Joyce Carol Oates was born in Erie County in western New York in 1938. Her parents worked hard throughout the great depression to support her and her two younger siblings, her father at the tool and dye shop and her mother keeping house. Although her working class Catholic beginnings could hardly predict the literary heights she would attain later in life, she was always a serious and high-achieving child and made the most of the educational opportunities that she was given.

Her early education was uneven at best. After attending a one-room schoolhouse, and junior high, in Lockport, New York, she finally found a school that had what she needed when she began riding a bus everyday to a high school outside of Buffalo. After graduation, she enrolled at Syracuse University on a scholarship and began a lifelong engagement with books and writing. By all measures she was an extraordinary student and graduated Phi Beta Kappa and first in the class of 1960. The next year she entered the University of Wisconsin at Madison to begin the graduate work to set her on the path to becoming an academic. Within a year she had met and married fellow graduate student in English, Raymond Smith, to whom she is still married. She earned her M.A. in 1961 and moved to Beaumont, Texas where her new husband had gotten his first faculty appointment. She was enrolled in the Ph.D. program at Rice University when she had an experience, the story goes, that changed the course of her life.

While doing research in the Rice library, she ran across a copy of Best American Short Stories and found one of her own stories mentioned in it. At that moment she decided to become a professional writer. Though she has held teaching positions throughout her career, Oates kept her pledge to make writing her main focus. For the past thirty or more years, she had been one of America’s most prolific and significant writers. Her output is staggering: from 1963 to 1998 she has published thirty-eight novels, twenty-four volumes of short stories, fourteen books of poetry, nine works of non-fiction, and twenty-one plays.

Oates lives in suburban New Jersey and is on the faculty of Princeton University. Her husband runs a small publishing house, Ontario Review Press, that the two of them founded years earlier. Many critics and interviewers have noted the differences and similarities between her placid and stable life and the world she creates in her fiction. On the one hand she has always been able to capture the details and nuances of the American suburban landscape, and her academic satires are clearly the work of a keen inside observer. On the other hand, her depictions of violence and brutality lurking beneath suburbia’s placid surface have shocked and disturbed some readers. Oates addressed these objections directly in an essay in the New York Times Book Review by explaining that the question about why she would include such violence in her writing “is always ignorant.” She goes on to explain that “Since it is commonly understood that serious writers, as opposed to entertainers or propagandists, take for their natural subject the complexity of the world, its evils as well as its goods, it is always an insulting question; and it is always sexist. The serious writer, after all, bears witness.”

Oates continues her amazing production, despite her claim to “spend an inordinate time doing nothing,” as she said to interviewer Robert Phillips. Her recent non-fiction book on the sport of boxing, first published in 1987 and then expanded in a new edition in 1994, has garnered a lot of attention and praise. In August 1998 she published an autobiographical essay about her own visit to a New Jersey house of corrections (as a guest on a tour), called “After Amnesia.”

Plot Summary

In a partial and disorganized set of notes for an essay for her English class at a private school, a sixteen-year-old girl tells the story of a set of events that lead her to a house of correction and to an opportunity to contemplate her life and begin over again. Though the details are not presented in chronological order, the full story does emerge upon careful reading.

