Caliciales (subdivision Ascomycotina) A heterogeneous order of fungi (mostly lichen-forming) in which the thallus is crustose, squamulose, foliose, or fruticose. There are 3 families. They are found chiefly on wood or bark, occasionally on rocks; there are a few parasitic species.

Lecanorales (subdivision Ascomycotina) An order of fungi most of which are lichenized but which may also be saprotrophic or lichenicolous. The apothecia are typically solitary with open, round discs bearing the hymenium; the asci are thick-walled and normally turn blue when treated with iodine. There are many families, members of which are found in a wide range of habitats in most regions of the world.