, but also include Pentecostals, Baptists, and members of the Assembly of God. Incidents included the burning of literature, the destruction of private property and the beating (sometimes severe) of believers, including American citizens. Although Georgian authorities arrested, convicted and imprisoned the ringleader of the group responsible for these attacks in 2005, American citizens should remain cautious when engaging in missionary activity in Georgia.

For the latest security information, Americans traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affair's Internet site at http://travel.state.gov, where the current Travel Warnings and Travel Alerts, including the Worldwide Caution Travel Alert, can be found. Up-to-date information on security can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S., or, for callers outside the United States and Canada, a regular toll line at 1-202-501-4444.

Crime: Crime is a very serious problem in Georgia. There is a great disparity in affluence between foreigners and most Georgians. Americans in particular are perceived as being wealthy, and are therefore specifically targeted for economic- and property-based crimes. Incidents such as residential break-ins, carjacking, car theft, petty theft, and armed robbery account for most of the crimes involving Americans that are reported to the Embassy. Petty street crime, such as pickpocketing, purse snatching, and cell phone theft, is also common throughout the country. Furthermore, violent attacks have become more commonplace. Because illegal firearms are readily available in Georgia, assailants are likely to be armed with firearms and other weapons.

Crime remains a particularly serious issue in Tbilisi, where criminal activity against foreigners remains at levels disproportionate to other metropolitan areas in Europe and the United States. Many robberies and assaults have occurred in areas frequented by American citizens and foreigners, such as on side streets near Tbilisi's city center; trouble spots include areas off the main avenues in the Vake and Vera districts, and Chavchavadze and Rustaveli avenues, as well as the Saburtalo region of Tbilisi. These crimes often occurred when the victim was alone, after dark, and in unfamiliar surroundings.

Petty theft is also a problem on the Tbilisi metro system and in minivans marshrutkas marshrutkas” used for public transport. American citizens are advised to use personal vehicles or use taxis from established companies that carry passengers door-to-door. While the security of overland travel in Georgia has improved, vehicular and rail traffic remains vulnerable to robbery.

The threat of kidnapping exists both within and outside of Tbilisi. In the past, foreign businessmen have been abducted for ransom, and Americans in the Tbilisi area have received kid-napping threats. The possibility of similar risk to Americans elsewhere in the country cannot be discounted.

Outside of Tbilisi, criminal activity is also a problem, especially in the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, due to the reduced capacity of law enforcement in those areas. Other regions of concern include: upper Svanetia, Samtskhe-Javakheti, the administrative border with Abkhazia (including Zugdidi city), and areas along the border with Russia. When visiting or traveling through these regions, American citizens are urged to increase their vigilance, review their personal security precautions, and take appropriate security measures, e.g. traveling with a native Georgian escort familiar with the local area.

Despite much progress in the Georgian Government's efforts to reform police and fight internal corruption, serious concerns remain as to the police's ability to deter criminal activity or conduct effective post-incident investigations. Although police emergency response is good, criminals continue to have freedom of movement throughout Tbilisi day or night.

In light of the serious crime situation, all American citizens visiting Georgia are again strongly advised to exercise basic security precautions. American travelers should vary times and routes, especially from places of residence to work locations. Americans should maintain a low profile by not carrying large amounts of cash, not wearing excessive amounts of jewelry, and not behaving in a manner that would draw unnecessary attention. Additionally, Americans should be aware of their surroundings, travel in pairs or groups, and stay on main streets and routes. The Embassy recommends that those traveling throughout the country do so during daylight hours only and provide a travel itinerary and contact telephone numbers to a friend or business colleague. Also, Americans should not hesitate to report any unusual incidents or suspicious vehicles or individuals to the Georgian authorities as soon as possible. Finally, those that do become a victim of crime should not resist their assailant and should cooperate with the assailant as best they can. Assailants are most interested in money and/or property; cooperation reduces the chance of being assaulted and/or injured.

Information for Victims of Crime: The Georgian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MOIA) has established a police emergency hotline. This service is currently limited to larger cities, but the MOIA is planning to expand this service countrywide. To contact police in an emergency, simply dial “022” from your landline or cell phone. Please note that the police dispatcher speaks only Georgian or Russian.

The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. If you are the victim of a crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, please contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for assistance. The Embassy/Consulate staff can, for example, assist you to find appropriate medical care, to contact family members or friends and explain how funds could be transferred. Although the investigation and prosecution of the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities, consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney if needed.

Medical Facilities and Health Information: Medical care in Georgia is limited. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with pre-existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. It is recommended that travelers who intend to visit Georgia for at least two weeks get the hepatitis A vaccine and a pre-exposure rabies vaccine. Travelers are also encouraged to bring medicine to treat diarrhea, which regularly afflicts newcomers. Georgian doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment before rendering medical services.

Information on vaccinations and other health precautions, such as safe food and water precautions and insect bite protection, may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's hotline for international travelers at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747) or via the CDC site at http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel. For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad consult the World Health Organization's (WHO) web site at http://www.who.int/en. Further health information for travelers is available at http://www.who.int/ith/en.

Medical Insurance: The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company before traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and if it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation.

Traffic Safety and Road Conditions: While in a foreign country, U.S. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. The information below concerning Georgia is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance.

As in the United States, vehicular traffic in Georgia moves along the right side of roadways. Speed limits range from 80 to 100 km/hr on highways, and from 30 to 60 km/hr on urban thoroughfares. Motorists are not permitted to make right turns on red traffic lights. While legislation mandating seat belt use has yet to be enacted, drivers and passengers are nevertheless strongly advised to buckle up on Georgian roads. Georgian law requires that children under seven (7) years of age be restrained in child-safety seats. A driver with any blood alcohol concentration exceeding 0.00% is considered to be driving under the influence of alcohol.

Motorists should exercise extreme caution when driving in Georgia, as many local drivers do not operate their vehicles in accordance with established traffic laws. Traffic signals and rules of the road are often completely ignored. Motorists drive erratically, often recklessly, and at excessive speeds. Motorists may frequently encounter oncoming high-speed traffic attempting to pass other vehicles at blind turns or over hilltops. Pedestrians enjoy no right-of-way and need to be extremely careful when crossing streets. The Georgian Patrol Police, who come under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, are responsible for maintaining traffic safety in Georgia, but enforcement of traffic regulations is haphazard.

Undivided two-lane roads connect most major cities in Georgia. Roads are generally in poor condition and often lack shoulder markings and centerlines. In addition, traffic signals may not work because of power outages or poor maintenance. Driving at night can be especially dangerous. Travel on mountain roads is treacherous in both rain and snow, and during winter, heavy snowfalls may make some roads impassable.

Aviation Safety Oversight: As there is no direct commercial air service between the United States and Georgia, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed Georgia's Civil Aviation Authority for compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards. For more information, travelers may visit the FAA's web site at http://www.faa.gov.

Travelers on regional airlines among the countries of the South Caucasus may experience prolonged delays and sudden cancellations of flights. In addition to frequent delays, flights are often overcrowded or overbooked. Basic safety features such as seat belts are sometimes missing. Air travel to Georgia on international carriers via Europe is typically more reliable. Ticketed passengers on flights departing from Georgia should reconfirm reservations with the airline 24 hours prior to departure.

Special Circumstances: Georgia has been subject to energy crises in the last few years. During the winter months, frequent and prolonged power outages are common, especially outside of Tbilisi. The lack of lighting in public places, even when electricity is available, heightens vulnerability to crime (please see the Crime section above for details).

Georgia's customs authorities may enforce strict regulations concerning the temporary import into or export from Georgia of items such as alcohol, tobacco, jewelry, religious materials, art or artifacts, antiquities, and business equipment. Only personal medicines with a doctor's statement can be imported without the permission of the Georgian Drug Agency section of the Ministry of Health.

U.S. citizens may not import firearms into Georgia; however, hunting weapons may be brought into the country for a two-week period, based on valid Georgian hunting licenses. While there is no limit to the amount of currency that can be imported, if more money is exported than was declared at the time of entry, the traveler is obligated to prove it was legally obtained. There are limits on the amount of Georgian currency that may be exported. The Ministry of Culture, Department of Expertise and Evaluation must license any valuables such as artwork, antiques, jewelry, paintings, etc. This license describes the object, assesses its value, and provides permission to export it from Georgia.