At fifteen years old, the narrator, the child of wealthy parents in one of Detroit’s most affluent suburbs, escalates her habits of stealing and vandalizing by shoplifting a pair of gloves from an “excellent” department store and gets caught. Her parents react by hushing everything up and smoothing it over, and she never gets whatever attention she was craving. Her mother just wants to know why “if she wanted gloves, why didn’t you say so?”. The narrator thinks, “I wanted to steal, but not to buy,” but she doesn’t tell her mother. Consequently, her next act of rebellion is even more drastic. She walks out of school and runs away to downtown Detroit, where she is so out of place that she doesn’t even know what a pawn shop is for. Alone, vulnerable, and still desperate for the affection her chilly parents deny her, she is easy prey for Clarita, a prostitute, and her pimp, Simon, a drug addict. After an unspecified period of prostitution and abuse, the narrator is eventually picked up by the police and turned over to a juvenile facility. There she clings stubbornly to her rebellious posture and refuses to give information that would allow her to be released to her parents. Acting tough, “she says to the matron I ‘m not talking about anything, not because anyone warned her not to talk, but because she will not talk.” She tries to fit in with the other girls there and seems to take some pride and pleasure in thinking she belonged. She is sadly mistaken, however, as she discovers one night when two of the girls corner her in the bathroom and beat her savagely, just because she is rich and white and privileged. After a stay in the hospital she returns to her Bloomfield Hills “traditional-contemporary home” with her parents. By the time she composes these notes, she has returned to school at Baldwin Country Day and is in the care of a psychiatrist. She seems to be working out her desire toward self-expression and her quest for identity through her writing and her therapy rather than through desperate and self-destructive behaviors like the ones that landed her first in Simon’s bed and then in the house of corrections.

Characters

Clarita

A woman of indeterminate age (between twenty and thirty-five), she is an addict and a prostitute. She has “an odor of tobacco about her,” and has “unwashed skin, gritty toes, hair long and falling into strands, not recently washed.” She has been living on the streets since she was about thirteen years old.

Dr. Coronet

Isabelle Coronet is the psychiatrist that the narrator’s parents send her to twice a week after her return from the house of corrections. The narrator describes her as “queenly,” but surprisingly “normal for a woman with an I.Q. of 180 and many advanced degrees.”

Dolly

A “white girl of maybe fifteen,” Dolly is one of the two girls in the house of correction who beat the narrator in the bathroom.

Father

The narrator’s father, whose name she does not provide, is a successful physician, a member of all the right clubs, a “player of squash and golf.” He is a prominent member of the community of Bloom-field Hills and is able to use his social connections to smooth over his children’s difficulties with the authorities, but he seems to be unable to show them the love and attention they need.

Mr. Forest

Though “not handsome,” Mr. Forest, the English teacher, is described by the narrator as “sweet and rodentlike.” It’s for his English class at Baldwin Country Day School that these “notes for an essay” are being written.

Raymond Forrest

Raymond Forrest is the owner of the “excellent” department store from which the narrator

Media Adaptations

“Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been,” the companion story to “How I Contemplated,” was adapted as a film, Smooth Talk, directed by Joyce Chopra and starring Laura Dern, Treat Williams, and Mary Kay Place. It was originally produced in 1985 for the “American Playhouse Series” on the Public Broadcasting System and is available from Live Home Video and Vestron Video.

steals the gloves. After she returns home from the hospital and the house of correction, she reads that his father has died of a heart attack and feels an impulse to send a sympathy note.

Mother

Like the father, the mother goes unnamed throughout the story. Also like the narrator’s father, the mother belongs to all the right clubs. She attends lectures and art openings and drives a “Lincoln, long and black” like all the other wealthy matrons on Sioux Drive. Physically, she is always stylishly and perfectly dressed, and has “hair like blown-up gold and finer than gold, hair and fingers and body of inestimable grace.”

Narrator

Only fifteen years old when she runs away and ends up in the house of correction, the narrator, who never gives her name, is sixteen when she tries to describe her experiences in notes for an essay for her English class. She lives in her parents’ large and comfortable suburban home in the suburbs of Detroit, but her rebellious and self-destructive impulses lead her to shoplifting, prostitution, and ultimately the house of correction. She is ambivalent about her affluent background and describes her parents and all of Bloomfield Hills with scathing sarcasm. Nevertheless, her experiences with Simon and the beating she suffers at the house of correction sent her fleeing back to the protection and comfort of her parents’ wealth and privilege. She doesn’t provide many details about her own physical appearance, except that she wears her “hair loose and long and straight in suburban teen-age style, 1968.”

