Expenditures

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CHAPTER 2
EXPENDITURES

According to Lynn Bauer of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2001 (May 2004), the total amount spent on corrections at the federal, state, and local levels rose from about $8.9 billion in 1982 to $57 billion in 2001, an increase of roughly 540%. During the same time period, total expenditures for police protection also increased—from $19 billion to $72.4 billion. Total judicial and legal costs rose by 385%—from $7.8 billion in 1982 to $37.8 billion in 2001. (See Table 2.1).

Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2001 also reported that local governments paid for nearly half of all U.S. justice expenditures in 2001, including 70% of spending on police. State governments bore the largest share of corrections costs (67.8%). Table 2.2 presents justice spending by level of government and justice activity during fiscal year 2001.

Calculated on a per capita basis, in 1982 total spending on corrections cost each U.S. resident $39. By 2001 that figure had risen more than 400% to $200 per person. Adjusted for inflation, the increase was 222%. (See Table 2.1.) By comparison, the per capita cost of police protection, after inflation, rose by 109%, and judicial and legal costs rose 155%.

INCARCERATION RATES RISING

The reasons for the escalating costs of corrections are simple enough:

  • More people are being sent to prison
  • Mandatory sentencing rules require that some criminals be held for longer periods
  • Some courts are requiring stiffer sentences

The official crime rate, reported by the FBI in its Uniform Crime Reports, has declined since the 1980s and early 1990s, when it averaged an annual rate of more than 5,500 crimes per 100,000 population. After reaching 5,898 crimes per 100,000 in 1991, the national rate declined to 4,063 crimes per 100,000 population by 2003. During the same period, the incarceration rate as reported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics has increased from 313 per 100,000 in 1991 to 482 in 2003. These two trends appear paradoxical. Part of the explanation is that the official crime rate does not track drug offenses—or related money laundering offenses and illegal weapons violations—which have been growing at high rates. For this reason, the official crime rate and the incarceration rate do not always move in parallel. They do not reflect the same underlying facts.

According to Prisoners in 2003 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2004), the number of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities increased from 1,585,586 in 1995 to 2,085,620 in 2003, an increase of 31.5%. The average annual increase during this period was 3.5%. (See Table 2.3.) In the western United States the percentage change between 1995 and 2003 was 35.4%, from 207,661 to 281,135, with Oregon (8.7%) seeing the biggest average annual percent change in its prison population. (See Table 2.4.) The Midwest saw a 28% increase, from 192,177 to 246,053, with North Dakota (9.8%) and Minnesota (6.2) experiencing the largest average annual percent changes. The prison population in the South grew 26.9%, from 446,491 in 1995 to 566,679 in 2003. West Virginia (8.3%) and Mississippi (7.7%) gained the most on an average annual basis. The Northeast had the least growth (5.46%), from 155,030 in 1995 to 163,494 in 2003. Maine (4.9%) and Vermont (3.7%) experienced the highest average annual percent change. Only two states witnessed a decline in prison population during that timeframe: Massachusetts, which decreased from 10,427 in 1995 to 8,814 in 2003, and New York, which had reduced its number of prisoners from 68,486 in 1995 to 65,198 in 2003.

Justice expenditure across government and functionPolice protection expenditureJudicial and legal expenditureCorrections expenditure
YearPopulationTotalPer capitaTotalPer capitaTotalPer capitaTotalPer capita
2001285,094,000$167,113,000,000$586$72,406,000,000$254$37,751,000,000$132$56,956,000,000$200
1997267,784,000129,793,000,00048557,754,000,00021628,529,000,00010743,511,000,000162
1992245,807,00093,777,000,00038241,327,000,00016820,989,000,0008531,461,000,000128
1987243,400,00058,879,000,00024228,778,000,00011812,539,000,0005217,562,000,00072
1982226,548,00035,685,000,00015819,022,000,000847,771,000,000348,892,000,00039
Note: Using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to adjust the 2001 per capita figure of $586 for inflation would yield approximately $320 in 1982 dollars.
Amount spent fiscal year 2001
ActivityAll governmentsFederal governmentState governmentsLocal governments
Total justice system$30,443$63,372$83,377
    Direct expenditure$167,13325,28558,82083,007
    Intergovernmental5,1584,552370
Police protection$15,014$10,497$50,718
    Direct expenditure$72,40612,4709,22050,716
    Intergovernmental2,5441,2771,519
Judicial and legal$10,230$14,444$15,938
    Direct expenditure$37,7518,49713,52315,732
    Intergovernmental1,733921207
Corrections$5,199$38,432$16,721
    Direct expenditure$56,9564,31836,07816,559
    Intergovernmental8812,354162
Notes: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Local government data are estimates subject to sampling variability. The total lines for each justice activity, and for the total justice system, exclude duplicative intergovernmental amounts. Artificial inflation would result if an intergovernmental expenditure of a government were tabulated and then counted again when the recipient government(s) spent the amount. The intergovernmental expenditure lines are not totaled for the same reason.
—Not applicable.