The U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi can provide more specific information on quantities of items that can be imported duty-free, as well as duties excised for specific items. It is also advisable to contact the Embassy of Georgia in Washington, DC for specific information regarding customs requirements. While the Georgian lari is the only legal tender, dollars can be freely exchanged for laris at market rates. ATMs are also becoming more widespread, but only within the city of Tbilisi. Credit cards are rarely accepted outside of upscale hotels and restaurants, and travelers’ checks are difficult to cash. American citizens in Georgia have reported incidents of credit card fraud and identity theft.

Criminal Penalties: While in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to that country's laws and regulations, which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offences.

Persons violating Georgian laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested or imprisoned. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Georgia are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Engaging in sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime, prosecutable in the United States.

Children's Issues: For information on international adoption of children and international parental child abduction, see the Office of Children's Issues website at http://travel.state.gov/family.

Registration and Embassy Locations: Americans living or traveling in Georgia are strongly encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate through the State Department's travel registration web site, https://travelregistration.state.gov, and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Georgia. Americans without Internet access may register directly with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate.

By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy or Consulate to contact them in case of emergency. The U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi is located at 11 George Balanchine Street. Office hours from American Citizens Services are from 2 to 5 pm on weekdays; no appointment is necessary. The telephone number is (995) (32) 27-70-00, which can also be reached after hours, and the fax number is: (995) (32) 53-23-10. The U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi's web site is http://georgia.usembassy.gov.

International Adoption

October 2006

The information in this section has been edited from a report of the State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs, Office of Overseas Citizens Services. For more information, please read the International Adoption section of this book and review current reports online at http://travel.state.gov/family.

Disclaimer: The information in this flyer relating to the legal requirements of specific foreign countries is based on public sources and current understanding. Questions involving foreign and U.S. immigration laws and legal interpretation should be addressed respectively to qualified foreign or U.S. legal counsel.

Please Note: In August 2006, the Georgia Ministry of Education informed the U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia that a very limited number of Georgian children are eligible for intercountry adoption. Information about available children may be obtained by contacting Ms. Tamar Golubiani, head of the Child Care Department at the Ministry of Education and Science. Her contact information is below.

Patterns of Immigration: Please review current reports online at http://travel.state.gov/family.

Adoption Authority: The government office responsible for adoptions in Georgia is the Ministry of Education and Science. The main contact is Ms. Tamta Golubiani, the head of the Child Care Department.

Ms.Golubiani (speaks English).
52 Uznadze Street
Tbilisi, Georgia 0102
Tel: 995-32-95-17-68

Eligibility Requirements for Adoptive Parents: Prospective adoptive parents must be at least 16 years older than the child they wish to adopt. Spouses must adopt the child jointly.

Unmarried individuals may also adopt. Persons who have been denied parental rights in a court of law or who have had other adoptions annulled due to failure to perform parental duties may not adopt. Persons unable to perform parental duties due to physical or mental illness, moral, criminal or other reasons may not adopt.

Residential Requirements: There are no residency requirements in Georgia for prospective adoptive parents.

Time Frame: Georgian adoptions should take from three months to nine months. However, the U.S. Department of State is aware of individual cases that took much longer than nine months.

Adoption Agencies and Attorneys: Georgia does not require adoption agencies to be licensed or accredited. The Ministry of Education requires that the prospective adoptive parent(s) submit the required documentation, legalized by the Georgian Embassy in the U.S., directly to the Ministry of Education. While the Ministry will accept applications submitted through adoption agencies or facilitators, the use of such intermediaries has sometimes lengthened the process.

Adoption Fees: The average total fees in Georgia are around $4,000 to $5,000. This fee includes the cost of an attorney, translation and notarization services as well as other costs charged by the Georgian government including the child's passport.

Please note that the Ministry of Education does not charge any fees for the referral of a child for adoption. If a prospective adoptive parent uses an adoption agency the total fee to adopt a child could be from $20,000-$30,000.

Adoption Procedures: Children available for adoption are registered in the Central Registry Database maintained by the Ministry of Education. The children can be adopted locally only for six months after being put in the database. A child is only eligible for intercountry adoption after six months in the database. Only the Ministry of Education is authorized to make matches of adoptive parents with available children, and only after the adoptive parents’ application for adoption is approved.

U.S. citizens wishing to adopt a child from Georgia must submit the documents listed below to the Ministry of Education for approval. It usually takes two to three months of review and investigation by the Ministry before the application is accepted. The Ministry will then provide the adopting parent(s) with basic information about children in the Central Registry Database (date of birth, sex, and medical diagnosis if relevant). After the adopting parent(s) confirms in writing a willingness to adopt, the adopting parent(s) is provided with the location of the child, allowed to visit, and have any desired medical consultations done. A final written confirmation from the adoptive parent(s) in regards to a specific child is then required before the Ministry of Education will submit a statement of adoption consent to the City Court Civil Cases Collegium. The length of this process fluctuates; there have been informal reports by adoptive parents(s) that the Ministry of Education review takes longer than the three to nine months stated above. The prospective adoptive parents must submit the documents to the Ministry of Education and see the child before the Ministry will issue the statement of adoption consent. Prospective adoptive parents must be present at the court session. After the court has approved the adoption, copies of all documentation are taken by the prospective adoptive parents or facilitators to the regional registration department, where the new birth certificate and the adoption certificate are issued. The adopting parents must be present for this procedure. A new Georgian passport, based on the new birth certificate, will be issued.

Required Documents: Prospective adoptive parents need to submit the following documents directly to the Ministry of Education:

Statement from the adoptive parent(s) indicating their full name, address, age, and sex and the category of child desired for adoption;
Copy of passport(s);
Copy of marriage certificate if applicable. If single or divorced, a sworn statement notarized by the consular section of the U.S. Embassy;
Documents from a U.S. doctor certifying health of adoptive parents, including a psychiatric certificate;
Certificate from adoptive parent's workplace indicating position and salary;
Copy of adoptive parent's personal financial account;
Clean record of no criminal activity of the adoptive parents;
References from friends, family, clergy, this is often covered by the home study;
Completed home study;
I-600A approval.

All the above documents MUST be translated into Georgian, notarized by a notary public, and then authenticated and legalized by the Consular Office of the Georgian Embassy in the U.S.

Embassy of Georgia
1101 15th St., NW, Suite 602
Washington, D.C. 20009
Tel: 202-387-2390
Consular Section: 202-393-6060
Fax: 202-393-4537

Email: embassy@georgiaemb.org or consulate@georgiaemb.org Internet: http://www.georgiaemb.org

U.S. Immigration Requirements: Prospective adopting parents are strongly encouraged to consult USCIS publication M-249, The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adoptive Children, as well as the Department of State publication, International Adoptions.

Please see the International Adoption section of this book for more details and review current reports online at http://travel.state.gov/family.

U.S. Embassy
11 George Balanchine St., Tbilisi,
Georgia 0131
Tel: (995) (32) 277-000,
Email: consulate-tbilisi@state.gov
Website: http://www.usembassy.ge.

Additional Information: Specific questions about adoption in Georgia may be addressed to the U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi. General questions regarding intercountry adoption may be addressed to the Office of Children's Issues, U.S. Department of State, CA/OCS/CI, SA-29, 4th Floor, 2201 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818, toll-free Tel: 1-888-407-4747.

Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 2009

Georgia

views updated May 18 2018

Georgia

Augusta
Brier (Briar) Creek Battlefield
Cherokee Ford
Elijah Clark Memorial State Park
Darien
Ebenezer
Jekyll Island
Kettle Creek Battlefield
Midway
Mulberry Grove Plantation
St. Simons Island
Satilla River
Savannah
Sunbury Site and Fort Morris
Tybee Island

Only Texas (11,000) and New York (2,800) have more historical markers than Georgia, which has erected nearly 2,600 of them. The state's markers most often pertain to the Civil War, but they also cover a broad range of other historical topics, including events and places from the American Revolution. The marker program began in 1952 by the state appointed Historical Commission. The Historical Commission was abolished in 1973 in favor of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, and then, after a brief try at privatizing the maintenance and erection of historical markers, the state transferred the responsibility to the Georgia Historical Society in 1997. The Society is located at 501 Whitaker Street in Savannah and serves the state as the main authority on Georgia's history. In addition to housing a museum and archives, it sells a variety of publications through its website that offer insight into the state's colonial and Revolutionary era past. (Website: www.georgiahistory.com; phone: (912) 651-2125.) Another state agency responsible for matters pertaining to historical sites is the Georgia Department of Archives and History, 5800 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, Ga. 30260; phone: (678) 364-3700.

Altamaha River

Altamaha River. Seedarien.