Princess

As the narrator describes her, Princess is “a Negro girl of eighteen.” She is “shrewd and silent” and the narrator is fascinated by her. At first she seems to take an interest in protecting the narrator, but later she is one of the two girls who corner and beat her.

Simon

Simon is the drug addict and pimp who seduces and uses the narrator after Clarita brings her to him. He is “said to have come from a “home not much different” from the narrator’s, but he has descended completely into the junkie’s life of desperation and crime. Despite how badly he treats her, she craves his touch and affection. Even a year later, she confesses that she would go back to him. She also believes that Simon is the one who saved her by telling the authorities that she was a runaway.

Themes

Love

Love is the engine that drives all of the girl’s behavior in “How I Contemplated.” She may be misguided, self-destructive, and immature, but the narrator’s actions all derive from her desire to be loved. Despite their generosity, the girl’s parents seem unable to give her the attention and unguarded affection that she craves. She describes her mother as icy, distant, and artfully constructed and her father as powerful, distracted, and unavailable. As we learn through several references in the story, the narrator’s older brother, away at college, engages in the same desperate attention-getting behaviors.

In the narrator’s eyes, the mother possesses an other-wordly charm and poise that she feels she can neither live up to nor puncture. Her mother is “a lady . . . self-conscious and unreal.” She has “hair like blown-up gold and finer than gold, hair and fingers and body of inestimable grace.” She is, above all, too busy and too self-absorbed to pay attention when her daughter is caught stealing from the “excellent” store. The mother’s awkward and ineffective way of showing affection for her daughter is to buy her things in the hope that she will transform herself from an awkward, sullen teenager to a polished artifact like herself. The narrator recalls shopping with her mother, listening to her urging “why don’t you want this, try this on, take this with you to the fitting room, take this also, what’s wrong with you, what can I do for you, why are you so strange . . .?” The narrator wants to tell her mother that she “wanted to steal but not to buy,” but decides not to.

The narrator’s father is described not so much in terms of his appearance (like the mother is), but rather in terms of what he does; he is defined by his actions. The narrator’s father’s reaction to problems is to fix them. He handles his daughter’s shoplifting episode in the same clinical, pragmatic manner that he uses to treat patients. He gets in touch with the store owner and makes the problem go away. He is completely blind to the fact that his daughter’s behavior is a cry for his attention, not his expertise. The narrator recalls poignantly that her father is out of town at a medical convention when she was arrested in the department store. She also wonders, “where he was when Clarita put her hand on my arm, that wintry dark sulphurous day in Detroit.” It remains unclear at the conclusion of the story whether her father will ever show her the love she wants, but at least he drives her home and holds her while she sobs in his arms.

The narrator’s most desperate act in her search for love and affection is clearly her liaison with Simon and Clarita. Young and confused, the narrator seeks in Simon the physical affection that is missing in the relationships with her reserved and distant parents. What she finds instead is abusive sex and drugs and prostitution. On some level, however, Simon does fulfill some need for her. Asking herself a year later “Would I go back to Simon again? Would I lie down with him in all that filth and craziness?”, she has to answer, “Over and over again.” Ironically, Simon does make one genuine gesture of affection toward the narrator. By turning her in to the authorities, as she suspects he has, he helps her by doing the very thing that both of her cold and overprotective parents had failed to do.

Class and Race Conflict

The contrast between Sioux Drive and Detroit on which the story depends points to a deep and troubling divide between white suburbia and the minority-inhabited inner city. The circumstances and inequities that created and sustain this division

Topics for Further Study

Although the narrator seems genuinely frightened by the beating she received and seems happy to be home, do you think she is sorry for her other offenses? Has she taken responsibility for her stealing and vandalism? What do you predict for the remainder of her teenage years?
What do you think is attractive about Simon? Why does she say she would go back to him “over and over again.”?
What did the city of Detroit look like in 1968? Write a description of the scene the narrator would have encountered when she got off the bus?
Could this story be written today? How would it be different? Is this story of teenage rebellion and isolation universal, or is it a story of the 1960s?

form the backdrop of the story (see below). The narrator’s beliefs and behaviors also express her awareness of and ambivalence toward the racial and social conflict that simmers just beneath the surface.

