Edgar Laurence Doctorow

E.L. Doctorow (born 1931) is widely regarded as one of America's pre-eminent novelists of the 20th Century. His work is philosophically probing, employing an adventurous prose style, and the use of historical and quasi-historical figures, situations, and settings. Politically active and outspoken, Doctorow urges other writers to follow his lead in expressing their opinions about issues outside the literary community.

Edgar Laurence Doctorow was born on January 6, 1931 in the Bronx, New York. He was named after the great poet and short story writer Edgar Allen Poe, who had also lived in the Bronx. Doctorow's parents were both second-generation Americans who descended from Russian Jews. His mother, Rose (Levine) Doctorow, was an accomplished pianist. His father, David Richard Doctorow, owned a music shop. When his business was wiped out during the Depression, he sold home appliances to support the family.

Doctorow's household was rife with literary, intellectual, and political discussion. He would later characterize his childhood milieu as "a lower middle-class environment of generally enlightened socialist sensibility." Both Doctorow and his older brother had aspirations of being novelists. "I always knew that writing was my calling," Doctorow told Time magazine. For a long time, however, he would resist this impulse, on the advice of friends and family. "People told me to look for physical labor and under no circumstances to get involved with the book business in Manhattan."

Education

Upon finishing grade school, Doctorow attended the prestigious Bronx High School of Science. He then enrolled at Kenyon College in Gambier Ohio, a liberal arts school known to be a hub of literary study. One of Doctorow's professors at Kenyon was the renowned poet and critic, John Crowe Ransom. At this point, Doctorow was not focused on a literary career, however, preferring to major in philosophy. He also tried his hand at acting, appearing on stage in a number of campus productions.

After earning his undergraduate degree with honors in 1952, Doctorow moved on to graduate study in English drama at New York's Columbia University in the autumn of 1952. Here he was introduced to the work of the German Romantic playwright Heinrich Von Kleist, whose writing had a profound effect on the young student. Doctorow later modeled the protagonist of his most famous novel, Ragtime on the hero of one of Kleist's novels.

While studying at Columbia, Doctorow met and married Helen Setzer, a fellow graduate student. He was drafted into the Army in 1953 and was stationed in Frankfurt, Germany, where Helen gave birth to the couple's first child. Upon leaving the service, Doctorow returned to New York, where he got a job at the reservations desk at La Guardia Airport. Tired of this, he moved on to a position as an "expert reader" for Columbia Pictures. His responsibilities included reading a novel a day and writing a 1200-word critique evaluating its cinematic potential. Doctorow acknowledged that the job gave him insights into the structure and pacing of genre novels that he would later use in his own writing.

Early Novels

In 1959, Doctorow accepted a job as an editor for the New American Library. He remained there until 1964, using his free time to work on his own fiction. In 1960, Doctorow published his first novel, Welcome to Hard Times. A Western genre story, it was set in the newly settled Dakota Territory of the 1800s. The tale was told from the point of view of the mayor of the frontier town of Hard Times, in the form of a series of journal entries. Critics responded favorably, and the book was later turned into a motion picture starring Henry Fonda. Although Doctorow was now an established novelist, he was still unable to support his family entirely through his writing. He, therefore, accepted the post of editor-in-chief at Dial Press in 1964.

In 1966, Doctorow completed work on his second novel, Big as Life. This time he chose science fiction as his genre, spinning an outlandish tale about a group of people who band together to fight off two giant humanoids attacking Manhattan. The book was perplexing to some reviewers; others dismissed it as potboiler science fiction. Doctorow later withdrew the novel from print entirely, apparently disappointed at the critical reception it received.

Acclaim for Daniel

As editor-in-chief at Dial Press, Doctorow spent the last few years of the 1960s working with some of the most talented authors of the time, including Norman Mailer, James Baldwin, and Richard Condon. But he quit his position in 1969 in order to devote more time to his own writing. The fruit of that effort was Doctorow's first non-genre novel, The Book of Daniel (1971).

The title character was based on Michael Meeropol, the son of executed Communist spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Doctorow believed the execution was a major political crime of the 1950s and tried to express his confusion and outrage through the character of Daniel. He did extensive research into the lives of the Rosenbergs in preparation for writing his book. The hard work paid off, as critics almost universally praised the new work. The Book of Daniel was nominated for a National Book Award and made part of the required reading list at a number of colleges and universities.