Augusta

Augusta. At the head of navigation of the Savannah River (240 miles by water from the port of Savannah, half that distance by road), the site of Augusta was a natural communications hub long before the white man arrived. Carolina colonists had a trading post in the area before Oglethorpe established the town of Augusta in 1735 to 1736 and named it for the Princess of Wales. Fort Augusta, built in 1736 about 100 yards from the river, was enlarged by the British invaders in 1780 to 1781 and renamed Fort Cornwallis.

On the eve of the Revolution, Augusta was the center of the most heavily settled area of Georgia and the most important inland trading center in the southeast. Some six hundred men and two thousand pack horses came each spring for goods. But as in so many other backcountry regions of the South, the people were predominantly Loyalist.

The British marched up the river in January 1779 and occupied Augusta but were forced to withdraw after two weeks because of Patriot military operations described in the sections on Kettle Creek and Brier Creek battlegrounds. With Savannah in enemy hands, Augusta became Georgia's temporary capital until the Patriots were run out again in mid-June 1780. Shortly before, Charleston had fallen, and the British were undertaking the conquest of the entire South. Part of their strategy was to establish strong Loyalist bases in the backcountry, notably at Ninety Six, South Carolina, and Augusta.

Colonel Thomas Brown was the Loyalist commander in Augusta. A native of East Riding in Yorkshire, from a family of wealthy merchants, he had come to Georgia after 1773 to take up 5,000 acres near the confluence of the Broad and Savannah Rivers as a family investment. Understandably, he was unsympathetic to the Whigs, who advocated revolution, but he made himself the object of their wrath by publicly ridiculing their cause. For this he was tarred and feathered, publicly exposed in a cart, and forced to profess support of the Whigs. They had picked on the wrong man. Brown made his way into the backcountry of South Carolina, where he joined the Loyalists. Later he became a redoubtable leader of militia under the British in East Florida and proved to have an exceptional talent for recruiting Indians. The British commissioned him superintendent of Indian affairs for the region and lieutenant colonel of the King's Rangers, an organization which he recruited and led.

Thomas Brown returned to Georgia with the British invaders and led Colonel Archibald Campbell's column to Augusta in January 1779. He withdrew with Campbell the next month (see brier creek), but returned in June 1780 as commander of the occupation forces in Augusta. On 14 September he was suddenly attacked by Patriot militia under Colonel Elijah Clark, 350 of the latter's troops and 80 recruited by Lieutenant Colonel James McCall. Clark had hoped to raise a much larger force but nevertheless went ahead with this misguided attempt to liberate Augusta.

The Patriots achieved surprise, but accidentally and for a most peculiar reason. They approached in three columns, one hitting the Indian camp on the outskirts of town and then the trading center around the Mackay House. Most of the Augusta garrison rushed to defend the latter place, stripping Fort Grierson to a small guard detachment, not realizing that two other Patriot columns were advancing to attack that place. The little fort was easily captured. Clark invested the Mackay House, cutting off its water supply and blocking an effort by Brown's fifty Cherokee allies to reinforce him.

The beleaguered Loyalists had meanwhile reported their situation to Colonel John Cruger at Ninety Six, some 45 miles due north, and, confident that a relief column would arrive from Ninety Six, held out despite great suffering from lack of water. Clark lacked the strength for an assault, and after maintaining the siege for four days he was forced to retreat on the approach of Cruger with five hundred troops from Ninety Six.

"It was a reckless, ill-advised expedition," concluded Sydney G. Fisher in his Struggle for American Independence (II, p. 347). Not only did it fail to accomplish any military purpose, but it precipitated a wave of Loyalist vindictiveness that made earlier atrocities seem mild. The Patriot hero Elijah Clark abandoned twenty-nine of his wounded. Thirteen rebels were hanged, most of them on the open-air staircase of the Mackay House. The rest of the prisoners were cruelly disposed of by the Indians.

Until this time Brown had offered lenient terms to Whigs of the area and had reported to his British superiors that he was leaning over backwards to conciliate the backcountry people. After Clark's attack in mid-September 1780 he turned vindictive. His troops revisited homes of their Whig enemies with such vengeance that four hundred women and children were forced to flee for protection in Clark's camp.

When General Nathanael Greene's army moved south to drive the British from the Carolinas, Patriot militia again besieged Augusta. By this time Fort Cornwallis had been completed about a mile east of Fort Grierson. (Fort Cornwallis did not figure in the earlier action, not then being in service.) Brown's Rangers, about 265 officers and men, held Fort Cornwallis and may have been reinforced by other troops. Some eighty militia under Colonel James Grierson garrisoned Fort Grierson, and about three hundred Creek Indians completed Brown's command. About twice that total number of Patriot militia were around Augusta when the operation started on 16 April 1781. Clark was back on the scene, and General Andrew Pickens was there with his newly recruited regiment of "state regulars" from South Carolina (his men were paid in plunder taken from Loyalists). Also on hand was a detachment of Over Mountain Men under Colonel Isaac Shelby (see sycamore shoals and fort watauga sites under Tennessee).

After scoring a number of local successes, cutting off Loyalist relief columns and capturing enemy outposts (see beech island and fort galphin under South Carolina), the militia leaders convinced Greene that Augusta could be taken by assault. Greene therefore detached "Light Horse Harry" Lee with his legion to Augusta. The Continentals arrived on 23 May, and Fort Grierson was quickly taken. Proving that the Loyalists had no monopoly on committing atrocities, the Patriots killed thirty of the eighty defenders as they tried to fight their way back to Fort Cornwallis. Most of the fifty prisoners were wounded, and Colonel Grierson was murdered. (Captain Samuel Alexander of the Georgia militia is generally blamed, but this is disputed.)

Their resistance strengthened by the ruthlessness of the Patriots, the defenders of Fort Cornwallis held out for almost two weeks. The besiegers undertook "regular approaches," but were hampered by a lack of heavy artillery. Construction of a Maham tower was started (see fort watson under South Carolina for the first use of this device). Brown made several sorties and tried to destroy the tower by blowing up a nearby house in which he had secretly hidden powder. On 1 June the Patriots started delivering an effective fire from their tower into Fort Cornwallis, but it was not until three days later that Brown offered to negotiate. The expected relief was not in sight (Ninety Six was also besieged), and the Loyalists lacked the strength to fight off the assault that was forming.

It was sound military practice to parole the garrison of a fortress in return for its surrender, thereby sparing the attacker casualties and time, and this is what the Patriots finally agreed to do. Brown and his 334 survivors were marched off under heavy guard (primarily for their own protection) to Savannah, where they were paroled. About fifty Loyalists and forty Patriots were buried at Augusta.

A memorial cross in the churchyard of St. Paul's marks the site of Forts Augusta and Cornwallis. Benson Lossing reported seeing remains of the ditch and embankments as late as 1849.

What has long been called the Mackay House was discovered to be in fact the Ezekiel Harris House, built in 1797. The actual Mackay House was largely destroyed during the battle that occurred there, fell into disrepair, and was destroyed a few years later. The Harris House, at 1822 Broad Street, has been called "the finest example of colonial frame residential architecture south of the Potomac," though it is in fact not from the colonial period, and has several unique features for this section of the South. The Harris House has eighteenth-century furnishings on the first floor, Revolutionary War exhibits on the second, and exhibits of the Indian trade on the third. The house, which is now correctly listed in the National Register of Historic Places, is open Tuesday to Saturday, 10 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., and has an excellent tour which discusses how the erroneous identification saved the building from destruction. Phone: (760) 737-2820. The house is owned by the Augusta Museum of History at 560 Reynolds Street; phone: (706) 722-8454.

Brier (Briar) Creek Battlefield

Brier (Briar) Creek Battlefield and vicinity. In late 1778 and early 1779 British troops converged on Georgia from New York and Florida, conquering coastal Georgia with ease and pushing up the Savannah River to establish a base at Augusta. Patriot militia turned out to swell the forces commanded by General Benjamin Lincoln, and the portly commander from Massachusetts soon felt he could undertake a counteroffensive. As the initial move he ordered General John Ashe with about 1,500 men to join forces with the 1,200 under General Andrew Williamson near Augusta.

The night of 13 to 14 February 1779 the British hurriedly evacuated Augusta in the face of this threat from the South Carolina side. On 25 February General Ashe crossed the river and followed the route taken by the British in their retreat to General Prevost's fortified camp at Hudson's Ferry (east and slightly north of modern Newington, where there is a highway marker).