FEDERAL CORRECTIONS

The Budget of the United States for Fiscal Year 2006 proposes $4.75 billion in budget authority for corrections (Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget, February 2005). Included in this proposal are $85 million to open three new federal prisons and to expand two other facilities, $37 million to pay for the added costs of almost 4,300 inmates in existing facilities, and $20 million for 1,600 new private contract beds. Historically, actual outlays tend to be slightly below authorizations as Congress debates the amounts to be spent.

STATE CORRECTIONS

Based on data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics in Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2001, corrections represented about 3% of state and local direct expenditures in 2001. The criminal and justice system as a whole accounted for some 7% of state budgets, while 30% went to education, 14% to public welfare, and 7% to health and hospitals. These percentages have been remarkably steady since 1977. (See Figure 2.1.)

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, direct corrections expenditures by states in 2003 were $39.2 billion. (See Table 2.5.) The last year for which a complete breakdown of state prison expenses is available is 2001. According to James J. Stephan of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (State Prison Expenditures 2001, June 2004), a total of $38.2 billion was spent by state correctional systems in 2001. Of that amount, $29.5 billion was used for operating adult correctional facilities. The average annual operating cost per state inmate in 2001 was $22,650. (See Table 2.6.) State prisons in the Northeast spent the most on average per prisoner ($33,037), while those in the South spent the least ($16,479). State prisons cost each U.S. resident an average of $100 a year to operate. Prisons in the West cost the most per resident ($108), while those in the South cost the least ($91). Overall, Southern states spent the most money on prisons ($10 billion) and had the largest prison population (563,818).

Various factors, many out of the control of prison officials, influence the costs of running a state prison. Among such variables are climate (heating costs in the Northeast can be more expensive than in the South), local wage rates, and local cost of living. However, other costs are within the control of prison officials. State prisons with a high inmate-to-staff ratio, that is, with fewer guards, reported lower costs,

Total inmates in custodyaPrisoners in custody on December 31Inmates in jail on June 30Incarceration rateb
FederalState
19951,585,58689,538989,004507,044601
20001,937,482133,9211,176,269621,149684
20011,961,247143,3371,180,155631,240685
20022,033,022151,6181,209,331665,475701
20032,085,620161,6731,226,175691,301714
    Percent change, 2002–20032.6%6.6%1.4%3.9%
    Average annual increase, 1995–20033.5%7.7%2.7%4.0%
Note: Counts include all inmates held in public and private adult correctional facilities.
aTotal counts include federal inmates in non-secure privately operated facilities (6,471 in 2003, 6,598 in 2002, 6,515 in 2001 and 6,143 in 2000).
bNumber of prison and jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents at year end.

while those with large staffs, some as high as one staff member for every 1.7 inmates, had heavy costs. States with a few large prison facilities tended to have lower overall operating costs than those with multiple, smaller facilities.

The $29.5 billion spent on state prison operations in 2001 was an increase of almost 23% from 1996, when $24 billion was spent, and a 150% increase from 1986, when a total of $11.7 billion was spent. The per capita rate for prison expenditures (cost per year to each U.S. resident) also rose during this period at an average annual rate of 6.4%. (See Table 2.7.) Compared to other state expenses, prison spending was relatively low. In 2001 the per capita rate for education was $1,315 and for public welfare, $914.