The narrator’s disdain for the affluent and protected world she and her parents live in is obvious in her scathing and sarcastic descriptions of life on Sioux Drive. She lists the number of rooms and architectural features of the houses in her neighborhood, on streets patrolled by “a private police force . . . in unmarked cars.” On a Saturday night, the watch out for “residents who are streaming in and out of houses, going to and from parties, a thousand parties.” Life on Sioux drive is so self-contained, so insular, she writes, that “when spring comes, its winds blow nothing to Sioux Drive, no odors of hollyhocks or forsythia, nothing Sioux Drive doesn’t already possess.” Like many teenagers, the narrator rebels against the lifestyle and values of her parents. In 1968, however, her rejection of her parents’ way of life has a political dimension as well. She longs to be identified with the other world, Sioux Drive’s opposite, Detroit and to be accepted by its inhabitants in order to take sides against her parents. This flawed reasoning leads her first to Simon’s false arrest and then to her stubborn posturing in the house of correction. Finally, she is forced to confront the shallowness and pointlessness of her position when she is beaten up by Princess and Dolly who “vent all the hatred of a thousand silent Detroit winters on her body.” After the beating, the narrator rushed back to the safety of Sioux Drive, where there are “sugar doughnuts for breakfast,” and where “sunlight breaks in movieland patches on the roof of our traditional contemporary home.” The injustices and tensions between Detroit and Sioux Drive, between black and white, remain unchanged.

Style

Fragmentary Structure

Even many years after the story’s publication, the structure of “How I Contemplated” is still striking and somewhat unsettling to readers. The experimental form Oates uses is fragmentary and full of gaps. Instead of writing the story of an affluent young girl’s temporary descent into a life on the streets and in a house of corrections, she gives readers only the girl’s own notes for an essay that she may or may not ever write.

What appears to be an orderly outline in twelve sections is really a random and partial arrangement of information recollected a year after the events. In the words of critic Sue Simpson Park, the sections are “repetitive, disjointed, and dispersive . . . indicative of the state of mind of the sixteen-year-old protagonist, confused, questioning, attempting to make sense of the senseless, to impose order upon the chaos.” Although the complete title removes any doubt the reader may have about whether the story has a “happy ending,” (she is writing a paper for a private school and has declared that she began her life over again), readers still have to piece together the narrative and read between the lines. One of the most significant gaps appears in the section titled “People & Circumstances Contributing to This Delinquency.” Under this heading is only the word, “nothing,” which suggests to the reader not that there are no contributing factors, but that the young narrator cannot see them or doesn’t want to talk about them. In other words, the absence of reasons prompts readers to speculate and to supply reasons of their own to explain the girl’s behavior.

Narration

The sixteen-year-old girl who composes these notes for an essay is what is known as an unreliable narrator. She’s the only one who tells the story, but the version she offers is limited and possibly altered by her narrow point of view. The narrator’s unreliability takes several forms. First, she is only sixteen and thus has the adolescent’s limited and selfcentered view of the world. In addition, only a year has passed since the events and she has not had sufficient time to gain perspective on what has happened. In fact, it seems like these notes for the essay represent a preliminary attempt (other than her visits to the psychiatrist) to organize her experience into a coherent pattern. Second, narrative features like blank spaces for names, series of questions (“A pretty girl? An ugly girl?”) and missing details cast doubt on her credibility. These missing details are especially noticeable because on other occasions she proves herself capable of remarkable candor and keen observation. For example, she’s willing to admit to the other petty crimes she committed before getting caught shoplifting and she’s able to render a nuanced and vibrant portrait of suburban life, complete with such vivid details as the car heavy enough “to split a squirrel’s body in two equal parts.”