In Screven County the Savannah River and Brier Creek form a pocket. Into this marched Ashe, following the old Augusta road that paralleled the swamp-lined river, and near the end of this pocket he was stopped by the demolished bridge across the creek. Ashe was camped in the immediate vicinity of the bridge and making preparations to repair it for a continuation of his advance south when he was called to a council of war at Black Swamp, South Carolina. The decision was made at this meeting on 1 March for all the other generals to mass their scattered forces around Augusta and then to join Ashe on Brier Creek. This would involve a march of 80 miles for Lincoln's troops at Purrysburg to Augusta, picking up General Griffith Rutherford's 700 North Carolinians at Black Swamp and Williamson's 1,200 South Carolinians near Augusta. This combined force would then have to march another 50 miles to reach Brier Creek.

While the amateur American generals concluded their deliberations, the British professionals already were marching to execute a classic example of "defeat in detail." Under cover of darkness on the night of 1 to 2 March, two columns left their camp at Hudson's Ferry. One of these, a diversionary effort under Major McPherson, moved back up the old Augusta road to Buck Creek, about 3 miles south of the destroyed bridge on Brier Creek. Here the First Battalion of the Seventy-first Highlanders and 150 Loyalists would make a feint to distract attention from the main attack.

The latter were commanded by General Prevost's younger brother, Lieutenant Colonel Marc Prevost. Marc Prevost had a well-balanced force of about 900 troops, regular infantry, light infantry, dragoons, grenadiers, Florida rangers and militia, and five pieces of field artillery.

Early on the morning of 2 March, having covered 30 miles along the general route of modern Ga. 24, Prevost reached Paris Mill (now Millhaven), about 14 miles to the rear of the American camp. Here he was delayed in improvising a crossing because the Americans had destroyed the bridge. Mobile forces, light infantry, and dragoons got over the creek that evening and moved swiftly to defeat the outposts and cut the supply lines between Paris Mill and the Savannah River. To complete their good fortune, the British captured the messenger sent to inform Ashe of this unexpected threat to his rear.

The Patriot general had returned to his headquarters around noon on 2 March. He ordered a strong cavalry patrol under Major Ross to reconnoiter in the direction of Hudson's Ferry the next morning in preparation for the attack that Ashe hoped to make when reinforcements arrived from South Carolina. Major Ross, not otherwise identified, had joined the Patriots on Brier Creek just a day earlier, and he emerges as a major offender in this comedy of errors because he did not inform Ashe when he made contact with the enemy a mere 3 miles to the south on Buck Creek. At a time when the Patriots badly needed reconnaissance forces to the north, Ross remained inactive and silent to the south.

As Ross was moving south, Prevost was advancing on the Patriot camp. About 2:30 p.m., minutes before the enemy came into sight, General Ashe received a warning message from the commander of his baggage train (at Burton's Ferry, about where U.S. 301 now crosses the Savannah). Prevost deployed astride the road in a line extending from the creek to the river. Reduced to an effective strength of only 800 because detachments were off on other missions, shaken by the sudden appearance of enemies in force to their rear, and with many men waiting to receive ammunition, the Americans were quickly routed. Only the left flank, sixty Georgia Continentals and 150 militia commanded by General Samuel Elbert and Lieutenant Colonel John McIntosh, put up a real fight before being overwhelmed.

Elbert's life was spared, it is said, when a British officer recognized the Masonic distress sign (one of many such incidents reported in many wars). The McIntosh involved here is the "Come and take it" McIntosh of Fort Morris fame (see sunbury site and fort morris).

Between 150 and 200 Americans were killed in action or drowned in trying to swim the Savannah. With a loss of about 16 killed and wounded, the British took 170 prisoners, 7 guns, and 500 stands of arms in addition to a quantity of ammunition, provisions, and baggage.

The disaster is unusually well documented because the record of the court of inquiry has been preserved in the memoirs of General William Moultrie, who was president of the court. In a remarkably brief opinion (seventy-eight words), the court concluded "that General Ashe did not take all the necessary precautions … to secure his camp and obtain timely intelligence" but that he showed no lack of personal courage "and remained in the field as long as prudence and duty required."

Freeman's Old Bridge was never rebuilt, and the old Augusta road was rerouted over Brannen's Bridge about a mile upstream. Here a roadside park features a large historic marker with an excellent map showing troop dispositions and movements involved in the battle. The late Clyde D. Hollingsworth of nearby Sylvania did most of the research for this marker.

An elevated highway on a dirt causeway has obliterated the portion of the battlefield where the British and American lines met, but the rest of the landscape has changed little since 1779. Brier Creek is dark and deep where it runs past the roadside park near the modern bridge. There are only a few homes and fishing camps in the area where the southern Patriots were roundly trounced.

The best route to the battlefield is from the center of Sylvania along East Ogeechee Street. (From the picturesque old county clerk's office this street is between two modern banks.) Follow this route for 11 miles through the countryside to the roadside creek and historical marker. A side road to Buck Creek Church (the crossroad is about 1.5 miles short of Brier Creek Bridge) leads to the area where the British diversionary effort was made and where Major Ross was located.

Cherokee Ford

Cherokee Ford, Savannah River (Abbeville County, South Carolina; Elbert County, Georgia). In mid-February 1779 a Patriot blockhouse at Cherokee Ford, defended by an eight-man detachment commanded by a lieutenant and armed with two swivel guns, barred the passage of Colonel Boyd and his 800 Loyalists. Boyd declined to fight his way across into Georgia, marched about 5 miles upstream, and put his mounted troops across the Savannah at several points. Captain Robert Anderson had been moving up the Georgia side of the river to oppose Boyd's crossing. Although outnumbered and forced to deal with several enemy columns, the Patriots attacked through heavy canebrakes along the riverbank and inflicted one hundred casualties, losing about a third that number themselves. Boyd marched on to Kettle Creek, Georgia (see kettle creek battlefield).

Cherokee Ford was at the mouth of Rocky Creek, about a mile north of where State Highway 72 crosses the Savannah River. A railroad bridge spans the river at this point, which can be reached by an unimproved road off S.C. 72 just west of Calhoun Falls.

Elijah Clark Memorial State Park

Elijah Clark Memorial State Park, on Clark Hill Reservoir of the Savannah River, in Lincoln County, 7 miles northeast of Lincolnton on U.S. 378 and Ga. 43.

"After 125 or more years," reads a wonderfully wry sentence in the brochure of the Department of State Parks, "Georgia has realized that the shortcomings of [Elijah] Clark were outweighed by the great service he rendered the state." The highlight of Clark's great service as a partisan leader during the Revolution was his part in the morale-building victory at Kettle Creek (see kettle creek battlefield).

Authorities disagree on various details of his career, including his military genius, but there can be no doubt about Clark being a tough partisan leader throughout the Revolution. His postwar career included Indian fighting, involvement in the schemes of French minister Genêt against Spain, illegal establishment of the "Trans-Oconee State" in Creek territory, and alleged involvement in the Yazoo Land Fraud. But he was a popular hero in Georgia when he died in 1799, and now he is an official hero.

The state park features conjectural reconstructions of the simple log buildings erected by this "Hero of Hornet's Nest." The larger one is a two-room cabin with an extra-wide dogtrot in the center and chimneys on each end. Copies of uniforms and documents are displayed and the cabin is featured as a museum. The smaller structure in the rear is furnished as a kitchen. In the park are the graves of Clark, his wife, and several of their children, moved here from their original site in the county.

Recreational facilities in the 447-acre park include cabins, family camping, fishing and swimming. For full information call the park at (800) 864-7275.

Darien

Darien and vicinity, Altamaha River, McIntosh County. On U.S. 17 and Interstate 95, the country around modern Darien was of great strategic importance from the earliest colonial days until the end of the Revolution. It is the center of the delta of the Altamaha River, which was a natural barrier between Spanish settlements in Florida and English colonies along the Atlantic coast. When the French pushed along the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, they had hopes of colonizing the line of the Altamaha to form a corridor to the Atlantic Ocean.

The site of Fort King George, the state's oldest standing fort, about a mile east of modern Darien, has been beautifully developed by the Georgia Historical Commission with a splendid little museum that interprets the history of the site from prehistoric times and its early occupation by the Spanish (1650–1686). On special occasions that vary from year to year, the Fort King George site offers reenactments and living histories. Phone (912) 437-4770.