Awards and Riches

It took Doctorow four years to produce his next novel, but critics found it worth the wait. Ragtime, set in the decade prior to World War I, wove together a number of interconnected story lines, featuring both real-life and imaginary characters. Historical figures such as Harry Houdini,William Howard Taft, and Sigmund Freud appear in its pages, though the major themes of the novel revolve around the fictional Coalhouse Walker, a black piano player persecuted for a crime he did not commit. The novel was an enormous critical and commercial success, fulfilling Doctorow's own vow that the book would reach vast new constituencies. Ragtime sold 200,000 copies in hardcover in its first year alone, and netted a lucrative $2 million for the paperback sale. It won Doctorow the National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction and was adapted as a feature film in 1982 and a Broadway musical in 1997.

With his first novel of the 1980's, Loon Lake, Doctorow returned once again to historical fiction. Set in and around the Adirondacks during the Great Depression, the book follows the wanderings of an ambitious drifter. Its experimental prose style and non-linear structure made it a difficult read for some, but critical response was mostly positive. For his next book, 1984's Lives of the Poets, Doctorow eschewed the novel form entirely, preferring to collect six short stories and a novella, all of which dealt with the relationship between art and politics.

Artist and Advocate

During this same period, Doctorow himself was exploring that relationship through his actions and public pronouncements. Now an internationally famous and acclaimed author, he found time in his hectic schedule to publicly expound on his views about political and cultural matters. In 1980, Doctorow appeared before a Senate subcommittee to decry the encroachment of the entertainment industry into publishing. In 1983, the outspoken author delivered a scathing commencement address at Sarah Lawrence College in which he excoriated Ronald Reagan as "the most foolish and insufficient president in our history." Later that year he traveled to Beijing, China, where he lambasted American officials for encouraging the Chinese to translate and publish American books without duly compensating the American writers.

Doctorow became extremely active within the literary community. In 1982, he was appointed the Lewis and Loretta Gluckman Chair of American Literature at New York University. In 1984, he was elected to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The following year he appeared at the Twentieth International PEN Conference to urge America's writers to speak out on political issues. Doctorow later had published a distillation of that argument in essay form entitled "The Passion of Our Calling."

Bronx Novels

Doctorow's sixth novel, World's Fair, appeared in 1986. In it, Doctorow tackled a new literary form, the memoir, writing from the point of view of one Edgar Altschuler, a young man growing up in the Bronx during the Great Depression. Again, real historical personages and events like the Hindenburg disaster and the New York World's Fair of 1939, gave depth and verisimilitude to the narrative. Hailed as a triumph by literary critics, World's Fair was awarded the American Book Award for fiction.

The Bronx again provided the setting for Doctorow's next novel, Billy Bathgate, published in 1989. The book again explores the relationship between history and myth, as it follows the title character through his immersion in the gangster underworld of the 1930's. Young Bathgate's mentor throughout is the real-life gangster, Dutch Schultz. One of Doctorow's most accessible and accomplished novels, Billy Bathgate became an international bestseller and earned Doctorow the National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction.

Doctorow in the 1990's

In the 1990's, Doctorow slowed his pace somewhat, publishing only one major new work of fiction. He purchased a summer home on Long Island and organized a three-day annual retreat weekend called "The Sag Harbor Initiative." There artists and politicians gathered to discuss major issues of the day.

Doctorow's eighth novel, The Waterworks, appeared in 1994. Set in New York City in the aftermath of the Civil War, the suspenseful narrative is told by an old, wry newspaper editor. Its real protagonist is Martin Pemberton, one of the paper's employees, who embarks on a quest to find the father he thought was long dead. Laced with historical and contemporary allusions, the book echoes earlier Doctorow works in its sweeping examination of the interaction among different social classes.

Further Reading

Harter, Carol C. and James R. Thompson, E.L. Doctorow Twayne Publishers, 1990.

Levine, Paul, E.L. Doctorow Methuen, 1985.

Morris, Christopher D., Conversations with E.L. Doctorow University Press of Mississippi, 1999.