In 2001 salaries, wages, and benefits for state prison employees made up about two-thirds of state prison operating expenditures. Table 2.8 breaks down prison operating expenditures by state during that fiscal year. Operating costs include supplies, maintenance, and contractual services. About 4% is spent on new construction, renovations, major repairs, equipment, land, or buildings. Expenditures for new prison construction have been declining, from $1.5 billion in 1996 to $1.1 billion in 2001.

Other operating costs for state prisons include medical care, food service, and utilities. By far the largest of these costs was some $3.3 billion spent on prisoner medical care in 2001, followed by $1.2 billion for prisoner food, and $996 million for utilities. (See Table 2.9.) Nationwide, the average annual amount spent for medical care per prisoner was $2,625 (the average spent by U.S. citizens on their own health care is $4,370 per year.) The amount spent on prisoner medical care varied widely by state. Such factors as a high number of inmates with drug and alcohol abuse problems can raise costs, while operating larger prison facilities, and thereby raising the average inmate-to-doctor ratio, can result in cost savings. In 2001 Maine spent the most on prisoner medical care ($5,601), while Louisiana spent the least ($860). By region, the West averaged the most spent on medical care ($3,672), and the South averaged the least ($2,025). Annual food service costs tended to be lowest in those states, such as Mississippi ($297 per prisoner) and North Carolina ($191 per prisoner), where prisons operated their own farms and grew their own fruits and vegetables. In addition, North Carolina prisoners operate their own cannery and meat processing plant.

LOCAL JAIL EXPENDITURES BY COUNTIES
AND MUNICIPALITIES

According to Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2001 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004), governments on the local level carry the bulk of justice system costs because police protection is primarily the responsibility of local communities. Some 59% of all justice system employees (1,357,153) are employed at the local level. (See Table 2.10.) In 2001, $50.7 billion, some 70% of all funds spent on police protection, came from county or municipal governments. (See Table 2.2.)

The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported in Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2003 (May 2004) that between 1995 and 2003, the number of inmates in local jails rose from 507,044 to 691,301. (See Table 2.11.) The average annual increase in jail inmates from December 31, 1995, to June 30, 2003, was 4%. However, at the end of June 2003, local jails were operating at 6% below their rated capacity. Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2003 also reported that local authorities supervised an additional 71,371 offenders in such alternative programs as work release, weekend reporting, electronic monitoring, and community service.