Fort King George was established in 1721 and garrisoned by provincial troops before being taken over by an independent company of Royal soldiers. Bessie Lewis, who has long searched the archives on both sides of the Atlantic for the history of Fort King George, found documentary evidence to prove that many of the garrison were Swiss. After enduring the hardships of battle and disease for six years, during which time they buried 140 of their comrades and had to repair the damages of a nearly disastrous fire, the garrison was moved to Port Royal, South Carolina. Two lookouts were maintained at Fort King George from 1727 to 1733, until the permanent English settlement was established at Savannah by Oglethorpe.

Three years later a colony of Scots Highlanders under John McIntosh Mohr settled near Fort King George, building a new fort for defense against the Spanish colonists in Florida and a town where modern Darien still stands. When the Spanish threat ended, the fort fell into ruins, but at the start of the Revolution it was rebuilt.

Darien figured in the abortive efforts of the southern colonists to mount an offensive into Spanish Florida, but it was not the scene of any specific action of significance. Among the settlers who achieved importance in the war was Lachlan McIntosh (1725–1806), who had come to Darien with his parents in 1736. His nephew John McIntosh (1755–1826) became famous for his successful defense of Sunbury (see sunbury site and fort morris) and had a long military career.

The site of Fort Darien has not been precisely located, but the state has developed 12 acres around Fort King George into a scenic archaeological landmark. The authorities have made the economical decision not to reconstruct the British fortification of 1721 to 1727, even though there is more than adequate information as to its appearance. A visitor to the museum can reconstruct in his mind's eye this frontier post on the Lower Bluff of the strategic Altamaha River of Georgia.

Ebenezer

Ebenezer, Savannah River, Effingham County. When the British took Savannah in December 1778 and prepared to conquer the rest of Georgia and South Carolina, General Prevost (see sunbury site and fort morris) first massed at Ebenezer. From a base here he sent Colonel Archibald Campbell up the river to take Augusta, and from here he himself led the raid to Charleston.

Ebenezer's claim to fame transcends the role it played in the Revolution. The two hundred Salzburg Lutherans who settled here in 1736 built the second church in Georgia (1741, replaced in 1769 by the brick structure that survives) and the first gristmill and sawmill, and their rice mill probably was the first in America. Silk culture was their most successful industry. But British occupation destroyed the promising settlement, driving out the inhabitants who had come to the New World to escape the evils of the Old. Unable to recover after the British left, it gradually faded into oblivion. The official highway map of the state of Georgia, as of this writing, does not show it, although Ga. 275 dead-ends there.

The site of New Ebenezer, as it was originally called, is overgrown with timber except for a few open spots. The only remaining building is Jerusalem Church (1769), the oldest standing public building in Georgia. A large brick structure (60 by 80 feet) with an interior balcony, it is topped by a frame belfry. The brick walls are 23 inches thick. Modern Salzburgers have done their architectural heritage no favor by building their new parish house so close to the beautifully simple old church. This structure of 1958, connected by a short covered passage to the renovated church, includes a small museum. The Georgia Salzburger Society meets at the church on 12 March and Labor Day. Lutheran services are held every Sunday and services are sometimes held in German.

Just before reaching the church, visitors will see the old cemetery on the left. It is well maintained within the modern burial ground, but few old headstones have survived. A few hundred feet beyond the church is a picturesque overlook on the bluff of the Savannah River.

Fort Frederica National Monument

Fort Frederica National Monument. Seest. simons island.

Jekyll Island

Jekyll Island, Brunswick County. Nine miles long, 1.25 miles wide, with 11 miles of beach, Jekyll Island was first a hunting and fishing ground of the Guale Indians, then a Spanish stronghold and pirate base (from about 1566 to 1732, when Georgia was founded as an English colony). Oglethorpe named the island for a family that contributed to his colonization of Georgia. Spanish commissioners were entertained in 1736 by Major William Horton, first English resident of the island, while Oglethorpe paraded the garrison of nearby St. Simons to indicate a greater military strength than he actually had there. The deception delayed Spanish efforts to reassert their claim to this region until 1742, when they were defeated on St. Simons Island. After this final repulse the Spaniards burned the buildings on Jekyll Island and withdrew to Florida. The tabby remains of Horton's house are on the north end of the island, and the road he cut from his house to the beach still bears his name.

For fifty-six years (1886–1942) the island was the exclusive vacation site of a group of America's wealthiest millionaires, who selected this island after searching the world for the ideal spot. They bought it for $125,000 from the du Bignon family, who became founding members of the Jekyll Island Club. The du Bignons had owned the island since the Revolution, building a great fortune in cotton, and their burial ground has been preserved.

In 1947 the state of Georgia acquired Jekyll Island for $675,000 (which works out to about $10 per acre) and made it a state park. This purchase by court condemnation decree during the tenure of an acting governor is noted on a historical marker at the entrance of the island of Riverview Drive, where ten other markers are located.

Most of the tourist attractions on Jekyll Island are identified with the tenure of the millionaires, but there are places of interest pertaining to the Sea Island cotton and Civil War era. In 2000 the Jekyll Island Foundation was formed to preserve the natural and historical riches of the area. Website: www.jekyllislandfoundation.org; phone: (912) 635-4053.

Kettle Creek Battlefield

Kettle Creek Battlefield, located off Highway 44, 8 miles southwest of Washington, Wilkes County. Here on 14 February 1779 a Patriot force of about 450 under Andrew Pickens, John Dooly, and Elijah Clark surprised and defeated 600 Loyalists commanded by Colonel James Boyd, an Irishman from Raeburn Creek, South Carolina. The victory prevented a dangerous linkup of Carolina and Georgia Loyalists. It also was a rare example of coordination among Patriot military leaders.

Half a page is devoted to Kettle Creek Battlefield in the 1964 report of The National Survey, Colonials and Patriots: Historic Places Commemorating our Forebears, 1700–1783, which points out that the site "appears much as it did at the time of the battle." In 1930 the Daughters of the American Revolution, who owned 12 acres of the battlefield on the north side of Kettle Creek, gave the federal government an easement to erect a monument on so-called Battle Hill. (In point of fact, the decisive action of the battle took place on the south side of the creek, although the Loyalists were camped on the north side and some fighting took place there.) Now Wilkes County has acquired title to the 12 acres from the DAR. Guided tours of the site are offered through the Washington-Wilkes Chamber of Commerce. Phone: (706) 678-2013.

Because the history of the Kettle Creek campaign is not well known outside of Georgia, where it is often called "the state's favorite battle," a brief sketch is included here. British forces from Florida and New York converged in the last days of 1778 to take Savannah, all of coastal Georgia, and then establish a base at Augusta. From the latter place they were fanning out through the backcountry, using veteran Loyalist units from Florida and rallying others from Georgia and the Carolinas. Patriot militia leaders were trying to organize resistance.

The main enemy threat soon crystallized in the form of about seven hundred Loyalists led by Colonel Boyd. Starting with a nucleus of troops from Anson County, North Carolina, Boyd marched south, gathering strength and spreading destruction through South Carolina as he headed for a proposed rendezvous in Georgia with five hundred Loyalists under Colonel Daniel McGirth. The linkup was supposed to take place on Little River, the southern boundary of modern Wilkes County and about 6 miles north of where the Battle of Kettle Creek took place.

Boyd's crossing of the Savannah River above Augusta was opposed by Patriot forces moving up both banks to attack him. Frustrated at Cherokee Ford, he moved about 5 miles upstream and succeeded in crossing on a broad front, but because of effective resistance he lost about 100 troops (including deserters). With his remaining 600 men, Boyd first marched westward to shake off pursuit. Then he cut south toward the rendezvous. Around a farm on the north side of Kettle Creek he went into camp on the afternoon of 13 February (a Saturday). Boyd's men and horses were tired after three days of arduous campaigning, and it looked as if the worst was over, so the Loyalist leader put his horses out to graze and let his men settle down to prepare their first hot food in several days.

Three separate Patriot forces had joined in the pursuit. Colonel John Dooly, a North Carolinian who had settled in Georgia, could have claimed the overall command because of seniority. But Colonel Andrew Pickens had 250 troops to Dooly's 100, so Dooly waived his seniority to give Pickens command of their combined forces. Colonel Elijah Clark joined later with 100 mounted infantry. The Whigs crossed the Broad River at Fishdam Ford, about 5 miles downstream from where the Tories had crossed (later Webb's Ferry), and camped at Clarke's Creek, within 4 miles of the enemy.

The next morning (14 February) Pickens advanced cautiously on Boyd's position without being detected. After a brief reconnaissance he formed for action with Dooly on the right, himself in the center, and Clark's dragoons on the left. Alerted only when his pickets opened fire on the advancing Patriots, Boyd reacted quickly and well. He moved forward with about 100 men to establish a delaying position while the rest of his command formed to defend their camp.