The device of the unreliable narrator enhances the story’s effect. It would be unreasonable and unrealistic to expect a sixteen-year-old to render a complete and objective account of such a traumatic set of events. The sketchy, uncertain and sometime evasive narrative structure is typical of an adolescent’s (especially a troubled one’s) world view and contributes to the story’s authenticity and power. Finally, the narrator’s unreliability makes the open-ended and ambiguous ending possible. It’s impossible to be certain if she is being sincere when she claims that she will “never leave home,” and that she is “in love with everything here.”

Historical Context

Urban Decay

The late 1960s and early 1970s in America was a period marked by huge and permanent economic and demographic changes. Particularly hard hit by these sweeping changes were many of the country’s large industrial cities. Detroit became synonymous with urban decay and what soon came to be known as “white flight.” As the narrator describes it, Detroit is “a large famous city that is a symbol for large famous American cities.”

The trends had begun much earlier. In the years immediately following the end of World War II, veterans and their families enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and the high birth rate now known as the baby boom. As a consequence these families began to leave the inner cities for newly created suburbs and housing developments. This exodus from what had been thriving mixed-use neighborhoods in large cities set off a chain reaction that reached a crisis in the late 1960s and that continues to reverberate today. As families with at least modest means abandon urban neighborhoods, only those too poor to move remain. The poorer residents are unable to support the surrounding businesses and they in turn must move outward to the suburbs to be closer to their customers. Thus, the inner city loses the tax base that commercial property provides, further depleting the resources and degrading the services for the remaining residents. Public schools struggle to meet children’s needs and to attract qualified teachers. Naturally, major employers soon find the suburbs more attractive and abandon the city’s core as well. One of the most insidious aspects of this demographic shift is the racial segregation that it causes. The population that moves out to the suburbs is primarily white, while those that stay in the city are primarily people of color. Thus the cycle of poverty and lack of opportunity is reinforced and unequal and segregated school systems grow up within miles of each other.

Racial Tension and Violence

Not surprisingly, the demographic configurations and the economic and social disparities involved of major United States cities resulted in escalating tensions between the races. In the summers of 1967 and 1968 race riots erupted in major cities across the country. In several instances, the National Guard was called upon to restore order. These riots were sparked by a number of causes and found ample kindling in the deteriorating and minority-dominated inner cities. The civil rights movement in the south had awakened black radicalism in northern cities as well, and black power movements such as the Black Panthers gained considerable popular support among minorities and inspired fear and terror in most white people. The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in the spring of 1968 initiated widespread protest, some of which became violent. In the summer of 1967 forty-three people were killed in race riots in the streets of Detroit. The images of this kind of violence further deterred white people from living or shopping in—or even driving through—the inner cities.

Women’s Lib

The women’s movement of the 1960s sought to liberate the suburban housewife. Almost exclusively a white, middle-class movement, women’s lib, as this phase of feminism was known, exposed the myth of the happy consumer housewife and implored women to seek fulfillment in other areas of their lives. Betty Freidan’s The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963 and the best-seller book of 1964, was the manifesto. In the words of New Yorker writer Daphne Merkin in a recent review of Freidan’s biography, the book addressed “an amorphous malaise that afflicted college-educated American women, who smothered their children with attention, had unrealistic expectations of their husbands, and then sought to assuage their sense of quiet desperation by downing pills or having joyless extramarital affairs.” Of course, many housewives and mothers resisted the radicalizing temptations and stuck firmly to the ideals they had inherited from their mothers. In the language of the movement, those who did so did not want to raise their consciousness and confront their dissatisfactions with their traditional, if comfortable, lives. One group, however, who would have found the rhetoric of women’s lib impossible to ignore, is the daughters of these women. Young women rebelled against their mothers’ examples, unsure of what they would become, but certain never to fall into the confinement of the unfulfilled housewife.