Region and jurisdictionSentenced prisonersPercent change 2002–03Average change 1995–03aIncarceration rate 2003b
200320021995
    U.S. total1,409,2801,380,5161,085,0222.1%3.3%482
Federal151,919143,04083,6636.27.752
State1,257,3611,237,4761,001,3591.62.9430
Northeast163,494165,783155,0301.4%0.7%300
Connecticut13,58714,08210,4193.53.4389
Maine1,9511,8171,3267.44.9149
Massachusettsc8,8148,94710,4271.52.1233
New Hampshire2,4342,4512,0150.72.4188
New Jerseyd27,24627,89127,0662.30.1314
New York65,19867,06568,4862.80.6339
Pennsylvania40,88040,16432,4101.82.9330
Rhode Island1,9832,0451,8333.01.0184
Vermont1,4011,3211,0486.13.7226
Midwest246,053244,566192,1770.6%3.1%375
IIIinoisd43,41842,69337,6581.71.8342
Indiana23,00721,54216,0466.84.6370
lowad8,5468,3985,9061.84.7290
Kansasd9,1328,9357,0542.23.3334
Michigan49,35850,59141,1122.42.3489
Minnesota7,8657,1294,84610.36.2155
Missouri30,27530,08019,1340.65.9529
Nebraska3,9763,9723,0060.13.6228
North Dakota1,1471,02554411.99.8181
Ohiod44,77845,64644,6631.90.0391
South Dakota3,0162,9111,8713.66.1393
Wisconsin21,53521,64410,3370.5e392
South566,679553,493446,4912.6%3.0%542
Alabama28,61227,53220,1303.94.5635
Arkansas13,01312,9998,5200.15.4476
Delaware4,1223,6593,01412.74.0501
Florida79,59475,20463,8665.82.8463
Georgia47,20047,42434,1680.54.1539
Kentucky16,19015,57212,0604.03.7392
Louisiana36,04736,03225,1950.04.6801
Maryland23,23023,27420,4500.21.6420
Mississippi22,16821,39712,2513.67.7768
North Carolina29,39428,61327,9142.70.6348
Oklahomad22,44822,70218,1511.12.7636
South Carolina22,94222,83719,0150.52.4551
Tennesseed25,40324,98915,2061.76.6433
Texasd156,534151,782127,7663.12.6702
Virginia35,06734,97327,2600.33.2472
West Virginia4,7154,5042,4834.78.3260
West281,135273,634207,6612.7%3.9%419
Alaska2,6292,5772,0422.03.2401
Arizona29,72228,00820,2916.14.9525
California162,678159,984131,7451.72.7455
Colorado19,67118,83311,0634.47.5430
Hawaii4,1673,8402,5908.56.1325
Idaho5,8875,7463,3282.57.4427
Montana3,6203,3231,9998.97.7393
Nevada10,54310,4787,7130.64.0462
New Mexico5,9345,6313,9255.45.3314
Oregon12,69512,0806,5155.18.7354
Utah5,6815,4753,4473.86.4240
Washington16,03615,92211,6080.74.1260
Wyoming1,8721,7371,3957.83.7372
aThe average annual percentage increase from 1995 to 2003.
bPrisoners with sentences of more than 1 year per 100,000 residents.
cThe incarceration rate includes an estimated 6,200 inmates sentenced to more than 1 year but held in local jails or houses of corrections.
dIncludes some inmates sentenced to 1 year or less.
eNot calculated.

COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES

The costs of corrections for the United States have been rising in absolute terms, not simply as a reflection of a growing population. In the 1980–99 time period, the number of people held behind bars would have increased more than three-fold even if the U.S. population had remained unchanged. In 1980 some 139 people were in state and federal prisons for every 100,000 U.S. residents. By 2003 that ratio had increased to 482 people, according to Prisoners in 2003 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2004). Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2001 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004) reports that in 1982, correctional expenditures amounted to $39 for every man, woman, and child in the United States; by 2001 that cost had climbed to $200. During this period, the phenomenon of crime has increased in absolute terms, and more of the nation's resources have had to be expended on its consequences than in previous times.

Responses to rising costs have been variable and include some of the following:

United States
ItemAmountPer capita
Population (thousands, 2003)290,231X
    Total revenue1,296,701,2814,467.82
General revenue1,113,391,4063,836.22
    Intergovernmental revenue362,519,7371,249.07
    Taxes548,990,8671,891.57
        General sales184,596,707636.03
        Selective sales89,214,514307.39
        License taxes35,863,173123.57
        Individual income tax181,932,513626.85
        Corporate income tax28,384,47497.80
        Other taxes28,999,48699.92
    Current charges106,398,401366.60
    Miscellaneous general revenue95,482,401328.99
Utility revenue12,517,94543.13
Liquor store revenue4,517,99215.57
Insurance trust revenue166,273,938572.90
    Total expenditure1,358,964,8654,682.36
Intergovernmental expenditure382,781,3971,318.89
Direct expenditure976,183,4683,363.47
    Current operation656,089,7682,260.58
    Capital outlay92,186,403317.63
    Insurance benefits and repayments168,978,731582.22
    Assistance and subsidies25,888,45089.20
    Interest on debt33,040,116113.84
Exhibit: Salaries and wages183,385,651631.86
    Total expenditure1,358,964,8654,682.36
General expenditure1,163,884,6884,010.20
    Intergovernmental expenditure382,781,3971,318.89
    Direct expenditure781,103,2912,691.32
General expenditures, by function
    Education411,501,5281,417.84
    Public welfare313,230,4171,079.25
    Hospitals38,394,884132.29
    Health50,270,775173.21
    Highways86,104,257296.67
    Police protection11,158,20038.45
    Correction39,226,109135.15
    Natural resources18,623,90164.17
    Parks and recreation5,857,21320.18
    Government administration43,853,867151.10
    Interest on general debt31,294,903107.83
    Other and unallocable114,368,634394.06
Utility expenditure22,404,93177.20
Liquor store expenditure3,696,51512.74
Insurance trust expenditure168,978,731582.22
Debt at end of fiscal year697,929,0282,404.74
Cash and security holdings2,594,115,6208,938.11
X=Not applicable