The Patriot center under Pickens attacked aggressively, and Boyd was mortally wounded when he rejoined the main body with his delaying force, but he had bought valuable time. Dooly and Clark, on the flanks, were seriously impeded by canebrakes, but when they finally came on line the Loyalists were forced across the creek. Here the fighting was renewed. Some authorities believe the entire action lasted an hour and three-quarters; others say it ended in less than an hour. But only about half of the 600 Loyalists engaged in the action escaped to join the garrison in Augusta. Boyd and nineteen of his men were killed, and another twenty-two taken prisoner; the rest fled, some to Augusta, most to their homes. The Patriots lost seven men. Five Loyalist prisoners were hanged as traitors. Boyd died game, having led his troops bravely after making the cardinal military mistake of underestimating his enemies and allowing himself to be surprised.

Much work remains to be done by historians and archaeologists in reconstructing the Battle of Kettle Creek. The terrain is virtually undisturbed, and an excellent topographic map in the 1:24,000 series is available from the U.S. Geological Survey. ("Philomath Quad., Ga., 7.5'" is the identification.)

The site is open at all times, and is 11.5 miles southwest of Washington, Georgia, off Highway 44 on Warhill Road. A virtual tour of the battlefield is available at http://www.rootsweb.com/~gawilkes/kettlecreek.htm.

Midway

Midway, Liberty County on U.S. 17 and near Interstate 95. A handsome frame church, a reconstructed eighteenth-century home, and a clutch of historical markers alert the traveler to the fact that Midway is of exceptional historical interest. The Midway Society was organized here in 1754 to settle a grant of 32,000 acres. Its members were substantial people of New England and South Carolinian origins from Dorchester, South Carolina, where a Congregationalist community had been founded in 1695. They were seeking better land and relief from overcrowding in Old Dorchester. The pioneers prospered as cultivators of rice, indigo, and other crops. Politically active in their newly formed Parish of St. Johns (1758), they espoused the Patriot cause at the start of the Revolution when the majority of the Georgia colonists were reluctant to cast in their lot with rebels to the north. The Midway Society had undertaken to establish other settlements throughout the parish, serving these with associate pastors from the main meeting house at Midway. The port town of Sunbury, about 10 miles east, was the most important of these, and Button Gwinnett's enthusiastic leadership of the "Sunbury faction" during his brief tenure as governor in the spring of 1777 led to his fatal duel with General Lachlan McIntosh of Darien (see savannah).

Gwinnett and Dr. Lyman Hall are the two signers of the Declaration of Independence of which St. James Parish is so proud, although neither was a member of the congregation (as has been persistently claimed). The two men had homes in Sunbury as well as at Midway. (The so-called Button Gwinnett Home on St. Catherine's Island was built long after his death, according to its present owners and the Georgia Historical Society.)

When the British shifted their military efforts to the South in the last months of 1778, two columns from Florida converged on St. James Parish. Lieutenant Colonel Marc Prevost, brilliant younger brother of the British commander in Florida, marched toward Midway while an amphibious force under Lieutenant Colonel L. V. Fuser sailed to attack Sunbury. Colonel John White of North Carolina, commander of the Fourth Georgia Continentals, posted his two hundred regulars and their two cannon to defend a breastwork just south of Midway Church. When Brigadier General James Screven arrived with about twenty militia the Patriots advanced a mile and a half south to set up a new defensive line.

Screven was mortally wounded and captured in the skirmish that followed (24 November 1778). White withdrew in good order through the town in the face of superior force, but Prevost learned that Fuser had not yet reached Sunbury and that a strong Rebel force was rallying for a defense of Ogeechee Ferry. Burning Midway Church and other buildings, the four hundred British, Loyalists, and Indians retreated to Florida. The next day, 25 November, an outnumbered Patriot force defied Fuser's demand to surrender Fort Morris (see sunbury site and fort morris).

Midway Church was reconstructed in 1792, and the town prospered until again ravaged by war in 1864. But the community boasts a remarkable record of producing famous Americans: eighty-six ministers including the fathers of Oliver Wendell Holmes and Samuel F. B. Morse, as well as several governors, congressmen, and cabinet members. A great-grandfather of Theodore Roosevelt was General Daniel Stewart of Midway.

Midway Museum, a few yards behind the church, is a house museum in the privately-owned custody of Midway Museum, Inc. The structure is a reconstruction in the raised-cottage style prevalent in the area during the eighteenth century. Completely furnished, it has a detached kitchen and a few exhibits pertaining to the history of the region through the Civil War. A diorama shows Colonel John McIntosh in full Highland regalia rejecting the British demand to surrender Fort Morris, and this exhibit gives an indication of what the fort and surrounding area looked like at the time. The museum and its grounds are open every day except Monday. Phone: (927) 884-5837.

Mulberry Grove Plantation

Mulberry Grove Plantation, Savannah River, Chatham County. About 10 miles above Savannah on 2,200 acres of the best bottomland in Georgia, the confiscated estate of Royal Lieutenant Governor John Graham became the home of General Nathanael Greene. Here he died suddenly (of sunstroke) at the age of forty-four, shortly after taking up permanent residence, and his young son was drowned at Mulberry Plantation. (See Colonial Park Cemetery, savannah, for the story of their lost tomb.)

The twenty-six-year-old Eli Whitney met the widow of General Greene and her plantation manager while travelling to Savannah, and it was while staying as a guest at Mulberry Grove that he invented the cotton gin.

The plantation house was burned in late 1864 or early 1865 by Sherman's troops. The restored mansion was wrecked by a storm in the early 1900s and not rebuilt.

A highway marker is on U.S. 17 at the City Hall in Port Wentworth. Mulberry Grove is located about 2 miles northeast of that marker and is owned by the Georgia Port Authority, which intends to make it into a parking lot for shipping containers.

St. Simons Island

St. Simons Island, Brunswick County. Landmarks of the pre-Columbian and colonial era are numerous. Vestiges of the Spanish missions remain in the Old Spanish Garden (marker at Ocean Boulevard on Demere Road). At Gascoigne Bluff, where the highway bridge now arrives from the mainland, the Indians had a village and the first English settlers landed in 1736.

Fort Frederica National Monument is a National Historic Landmark (established 1936) whose story is told by its tabby ruins, excavated building foundations, and modern museum. This 247-acre park is located about 12 miles from Brunswick on St. Simons Island along U.S. 17. Established in 1736 by Oglethorpe, Fort Frederica was his base for the unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine three years later. From the fort he led a band of Highlanders to defeat two hundred Spanish raiders near Christ Church in 1742. The raiders were annihilated in a pursuit that ended at Bloody Marsh. Both sites are marked. As a national park, Fort Frederica is known for its bird watching in addition to guided historical tours of the preserved grounds. During the summer there are historical recreations of eighteenth-century British garrison life. Most interesting is the annual lime-burning festival in August, when the staff makes the tabby, from which many of these coastal forts are built, by burning oyster shells in a kiln. Phone: (912) 638-3639.

Oglethorpe's defeat of the Spaniards was significant in American history because it ended the efforts of Spain to regain Georgia by force. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 ended Fort Frederica's strategic importance, and its gradual abandonment was hastened by a fire ten years later.

Among the other sites marked on the island is the place where Charles Wesley had religious services on 14 March 1736, the first Sunday after his arrival in Georgia. On the wall of Christ Church (whose present building dates from 1884) is a cross made from the great oak long designated as the tree under which Wesley preached to Oglethorpe and about twenty others on this occasion. Portions of the old military road and sites of colonial forts are marked.

Satilla River

Satilla River, Camden County. The first major river barrier north of St. Marys River, which divides the present states of Georgia and Florida, the Satilla figured prominently in military operations of the colonial and Revolutionary era. It is now noted as the last of Georgia's wild and scenic rivers. Experienced canoeists can enjoy campsites and other facilities along a 149-mile stretch of the river between Woodbine (U.S. 17) and the vicinity of Waycross (U.S. 82).

Savannah

Savannah. If you know where to look you will find an obscure plaque in a wall alongside a busy street in an area of abandoned railroad buildings. "Upon this spot stood the Spring Hill Redoubt," it reads. "Here on October 9, 1779, one of the bloodiest engagements of the Revolutionary War was fought, when repeated assaults were made by the Allied troops of Georgia, South Carolina and France in an effort to retake Savannah from the British." The marker is on the intersection of West Broad Street and Liberty in front of the visitors center in Savannah. In 2004 the Coastal Heritage Society, in conjunction with the city of Savannah, commemorated the Spring Hill Redoubt in its 225th anniversary of the Battle of Savannah. Yet, historians to this day question as to why this battle, deemed one of the American Revolution's most fiercely fought, continues to receive short shrift in terms of writings and remembrance.