Critical Overview

When The Wheel of Love was published in 1970, Joyce Carol Oates was already an established writer of fiction and poetry. What was still open to debate was whether she was a serious “literary” writer or just a popular one. As she has often pointed out in interviews, this argument is based on the sexist premise that such a prolific female writer must have aspired to popularity instead of art. The stories in Wheel of Love continued to divide critical opinion, but in the decades since, several of them, including “How I Contemplated,” have taken their place among the best of American short fiction.

Writing in the New York Times Book Review, Richard Gilman noted that in some of the stories Oates created “a verbal excitement, a sense of language used not for the expression of previously attained insights or perceptions but for new imaginative reality.” Reviewer James A. Avant of the Library Journal singled out “How I Contemplated” as one of the stories that demonstrated Oates’s “striking expansions of the limits of fiction.” Avant also goes on to concede that “One must really go ahead and call her, at the outrageous age of 32, a great writer.” On the other hand, Gilman also concludes that Oates’s stories are full of “a great deal of ‘expressive’ rumination about feeling [which] is accompanied by very little feeling itself.” Similarly, critic R. E. Long wrote in the Saturday Review that the book is “full of cleverness and nimble invention, but it lacks the sense of a deep involvement with life.”

Oates, who has written scores of stories for magazines, said in an interview with Robert Phillips for the Paris Review, that if she’s “serious about a story,” she’ll “preserve it in book form.” Otherwise she “intends it to be forgotten.” Since the early reviews of The Wheel of Love, some of the stories in the collection, including “How I Contemplated,” in the collection have become staples of American literature anthologies. Although somewhat over-shadowed by another story about adolescence in the volume, “Where are your Going, Where Have You Been?”, “How I Contemplated” has continued to invite critical readings due to its innovative form and its portrayal of adolescent subjectivity.

Critical responses to the stories in Wheel of Love are typical of reactions to Oates work throughout her long and amazingly prolific career. In the first decades of her career she was often dismissed as just a “woman” writer, not a serious (male) writer. At the same time, however, she faced harsh criticism for writing about violent subjects that were considered off limits to female writers. Ironically, feminist critics who began the project in the 1970s of reconsidering and resuscitating American women writers never really gave Oates the attention she deserved. This has to do with Oates long-standing refusal to be identified as (just) a woman writer. In the words of noted feminist scholar and fellow Princeton professor Elaine Showalter, “feminist critics have sometimes taken Oates’s insistence that the imagination has no gender as a denial of her social identity as a woman writer,. . . Oates’s sense of herself as what she calls a ‘(woman) writer’ has intensified during the 1980s. In the last two decades, Showalter claims, Oates has added a new dimension to her writing, “an exchange with . . . [a] complex female literary heritage.”

Criticism

Elisabeth Piedmont-Marton

Elisabeth Piedmont-Marton teaches American literature and writing classes at the University of Texas. She writes frequently about the modern short story. In this essay she explains how “How I Contemplated . . .” is a subversion of the classic coming-of-age story.

In Mark Twain’s classic American novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the protagonist, young Huck, is last seen preparing to “light out for the territories.” This story of Huck, poised on the brink of manhood, prepared to test his character and forge his identity on the frontier has become a master narrative for the American coming-of-age plot. Oates’s “How I Contemplated” employs the elements of the coming-of-age story, but does so in an ironic, subversive fashion. At the heart of Oates’s story is a female protagonist whose “adventures” represent regression rather than progress and whose experiences will not arrange themselves into the coherent pattern that the genre requires.