Parks, John G., E.L. Doctorow Continuum, 1991. □

DOCTOROW, E(dgar) L(awrence)

Nationality: American. Born: New York City, 6 January 1931. Education: The Bronx High School of Science; Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, A.B. (honors) in philosophy 1952; Columbia University, New York, 1952-53. Military Service: Served in the United States Army, 1953-55. Family: Married Helen Setzer in 1954; two daughters and one son. Career: Editor, New American Library, New York, 1960-64; editor-in-chief, 1964-69, and publisher, 1969, Dial Press, New York; member of the faculty, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York, 1971-78. Adjunct professor of English, 1982-86, and since 1987 Glucksman Professor of American and English Letters, New York University. Writer-in-residence, University of California, Irvine, 1969-70; Creative Writing Fellow, Yale School of Drama, New Haven, Connecticut, 1974-75; visiting professor, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1975; Visiting Senior Fellow, Princeton University, New Jersey, 1980-81. Director, Authors Guild of America, and American PEN. Lives in New Rochelle, New York. Awards: Guggenheim fellowship, 1972; Creative Artists Public Service grant, 1973; National Book Critics Circle award, 1976, 1990; American Academy award, 1976; American Book award, 1986; Howells medal, 1990; PEN Faulkner award, 1990; National Humanities Medal, 1998; Commonwealth Medal, 2000. L.H.D.: Kenyon College, 1976; Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, 1989; Litt.D.: Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, 1979. Member: American Academy, 1984. Agent: International Creative Management, 40 West 57th Street, New York, New York 10019, U.S.A. Address: c/o Random House Inc., 201 East 50th Street, New York, New York 10022, U.S.A.

Publications

Novels

Welcome to Hard Times. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1960; asBad Man from Bodie, London, Deutsch, 1961; published under original title, New York, Plume, 1996.

Big as Life. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1966.

The Book of Daniel. New York, Random House, 1971; London, Macmillan, 1972; New York, Plume, 1996.

Ragtime. New York, Random House, and London, Macmillan, 1975.

Loon Lake. New York, Random House, and London, Macmillan, 1980.

World's Fair. New York, Random House, 1985; London, Joseph, 1986.

Billy Bathgate. New York, Random House, and London, Macmillan, 1989.

The Waterworks. London, Macmillan, 1994.

City of God. New York, Random House, 2000.

Short Stories

Lives of the Poets: Six Stories and a Novella. New York, RandomHouse, 1984; London, Joseph, 1985.

Plays

Drinks Before Dinner (produced New York, 1978). New York, Random House, 1979; London, Macmillan, 1980.

Screenplay:

Daniel, 1983.

Other

American Anthem, photographs by Jean-Claude Suarès. New York, Stewart Tabori and Chang, 1982.

Eric Fischl: Scenes and Sequences: Fifty-Eight Monotypes (text byDoctorow). New York, Abrams, 1990.

Jack London, Hemingway, and the Constitution: Selected Essays, 1977-1992. New York, HarperPerennial, 1994.

Film Adaptations:

Welcome to the Hard Times, 1967; Ragtime, 1981; Daniel from the work The Book of Daniel, 1983; Billy Bathgate, 1991.

Bibliography:

E.L. Doctorow: An Annotated Bibliography by Michelle M. Tokarczyk, New York, Garland, 1988.

Critical Studies:

E.L. Doctorow: Essays and Conversations edited by Richard Trenner, Princeton, New Jersey, Ontario Review Press, 1983; E.L. Doctorow by Paul Levine, London, Methuen, 1985; E.L. Doctorow by Carol C. Harter and James R. Thompson, Boston, Twayne, 1990; E.L. Doctorow by John G. Parks, New York, Continuum Press, 1991; Models of Misrepresentation: The Fiction of E.L. Doctorow by Christopher D. Morris, Jackson, University Press of Mississippi, 1991; Fiction as False Document: The Reception of E.L. Doctorow in the Postmodern Age by John Williams. Columbia, South Carolina, Camden House, 1996; Conversations with E.L. Doctorow, edited by Christopher D. Morris. Jackson, University Press of Mississippi, 1999; Critical Essays on E.L. Doctorow, edited by Ben Siegel. New York, G.K. Hall, 2000.

Towards the end of E.L. Doctorow's novella Lives of the Poets his central character is discussing the art of writing with a fellow author. "Each book," he believes, "has taken me further and further out" so that the place or idea he started out from is now no more than "a weak distant signal from the home station." The same is only partly true of Doctorow himself. His novels for the most part revisit the same themes and places, in particular the America of the 1930s. What changes and excites is that the same themes and treatments when applied to different characters portray differing aspects of the America they are living through. Inevitably Doctorow's novels are considered very political.