The British had captured Savannah on 29 December 1778, a force from New York under Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell landing at Girardeau's Plantation (now the railroad docks of the Seaboard Coast Line, about a mile below the city). The British advanced generally along the line of modern Wheaton Street. A marker at the end of East Liberty Street tells of the British turning movement that forced General Robert Howe to retreat into South Carolina and abandon Savannah.

Admiral comte Charles-Hector Théodat d'Estaing appeared off the Georgia coast in the fall of 1779 with about 40 warships and 4,000 troops to collaborate with the Americans in a powerful effort to retake Savannah. The Patriot force, under General Benjamin Lincoln, numbered 600 Continentals, 200 cavalry under Count Casimir Pulaski, and 750 militia. The British garrison, under the veteran Swiss, General Augustine Prevost, was composed largely of Loyalists and numbered only 2,400 initially. Ranks of the defenders were swelled by 800 men when Lieutenant Colonel John Maitland arrived from Beaufort after a remarkable movement through the coastal swamps that eluded Allied land and sea forces. Two other exceptional enemy commanders—the New York Loyalist and son-in-law of Oliver De Lancey, Lieutenant Colonel John Cruger, and British Captain James Moncrieff—figured prominently in the defense of the city. Leading roles in the attack were played by Colonels John Laurens and Francis Marion and Sergeant William Jasper, all of South Carolina. Among the senior American officers were General William Moultrie of South Carolina and Lachlan McIntosh of Georgia. Major Thomas Pinckney, later famous as a diplomat, was assigned as aide-de-camp to d'Estaing. And in the back ranks of this stellar cast of characters was the future king of Haiti, Henri Christophe.

Allied generalship was bungling from the start, while British defensive efforts were managed with exceptional competence. The experienced Prevost, veteran of more than twenty years of campaigning in America, anticipated that the main attack would be against the Spring Hill Redoubt, and he made his dispositions accordingly. Moncrieff, whose engineering experience in North America started in 1762, distinguished himself in planning and building the fortifications that ringed Savannah. More than a month after reaching Georgia, d'Estaing finally launched his long-expected attack. Diversionary efforts were made against the eastern and western flanks, but the main attack was from the southwest against the Spring Hill Redoubt. D'Estaing personally led the first piecemeal attack without waiting for two other French columns on his left to get into their assigned positions. In a gallant but uncoordinated series of charges the French lost many men without making any significant gains. To the west the Americans circled through the low ground where the Springfield Canal was later dug and attacked in two columns. The Crescent Flag of Marion's Second South Carolina Continentals and the Lillies of France were planted on the Spring Hill Redoubt, but they could not be kept there. After three American officers and one of d'Estaing's aides had been shot down with the flags, Sergeant William Jasper of Fort Moultrie fame was mortally wounded trying to put them up again.

As the South Carolinians were starting to pull back, the British counterattacked with a crack force of grenadiers and marines to sweep the ditches of the Spring Hill Redoubt and its adjacent artillery position clean. Count Pulaski was mortally wounded in a gallant but foolhardy attempt to lead his cavalry through the abatis just north of the Spring Hill Redoubt. Franco-American coordination had been bad at the start of the operation, and it got worse as the wounded d'Estaing tried to renew the assault. A fresh American column on the left under McIntosh was diverted into the swamps on the western side of Savannah because the French did not want them to interfere with their reorganization in front of the Spring Hill Redoubt. The battle finally ground to a halt in the heavy fog of dawn; but for this poor visibility Prevost could have counterattacked and turned the Allied defeat into a greater disaster.

The Allies lost more than 1,000 killed and wounded. Prevost reported that he buried 203 Allied dead around Spring Hill and another 28 on his left. The French lost 20 percent of their total strength and about 50 percent of those engaged around the Spring Hill Redoubt. American authorities put British losses at about 150, of whom about 40 were killed. (Casualty figures for this action vary wildly.)

In 1833 the Central of Georgia Railway built its tracks along the old Louisville Road and erected its roundhouse, shops, and other buildings over a 14-acre tract of the Spring Hill battlefield. Another 20 acres to the south, through which the attackers advanced and where the Jewish Burial Ground has survived from its dedication in 1773, has succumbed to urban development. In 1990 the Costal Heritage Society opened the Savannah History Museum in the passenger building of the old Central of Georgia Railway. The Battle of Savannah is detailed here through exhibits and among their ten thousand historical artifacts. Phone: (912) 651-6825. Presently the Coastal Heritage Society is working to fulfill the longtime wishes of many American Revolution preservationists by creating a Battlefield Park. In 2004 the state of Georgia approved a $6 million bond to help fund the project, which is now in the post-planning phase. The Coastal Heritage Society offices are located at 303 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard in Savannah. Phone: (921) 651-6840.

Savannah of the Revolution occupied the area now bounded on the south by Oglethorpe Avenue, on the east by Lincoln Street, and on the west by Jefferson Street. There were about 430 houses (badly damaged in the Franco-American siege), and six public squares relieving the monotony of founder James Oglethorpe's grid of parallel streets intersecting at right angles. Little remains to remind the visitor of Savannah's eighteenth-century history except the beautiful Colonial Park Cemetery (see below) and the monuments to colonial and Revolutionary heroes in the city squares.

Colonial Park Cemetery is rich in historical associations in addition to being a place of unique beauty in a modern city. Shaded by old trees festooned with Spanish moss and covering about 7 acres between Abercorn and Habersham Streets on Oglethorpe Avenue, the cemetery was used from about 1750 to 1853, when it was closed to burials. There are more than six hundred markers standing, but according to local experts, many of the dates on them are not to be believed. Local lore has it that the Union troops during the Civil War grazed their horses in the cemetery and, being "mischievous" by nature, took time to alter the dates as well as perform other high jinks on the markers. Large brick vaults include remains of such famous families as the Habershams and the McIntoshes. Button Gwinnett is almost certainly buried here, and the one eyesore in the otherwise tastefully restored and maintained park is the modern monument over the spot where some believe his bones lie. The bronze marker includes a facsimile of the rare signature that in recent years has fetched $150,000 in the autograph market. The controversial Gwinnett was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a military place-seeker in the abortive efforts to organize the defense of the southern colonies before the British got around to conquering them, and for about two months in the spring of 1777 governor and commander in chief of Georgia troops. In this position he antagonized the conservatives by pressing the extreme views of his supporters around Sunbury (see sunbury site and fort morris) and was publicly denounced by the equally controversial Lachlan McIntosh. This led to a duel on the outskirts of Savannah in which both men were wounded. Gwinnett died three days later. He has no known descendants, there is no trustworthy portrait, and only thirty-six of his autographs have survived.

As you come in the central gate of the cemetery from Oglethorpe Avenue, the four so-called colonial vaults are a short distance to the right front. Markers identify the second one as the Graham Vault and tell the visitor that the body of Lieutenant Colonel John Maitland was briefly interred here (he died of malaria a few days after ending his important duties in the defense of Savannah in 1779). Of more interest, however, is the information that the body of General Nathanael Greene lay here for more than a century. But you should know the whole story about the "lost grave" of the officer who was second only to George Washington as a Patriot military hero.

Greene came south to take command of military operations in the Carolinas and Georgia in December 1781. The great Rhode Islander was naturally a hero of the South when the war ended, and the state of Georgia gave him the confiscated plantation of Royal Lieutenant Governor John Graham. Having spent two years traveling between Georgia and Rhode Island, Greene finally sold his property in the North and established his home permanently on his Georgia estate near Savannah in 1785. The next year he died suddenly of sunstroke at the age of only forty-four. With great civic ceremony he was buried in Savannah's Colonial Park Cemetery. Logically, he would have been put to rest in the Graham Vault, but newspaper accounts of the interment did not specify the location. One of Greene's biographers was told insistently by the man who read the burial service that the body was in the Jones Vault, one of the four "colonial vaults" standing in a row near today's Oglethorpe Avenue gate.