Authorities have responded to budgetary pressures by crowding more people into available space and have thus caused increased crowding in correctional facilities. Crowding has been most serious in federal facilities, somewhat less so on average in state prison systems, and least in local jails, especially the smallest ones.

The number of adult correctional facilities increased from 1,464 in 1995, to 1,668 in 2000, according to

Expenditures (1,000's of dollars)Annual operating costsPrisoners under state authority on 6/30/01
Region and stateTotalOperatingCapitalPer inmatePer U.S. resident
    Total$29,491,268$28,374,273$1,116,995$22,650$1001,252,743
Northeast$6,056,762$5,712,994$343,769$33,037$106172,925
Connecticuta523,960506,90517,05526,85614818,875
Maine76,47975,1331,34644,379581,693
Massachusetts413,071404,8628,20937,7186310,734
New Hampshire62,75460,2792,47525,949482,323
New Jersey799,560768,66130,89927,3479128,108
New York2,807,2592,547,452259,80736,83513469,158
Pennsylvania1,203,2191,183,66819,55131,9009637,105
Rhode Islanda124,333121,1673,16538,5031143,147
Vermonta46,12844,8671,26125,178731,782
Midwest$6,327,346$5,952,214$375,132$24,779$92240,213
IIIinois1,011,311996,73814,57321,8448045,629
Indiana477,628449,40628,22221,8417320,576
Iowa188,391186,2982,09322,997648,101
Kansas199,843182,65517,18921,381688,543
Michigan1,582,6111,573,2739,33832,52515748,371
Minnesota253,385239,95313,43236,836486,514
Missouri436,081362,42973,65212,8676428,167
Nebraska126,85799,86526,99225,321583,944
North Dakota26,79624,2192,57722,425381,080
Ohio1,277,6221,201,26976,35426,29510645,684
South Dakota37,52937,03049913,853492,673
Wisconsin709,292599,080110,21228,62211120,931
South$10,002,325$9,750,580$251,745$16,479$91563,818
Alabama228,871221,7747,0978,1285027,286
Arkansas199,003192,6116,39215,6197212,332
Delawarea166,327162,3973,93022,8022047,122
Dist. of Columbiab143,700143,700e26,6702515,388
Florida1,484,7991,453,79931,00020,1908972,007
Georgia923,505900,91822,58619,86010745,363
Kentucky288,438274,40414,03417,8186715,400
Louisiana479,260459,68619,57312,95110335,494
Maryland645,620632,74912,87226,39811823,970
Mississippi266,196264,5031,69312,7959320,672
North Carolina863,892840,34723,54526,98410331,142
Oklahoma384,060377,3786,68216,30910923,139
South Carolina405,238373,24931,98916,7629222,267
Tennesseec421,807421,807e18,2067323,168
Texas2,315,8992,270,95944,94013,808106164,465
Virginia723,767699,10424,66322,9429730,473
West Virginia61,94461,19475014,817344,130

Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003).

Privately run prisons and jails have been created on the theory that the private sector can do the job at lower cost. Because privately run prisons would be free of the bureaucracy and politics of state-run prisons, and not subject to mandatory use of unionized labor, it was believed they could be more cost effective than public prisons. So far, studies have shown mixed results, with some communities reporting great savings while others report no significant differences. A 1996 study by the U.S. Government Accounting Office, reported in Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2001), shows no clear evidence that privatization saves money. Despite the uncertainty, the privately run prison population has grown at a faster rate than the correctional population as a whole. At year-end in 2003, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (Prisoners in 2003), 95,522 prisoners were in privately operated facilities. (See Table 2.12.) Nationwide, some 6.5% of all prisoners are in privately run prisons, most in the South and West. The six states having at least 25% of their prison population housed in private prisons are New Mexico (44.2%), Alaska (30.6%), Montana (29.3%), Oklahoma (26.4%), and Wyoming (26.3%).