Almost invariably (the exception being Lives of the Poets ), Doctorow's central character is either a child or adolescent or else (World's Fair ) an adult writing about his childhood. The central character is always a narrator. Again almost without exception, the child or adolescent becomes displaced from his roots, and the breakdown of family structure becomes a dominant ingredient in almost every novel. Doctorow himself may not have strayed "further and further out" as his novelist has, but his characters, seldom by choice, frequently do. In the more expressly political novel, especially The Book of Daniel and Loon Lake, this is a freedom granted to the character out of economic or political circumstances. Daniel's parents have been executed as Communists, while in Loon Lake the central character Joe is an economic migrant of the Depression, uprooted and adrift. In the less overtly political novels the circumstances behind the displacement become correspondingly less social. Billy Bathgate enjoys a freedom even Huckleberry Finn might envy due mainly to a mother who has little or no grasp either on him or on the world in general. Of the full-length novels, only World's Fair differs substantially, the displacement being one of time as the narrator looks back.

In each case Doctorow is drawing a parallel between the development of his central character and the development of America during the same period. Ragtime uses real historical figures as frequent landmarks in the narrator's childhood, intertwining his development and that of America. The Book of Daniel unfolds Daniel's discovery of the circumstances of his parents' execution alongside the portrayal of America's own discovery of Communism and the way the American government reacted to it. In Loon Lake the distorted, disjointed way Joe sees the world evokes the economic turmoil that has displaced him from his home. Similarly the World's Fair is both a forthcoming excitement for a small child and a symbol of hope for better times ahead. The displacement of the central figure in each case frees that figure to be a symbol of the wider environment, a product of the times. And, arguably, in each novel the child or adolescent learns whereas the world he has been thrown into does not: Billy Bathgate's era of childhood is ending as the era of gangsters is ending. He is a good luck charm who leaves the gangsters as the charm of childhood leaves him. By leaving, Billy is seen to have learned. He survives. The gang leader does neither.

As the central character in each novel develops and grows, the language with which that character expresses the narrative develops accordingly. The Book of Daniel begins in a confused manner, nonsequiturs exemplifying how Daniel takes in only exactly what he sees. He cannot yet put anything into context or draw conclusions. Similarly Loon Lake depicts the upheaval of the 1930s with sentences which lack formal structure, even verbs. It shows a time, historically, when established structure is shaken and falling. The effect of the language is like watching debris fall after an explosion. Slowly the language settles as in both novels the characters understand more of what has been happening. As with the history depicted, patterns emerge with time. In World's Fair time has elapsed, the language is therefore coherent, the patterns are clear. Ragtime uses both techniques side by side. Some parts are written in a style which would not be out of place in a straight historical narrative. Elsewhere Doctorow uses the pauseless—breathless—sentences of Billy Bathgate. And in Billy Bathgate itself Doctorow appears to be using this device to make a further point. As a young child Billy is comical in the way he expresses himself and the adult world he comes to inhabit sees him as such. As Billy begins to come of age, and just begins to become articulate, it is the world that has laughed at him which is shown up as comical. Billy has the last laugh. The characters in these novels, in their various ways, all offer what the wide-eyed Billy Bathgate at the end of his story calls "this bazaar of life."

Exemplary of Doctorow's wide-ranging interests is City of God, a novel so broadly based it is difficult to characterize at all. Written in the form of an author's notebook for a story to be written (this fact only emerges somewhere deep within the book), the novel is on one level the tale of a love triangle, and on another a deeply metaphysical series of questions about the meaning of religion at the end of the second millennium. One of the more understandable aspects of the plot is the relationship that develops between Fr. Thomas Pemberton and two Jewish rabbis, Joshua Gruen and Sarah Blumenthal. The two happen to be husband and wife, and "Pem" (as he is called) enters their lives after he gets caught up in the mystery of how a cross stolen from an Episcopal church in New York's East Village winds up on top of a synagogue across town.

—John Herbert

DOCTOROW, E(dgar) L(awrence)

DOCTOROW, E(dgar) L(awrence). American, b. 1931. Genres: Novels, Novellas/Short stories, Plays/Screenplays, Essays. Career: Glucksman Professor of English and American Letters, New York University, NYC, 1982-; Publr., 1969, Dial Press, NYC; Writer-in-Residence, University of California at Irvine, 1969-70; Creative Writing Fellow, School of Dramas, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1974-75. Member of Faculty, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York, 1971-78. Publications: Welcome to Hard Times, 1960; Big as Life, 1966; The Book of Daniel, 1971; Ragtime, 1975; Drinks before Dinner (play), 1979; Loon Lake, 1980; Daniel (screenplay), 1983; Lives of the Poets: Six Stories and a Novella, 1984; World's Fair, 1985; Billy Bathgate, 1988; Jack London, Hemingway, and the Constitution: Selected Essays 1977-92, 1993; The Waterworks, 1994; City of God, 2000. Address: Department of English, New York University, 19 University Pl, New York, NY 10003, U.S.A.