Some efforts were made in 1820 and 1840 to clear up what was already becoming a mystery, but Greene's body was not found. Greene's family had meanwhile left the region and witnesses of the burial had died off. High-spirited but ghoulish troops of Sherman's conquering Civil War armies entertained themselves by desecrating colonial graves, opening many tombs and altering epitaphs. It was known also that bodies of the Jones family had been removed by a descendant for reburial elsewhere, and the story sprang up that Greene's bones had also been moved.

In 1901 the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati resolved to make a proper effort to find the remains of their hero. After getting all the necessary permissions and the cooperation of local patriot societies, and witnessed by a large crowd, the searchers opened the colonial vaults one by one and quickly found what they were seeking. Unmistakably identifiable by a metal plaque and vestiges of a major general's uniform, and with the remains of Greene's young son who drowned in 1793, was the body that had been lost for more than a century. The explanation was very simply that what had for years been called the Graham Vault was actually the Jones Vault, and the real Graham Vault had never been opened for investigation. In 1902 General Greene and his son were reinterred in the monument erected to the general in Johnson Square after the cornerstone was laid by Lafayette in 1825.

Large-scale street maps of Savannah's historic area are distributed by the city's tourist agencies. A virtual tour website of Savannah that includes many of the Revolutionary War landmarks is www.ourcoast.com.

Jasper Spring is buried under the new intersection of the Westside Bypass (Ga. 26 Loop) and U.S. 17-80. This is where the famous Sergeant William Jasper and a companion surprised a British escort and liberated a number of Patriot prisoners being taken to Savannah for trial and probably for execution. A heroic statue of Jasper is in Madison Square (Bull Street between Charlton and Harris Streets), where two cannon also mark the junction of the colonial roads from Augusta and Darien.

A few blocks east of Madison Square, roughly in the section now covered by Troup and Lafayette Squares, is the area where the French "regular approaches" were dug in 1779 and where most of the French siege artillery was emplaced.

The site of Tondee's Tavern, where the Rebels raised the Liberty Pole and convened the Provincial Congress in the summer of 1775, is at the northwest corner of Broughton and Whitaker Streets. Governor Wright's house, where he was held prisoner for nearly a month in early 1776 before escaping to a British warship, was at the northeast corner of today's State and Jefferson Streets, where the Telfair Academy now stands. Opposite the Davenport House (1821–1822) at 10 East State Street is where the British barracks were built in 1777; they were torn down in 1916.

The Old Dunning House at 24 East Broughton Street was Prevost's headquarters in 1779. The place from which the Rebels first fired a cannon at the British in Georgia waters on 3 March 1776 is in the middle of Montgomery Street just north of Bay Street.

Identified in tourist literature are many interesting landmarks dating from the colonial era. Among these are the recently restored area of the Trustees' Garden, where the Herb House of 1734 stands as Georgia's oldest building and the Pirates' House of 1754 has been restored as a restaurant.

The Georgia Historical Society, 501 Whitaker Street, (912) 651-2125, has a fine collection of books, manuscripts, early Savannah newspapers, and portraits of famous Georgians. On exhibit is the round shot removed from the body of Pulaski. As mentioned earlier, he was wounded in the attack of 9 October 1779 around the Spring Hill Redoubt. He died about two days later aboard an American warship, the Wasp, after a surgeon had been unable to remove a projectile of this type from his groin. Presumably this is the fatal missile, extracted during the postmortem examination. One of the mysteries of Revolutionary War history is whether Pulaski was buried at sea, on St. Helena's Island (off Beaufort, South Carolina), or in Greenwich, Georgia, though military records indicate he was buried at sea on 15 October 1779.

Literature on points of historical interest is available from the Convention and Visitors Bureau of the Savannah Area Chamber of Commerce, Savannah 31401. Website: www.savannahchamber.com; phone: (912) 644-6400.

Sunbury Site and Fort Morris

Sunbury Site and Fort Morris, Liberty County. About 11 miles east of Midway on the Midway River and off Exit 76 of Interstate 95 is the 70-acre state park and site of a dead town that once had 496 house lots, three large public squares, five wharves, and a fort. Park office phone: (912) 884-5999.

Sunbury was one of the settlements established by the founders of Midway. The reiterated claim that it grew into a port rivaling Savannah is an exaggeration, but from its founding in 1758 it did become an important place in remarkably short order. On the eve of the Revolution 317 of the lots had been sold, two of them to Lyman Hall, and the population of the town was about 1,000.

Dr. Lyman Hall was one of the New Englanders who had gone to Midway from Dorchester, South Carolina. A graduate of Yale (1747), he was an ordained minister before turning to medicine. As colonial protest against British rule mounted, Dr. Hall became a leader of the radical Patriot faction in Sunbury and was sent to represent St. Johns Parish in the Continental Congress before Georgia got around to electing an official delegation. He and Button Gwinnett, whose plantation was on nearby St. Catherine's Island and who was a justice of the peace in Sunbury (1767–1768), gained provincial immortality by signing the Declaration of Independence. (There is speculation that Gwinnett is buried at Sunbury, but the greater evidence is that he lies in the Colonial Park Cemetery in Savannah.)

After the outbreak of the Revolution a large earthwork was built with slave labor on a bluff overlooking the salt marshes of the river on the southern outskirts of Sunbury. It was manned by fewer than 200 men under Colonel John McIntosh (nephew of General Lachlan McIntosh) when Lieutenant Colonel L. V. Fuser's much stronger force from Florida arrived by ship on 25 November 1778 and demanded its surrender. "Come and take it," was McIntosh's reply. The British declined the invitation and withdrew. (See midway.)

A few weeks later, when the southern army of General Robert Howe went to meet the greater threat against Savannah, leaving about 200 Continentals at Sunbury, General Augustine Prevost captured Fort Morris with the loss of only one British soldier killed. The American commander had disobeyed his orders to evacuate the fort after the fall of Savannah, eleven days earlier. In addition to the 159 Continentals and 45 militia captured, the Patriots lost 24 guns and a quantity of supplies.

With the decline of its political and commercial importance Sunbury became an educational center, the famous Sunbury Academy being established in 1788 and remaining in operation for at least five years after the retirement of its distinguished principal, Dr. William McWhir, in 1824. A number of misfortunes had meanwhile struck the town: the county seat was moved away in 1797 and hurricanes inflicted great damage in 1804 and 1824. By 1850 the place was deserted, and cornfields covered the house sites until these were taken over by pines. The long-neglected burial ground has a marker that starts, ironically, with the words: "In this Cemetery are buried men and women whose lives contributed much to the early history of Georgia."

As for directions to the cemetery, it must be reported that this author was unable to find the site, and it was not for lack of trying. The modern topographical map shows two cemeteries. Several websites mention the cemetery, some confusing it with the Midway Church cemetery and others referring correctly to it, but giving no details as to its whereabouts. A local resident informed the author that the northernmost of these was the colonial burying ground, but the director of the Georgia Historical Society expressed the opinion that it was the one 1,300 feet farther south.

The remains of Fort Morris are picturesque and interesting. The earthworks have been cleared of underbrush but are covered by widely spaced trees. The central parade, about an acre in extent, shows evidence of recent archaeological exploration. From the long face of the quadrangular fort, which measures almost 100 yards, you can see how guns on the parapet would command the river and how the salt marshes would make attack from three directions virtually impossible. The park is home to a number of historical recreations, including an annual "Come and Take It!" day every November.

A cannon excavated from the site in 1940 is on the courthouse lawn at Hinesville.

To reach Fort Morris and Sunbury, proceed as follows. From U.S. 17 in Midway or Exit 76 on Interstate 95 (3.7 miles east of Midway) drive east on Ga. 38. The turnoff to Sunbury from Ga. 38 is on the left about 4.2 miles from Interstate 95. Old Sunbury is 3 miles away, where a group of historical markers is situated. Fort Morris State Park is 7 miles from the interstate on Fort Morris Road and well marked with directional signs.

Tybee Island

Tybee Island, mouth of Savannah River off U.S. 80, 18 miles east of Savannah. Probably the first naval capture of the Revolution was made off Tybee Island on 10 July 1775 when a schooner, the first vessel chartered by the Continental Congress, commanded by Captain Oliver Bowen, seized a British ship and 14,000 pounds of powder. When the British sailed from New York to take Savannah in 1778, they anchored off Tybee (23 December) before proceeding to Girardeau's Plantation. The island became a popular bathing resort and is now part of the Tybee National Wildlife Refuge. A museum operated by the Tybee Island Historical Society includes exhibits pertaining to the early history of the island although, like so many of Georgia's historical attractions, it focuses largely on the Civil War. Phone: (912) 786-5801.

Landmarks of the American Revolution: Library of Military History