Expenditures (1,000's of dollars)Annual operating costsPrisoners under state authority on 6/30/01
Region and stateTotalOperatingCapitalPer inmatePer U.S. resident
West$7,104,834$6,958,485$146,349$25,231$108275,787
Alaskaa154,650154,15649436,7302434,197
Arizona618,571609,9108,66122,47611527,136
California4,166,5734,107,84458,72925,053119163,965
Colorado466,551435,03731,51425,4089817,122
Hawaiia,d117,101117,101e21,637965,412
Idaho95,49492,8212,67316,319705,688
Montana71,99471,16982521,898793,250
Nevada182,092180,8341,25817,5728610,291
New Mexico149,077148,24982828,035815,288
Oregon404,255399,4364,81936,06011511,077
Utah133,963133,68328124,574595,440
Washington488,314459,81428,50030,1687715,242
Wyoming56,19948,4317,76828,845981,679
Note: Forty-six states and the District of Columbia began their fiscal years in July and ended them in June. Exceptions included Albama and Michigan, October to September; New York, April to March; and Texas, September to August. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
aStates have integrated jail-prison systems.
bThe District of Columbia reported no capital outlays during fiscal year 2001, a transition period during which its sentenced felons were being transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
cDuring fiscal year 2001 Tennessee spent capital amounts from sources outside its Department of Corrections.
dHawaii's Department of Public Safety, Corrections Division had nonrecurring expenditures which state budget officials excluded from the capital category.
eNot reported.
State expenditures as costs per resident
Fiscal yearTotal correctionsPrisonsHealthEducationPublic welfareNatural resources
1986$65$49$78$842$425$44
1991987610999863252
1996119911411,14384956
20011341041541,31591461
Average annual percent change, 1986–2001*6.2%6.4%5.8%4.2%6.4%3.3%
*Based on total expenditures.
Operating expenditures (1,000's of dollars)
Region and jurisdictionTotalSalaries, wages and benefitsOther operating costs
    Total$28,374,273$18,583,923$9,790,350
Northeast$5,712,994$4,014,190$1,698,803
Connecticut*506,905316,497190,408
Maine75,13351,14723,986
Massachusetts404,862297,405107,457
New Hampshire60,27942,47617,803
New Jersey768,661443,235325,426
New York2,547,4521,969,750577,702
Pennsylvania1,183,668765,038418,629
Rhode Island*121,167101,99919,168
Vermont*44,86726,64318,224
Midwest$5,952,214$3,960,772$1,991,442
IIIinois996,738713,339283,399
Indiana449,406304,310145,096
Iowa186,298149,03937,260
Kansas182,655107,72174,934
Michigan1,573,2731,116,883456,390
Minnesota239,953159,98179,971
Missouri362,429220,790141,639
Nebraska99,86564,32735,538
North Dakota24,21913,73410,485
Ohio1,201,269760,668440,601
South Dakota37,03019,95617,074
Wisconsin599,080330,025269,055
South$9,750,580$6,017,146$3,733,434
Alabama221,774153,07768,697
Arkansas192,611108,96083,651
Delaware*162,397110,75151,646
District of Columbia143,70063,54580,155
Florida1,453,799955,791498,008
Georgia900,918678,964221,954
Kentucky274,404124,787149,617
Louisiana459,686196,078263,609
Maryland632,749351,870280,879
Mississippi264,503125,045139,458
North Carolina840,347603,932236,415
Oklahoma377,378189,432187,946
South Carolina373,249266,518106,732
Tennessee421,807168,295253,511
Texas2,270,9591,343,459927,500
Virginia699,104539,590159,514
West Virginia61,19437,05224,142
West$6,958,485$4,591,814$2,366,671
