A?mad Ibn Y?suf

(b. Baghdad, Iraq [?]; fl. ca. 900–905; d. Cairo, Egypt, 912/913 [?])

mathematics.

A?ma ibn Y?suf ibn Ibr?h?m ibn al-D?ya al Mi?r? was the son of an Arab scholar, Y?suf ibn Ibr?h?m. Y?suf’s home was in Baghdad, but in 839/840 he moved to Damascus, and later to Cairo; hence his son was known as an Egyptian. A?mad’s birth date is not known, although it seems probable that he was born before the move to Damascus. His death date is likewise in doubt, although the most probable date is 912/913.

A?mad’s father, sometimes referred to as al-??sib (“the reckoner”), was one of a group of learned and influential men. A work on the history of medicine, another on the history of astronomy, and a collection of astronomical tables are attributed to him, although no written work of his surives today.

In Egypt, A?mad ibn Y?suf was a private secretary to the ??l?n family, which ruled Egypt from 868 to 905. In his writing, A?mad made several references to one Hud? ibn A?mad ibn ??l?n. This was probably Abu’l-Baq?? Hud?, the thirteenth son of A?mad ibn ??l?n, and probably A?mad ibn Y?suf’s employer.

A?mad ibn Y?suf wrote a treatise on ratio and proportion, a work on similar ares, a commentary on Ptolemy’s Centiloquium, and a work on the astrolabe. All the works survive in Arabic manuscript, and all but the work on the astrolbe exist in Latin translation. While it is impossible to distinguish absolutely the work of the father from that of the son, there seems to be little doubt of A?mad’s authorship of the above four works. A number of other works are attributed to him, but these cannot be authenticated.

A?mad’s most significant work is the treatise on ratio and proportion. This was translated from the Arabic into Latin by Gerard of Cremona and then extensively copied. Manuscript copies of the Latin version exist today in at least eleven libraries in England, Spain, Austria, France, and Italy, thus testifying to the wide interest in the treatise in medieval times. Arabic versions of the work are in manuscript form in Cairo and Algiers libraries. The work is largely an expansion of and commentary on Book V of Euclid’s Elements. A?mad developed and expanded Euclid’s definitions of ratio and proportion in a long dialectic argument. Having clarified the meaning of these terms, he went on to show in great detail various methods for finding unknown quantities from given known quantities when the knowns and unknowns existed in certain proportional relationships.

By applying the Euclidean definitions of composition, separation, alternation, equality, and repetition to the given proportional relationships, A?mad found eighteen different cases: six when there are three different quantities in the proportion, eight when there are four quantities, and four when there are six. The discussion and geometrical interpretation of these eighteen cases form the nucleus of the treatise. Since many of his proofs referred to variations on a single triangular figure, later authors have referred to his work as the eighteen cases of the divided figure.

Besides his obvious dependence on Euclid, A?mad acknowledged his indebtedness to Ptolemy. The latter part of the treatise on ratio and proportion is actually an extension of two lemmas from Book I, chapter 13, of Ptolemy’s Almagest. A?mad also made reference to, and quoted from, Archimedes, Hero, Plato, Empedocles, and Apollonius, indicating that he was acquainted with at least some of their works.

Writing as he did at the beginning of the tenth century, not only was A?mad ibn Y?suf profoundly influenced by his Greek predecessors, but also in his turn he exerted an influence on the works of several medieval mathematicians. Leonardo Fibonacci, in his Liber abacci, mentioned the work of A?mad (Ametus in the Latin form) in the eighteen cases of proportion, and he used A?mad’s methods in the solution of tax problems. Some traces of A?mad’s influence have been seen in the work of Jordanus de Nemore, Arithmetica in decem libris demonstrata. A?mad was cited as an authority by Thomas Bradwardine in his differentiating between continuous and discontinuous proportions. Pacioli listed A?mad (Ametus), along with such well-known scholars as Euclid, Boethius, Jordanus, and Bradwardine, as one of those whose work on proportions was of major significance.

On the somewhat negative side, A?mad was guilty of a grave logical error. Campanus of Novara, in his commentary on the definitions of Book V of Euclid’s Elements, devoted considerable attention to A?mad’s method of proof and pointed out a subtle but real bit of circular reasoning. In his eagerness to establish definitions and postulates. A?mad did, at one point in his treatise, accept as a postulate a principle that he later was to prove as a theorem. This logical error does not detract from the value of his careful classification and solution of the various cases of proportional quantities. In fact, it is for this that he is remembered : his eighteen cases of the divided figure.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Latin MSS of the Epistola de proportione et proportionalitate are in Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 9335, ff. 64r-75v; Florence, Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana, MS San Marco 184, ff. 90r-112v; and Vienna, Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek, MS 5292, ff. 158r-179v. Arabic MSS, with the title Ris?la fi ?l-nisba wa ’l-tan?sub are in Algiers, MS 176 R. 898e + 684, ff. 54r-73r; and Cairo, National Library, MS 39 Riy??a m?m, ff. 1–25r.

Works containing information on A?mad ibn Y?suf are Ab? Mu?ammad ?Abd All?h ibn Mu?ammad al-Mad?n? al-Balaw?, S?rat A?mad ibn ??l?n, Mu?ammad Kurd ?Al?, ed. (Damascus, 1939); C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, supp. I (1937), 229, and I, 2nd ed. (1943), 155; George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, I, 598; M. Steinschneider, “Iusuf ben Ibrahim und Ahmed ben Iusuf,” in Bibliotheca mathematica (1888), 49–117, esp. 52, 111; H. Suter, “Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke,” in Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, 10 (1900), 42–43; and Y?q?t, Irsh?d al-ar?b il? ma?rifat al-ad?b, D. S. Margoliouth, ed., II (Leiden, 1909), 157–160.

Dorothy V. Schrader