Alaska*154,15681,50872,648
Arizona609,910408,558201,352
California4,107,8442,873,0651,234,778
Colorado435,037275,095159,942
Hawaii*117,10164,81352,288
Idaho92,82152,40140,420
Montana71,16935,67735,492
Nevada180,834123,03757,798
New Mexico148,24975,52772,723
Oregon399,436197,265202,171
Utah133,68382,15251,531
Washington459,814299,391160,423
Wyoming48,43123,32625,105
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
*States have integrated jail-prison systems.
1,000's of dollarsCost per inmate in 2001
Region and jurisdictionMedical careFood serviceUtilitiesMedical careFood serviceUtilities
    Total$3,288,200$1,195,854$996,027$2,625$955$795
Northeast$590,935$210,400$203,294$3,417$1,217$1,176
Connecticuta68,33023,45119,8383,6201,2421,051
Maine9,4833,1072,7815,6011,8351,643
Massachusetts43,4609,49721,2664,0498851,981
New Hampshire3,9642,0353,3931,7068761,461
New Jersey91,65222,76031,1403,2618101,108
New York219,73566,61885,8243,1779631,241
Pennsylvania137,29177,08337,4523,7002,0771,009
Rhode Islanda,b11,8204,1076363,7561,305202
Vermonta5,1991,7419632,918977540
Midwest$543,001$290,949$198,432$2,260$1,211$826
IIIinois73,23552,48138,3551,6051,150841
Indiana37,60119,96519,0181,827970924
lowa16,71314,2257,2532,0631,756895
Kansas22,83511,9757,5922,6731,402889
Michigan137,41448,14837,9702,841995785
Minnesota25,45810,8437,9303,9081,6651,217
Missouri50,20721,14419,0501,782751676
Nebraska12,4065,6272,5683,1451,427651
North Dakota2,8921,8039392,6781,670870
Ohio111,69375,44540,7292,4451,651892
South Dakota5,4654,1731,2252,0441,561458
Wisconsin47,08225,11915,8022,2491,200755
South$1,141,489$411,988$377,792$2,025$731$670
Alabama28,7007,15212,6161,052262462
Arkansas19,9245,2334,8431,616424393
Delawarea14,7629,6246,6512,0731,351934
District of Columbia10,4252,9552,6881,935549499
Florida242,13278,48344,7923,3631,090622
Georgia117,38452,17436,2802,5881,150800
Kentucky14,7828,6888,338960564541
Louisiana30,53512,38111,584860349326
Maryland52,19315,31628,4542,1776391,187
Mississippi25,9466,1427,1491,255297346
North Carolina45,5585,93531,1651,4631911,001
Oklahoma46,45723,3959,6912,0081,011419
South Carolina28,7169,67915,5331,290435698
Tennessee35,94325,55212,9691,5511,103560
Texas329,162104,871103,4492,001638629
Virginia87,32039,85639,2932,8661,3081,289
West Virginia11,5504,5502,2962,7971,102556
West$1,012,775$282,516$216,508$3,672$1,024$785
Alaskaa16,9875,2426,9304,0471,2491,651
Arizona75,02432,46119,8402,7651,196731
California720,436140,922125,8904,394859768
Colorado43,50924,39913,2422,5411,425773
Hawaiia9,7889,6155,2071,8091,777962
Idaho9,7573,6602,5791,715643453
Montana2,9971,3801,094922425337
Nevada29,54614,4148,0232,8711,401780
New Mexico24,6694,5143,3394,665854632
Oregon14,2227,3598,8651,284664800
Utah7,3085,2143,2801,343958603
Washington51,99831,61716,6723,4122,0741,094
Wyoming6,5331,7191,5473,8911,024921
aStates have integrated jail-prison systems.
bThe Rhode Island State Department of Health and Hospitals operated a centralized power plant that provided utilities to prisons and other government agencies. Utilities were unmetered and costs were allocated on the basis of square footage.
All governmentsPercent distribution
ActivityFederalStateLocalTotalFederalStateLocal
Total justice system
Total employees2,295,423197,263741,0071,357,153100%8.6%32.3%59.1%
2001 March payroll*$8,150$1,035$2,513$4,60212.730.856.5
Police protection
Total employees1,060,219106,337104,657849,225100%10.0%9.9%80.1%
2001 March payroll$4,003$581$407$3,01614.510.275.3
Judicial and legal
Total employees488,14357,953162,982267,208100%11.9%33.4%54.7%
2001 March payroll$1,798$318$639$84117.735.546.8
Corrections
Total employees747,06132,973473,368240,720100%4.4%63.4%32.2%
2001 March payroll$2,349$137$1,468$7445.862.531.7
*Payroll is in millions. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
1995200020022003
    Average daily populationa509,828618,319652,082680,760
Number of inmates, June 30507,044621,149665,475691,301
Adults499,300613,534658,228684,431
    Male448,000543,120581,411602,781
    Female51,30070,41476,81781,650
Juvenilesb7,8007,6157,2486,869
    Held as adultsc5,9006,1266,1125,484
    Held as juveniles1,8001,4891,1361,385
Note: Data are for June 30 in 1995, 2000, and 2003; for June 29 in 2001; and June 28, for 2002. Detailed data for 1995 were estimated and rounded to the nearest 100.
aThe average daily population is the sum of the number of inmates in a jail each day for a year, divided by the total number of days in the year.
bJuveniles are persons held under the age of 18.
cIncludes juveniles who were tried or awaiting trial as adults.
Private facilitiesLocal jails
Region and jurisdiction20032002Percent of all inmates, 2003a20032002Percent of all inmates, 2003a
    U.S. total95,52293,9126.5%73,34372,5505.0%
Federalb21,86520,27412.63,2783,3771.9
State73,65773,6385.770,06569,1735.4
Northeast3,2013,1461.8%1,9112,2341.1%
ddd
Connecticut000.0
Maine3081.5000.0
Massachusetts000.03613753.5
New Hampshire000.07110.3
New Jerseyc2,6362,6019.71,5421,5285.7
New York000.013200.0
Pennsylvania5355371.3000.0
Rhode Islandc000.0ddd
Vermontc000.0ddd
Midwest4,9576,7482.0%2,3861,8011.0%
Illinois000.0000.0
Indiana6528432.81,7241,2627.5
Iowa000.0000.0
Kansas000.0000.0
Michigan4804601.042300.1
Minnesota000.02832213.6
Missouri000.0000.0
Nebraska000.0000.0
North Dakota0230.04493.6
Ohio1,9011,9274.2000.0
South Dakota25320.829121.0
Wisconsin1,8993,4638.42642671.2
South48,22246,0918.2%60,81060,03610.3%
Alabama1,69805.81,3402,4494.6
Arkansas000.01,0161,1727.8
Delaware000.0ddd
Florida4,3304,1735.448470.1
Georgia4,5894,5739.74,9494,97510.5
Kentucky1,6401,6359.93,9693,65723.9
Louisiana2,9182,9298.116,54916,02245.9
Maryland1221270.52341681.0
Mississippi3,4633,43514.94,7244,55020.4
North Carolina2151860.6000.0
Oklahoma6,0226,47026.41,8691,4978.2
South Carolina44210.24244151.8
Tennessee5,0494,20019.96,2836,71724.7
Texas16,57016,7739.913,33112,3758.0
Virginia1,5621,5694.55,1065,02414.6
West Virginia000.096896820.3
West17,27717,6536.0%4,9585,1021.7%
Alaska1,3861,36030.6ddd
Arizona2,3231,9657.51742320.6
California3,5074,6492.12,4152,5911.5
Colorado3,0132,45215.32211601.1
Hawaii1,4781,34725.4ddd
Idaho1,2671,26621.52392954.1
Montana1,05996329.356741915.7
Nevada04340.01901771.8
New Mexico2,7512,69044.2000.0
Oregon000.0000.0
Utah000.01,0651,17018.5
Washingtonc000.0000.0
Wyoming49352726.387584.6
Based on the total number of inmates under state or federal jurisdiction.
Includes federal inmates in non-secure privately operated facilities (6,471 in 2003, and 6,598 in 2002).
Inmates held in other state facilities include interstate compact cases.
Not applicable. Prison and jails form an integrated system.

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