In the American coming-of-age tale, the hero—usually male—must leave the familiar landscape and civilizing influences of city or town life in order to test himself against nature. Even if he doesn’t plan to light out for the territories permanently, like Huck, he must make at least a temporary excursion into a hostile or indifferent nature. In “How I Contemplated”, however, Oates’s female protagonist heads in what appears to be the opposite direction. In Oates’s subversive use of the coming-of-age conventions, the city takes the place of the wilderness. The girl leaves behind the lush, green lawns of Bloomfield Hills and Baldwin Country Day School and encounters the city as “wilderness.” Ironically, the civilized territory she leaves behind carries an Indian name, Sioux Drive. To her the city’s topography is alien, and its inhabitants predatory and sinister. The narrator describes Detroit as a place beset by hazards and warnings: “small warnings of frost, soot warnings, traffic warnings, hazardous lake conditions for small craft and swimmers, restless Negro gangs, restless cloud formations, restless temperatures aching to fall out the very bottom of the thermometer or shoot up over the top and boil everything over in red mercury.” In comparison, on Sioux Drive, “There is no weather.” These “territories” are no place to try to find yourself. As Clarita says to the narrator, ‘ I never can figure out why girls like you bum around down here. What are you looking for anyway?”

What the narrator is looking for, like all protagonists in coming-of-age stories, is her self. What she finds instead is the wreckage of someone else who has tried to make the same pilgrimage, Simon, “who is said to have come from a home not much different” from her own on Sioux Drive. Simon is the subversive form of the mentor figure that is common to coming-of-age narratives. He had been down the same path before and is capable of acting as her guide, but in Oates’s dark version of the genre he offers the very opposite of safe passage. He even acknowledges his role as failed guide when he says, “Once I was Huckleberry Finn, . . . but now I am Roderick Usher.” By using the literary analogy to describe his decline and fall, Simon assures the narrator that they do come from the same world of good schools and good families. But the specifics of the comparison itself, spell out how far he has fallen from his original ambitions. Huck escapes an abusive father and overcomes all manner of obstacles, without losing his moral bearings, on the way to independence and manhood somewhere on the frontier (the “territories”). Roderick Usher (from Edgar Allan Poe’s, “The Fall of the House of Usher”), on the other hand, is born into wealth and privilege, but descends into madness, addiction, and depravity and becomes so fearful and frail that he cannot leave the house. Whereas Huck’s romanticism propels him outward and upward, Roderick’s sends him inward and downward. Simon’s search for identity and the frontier have become a primitive struggle just to survive. But the narrator remains powerfully attracted to her wayward mentor, and in probably the only heroic gesture he’s capable of, Simon saves

her by turning her in, ironically sending her back to the safety of the “Indian territory” on Sioux Drive.

Another characteristic of coming-of-age narratives is the epiphany, or overwhelming moment of realization. Although many features of “How I Contemplated” lead readers to believe that the narrator is poised and ready for an epiphany, Oates leaves the matter very much in doubt. Even the short title implies that the narrator has experienced a powerful moment of self-realization, contemplation leading to a decision. The long title is even more explicit, promising to deliver “A Revelation of the Meaning of Life” and “A Happy Ending.” By

What Do I Read Next?

Dubliners (1914; rpt. 1949) by James Joyce is a collection of short stories that has become one of the classics of the coming-of-age genre. Joyce’s protagonists struggle to find their identities and learn the meaning of life in vividly depicted Catholic neighborhoods of Dublin.
“Where are You Going, Where Have You Been?” by Joyce Carol Oates is the companion story to “How I Contemplated” in which a young girl’s sexual awakening occurs against a backdrop of potential violence.
This Boy’s Life (1989) by Tobias Wolfe is the successful college professor and writer’s memoir of his childhood in an unstable family in a working-class town in the Northwest. The book, which was made into a film starring Robert De Niro and Leonardo De Caprio, is notable because the point of view never wavers from the child’s perspective.

advertising these dramatic elements in the title, Oates is trying to call attention to the artificiality of the genre, pointing out how in real life our experiences do not conform so neatly to dramatic structures. The story’s experimental notebook form also underscores this point as the narrator appears to layout all the elements she has learned belong in a story, and then struggles—unsuccessfully— to arrange her experiences into those categories.

Nevertheless, “How I Contemplated” does contain an ironic version of the moment of profound awareness found in classic narratives in the genre. The narrator experiences an epiphany, but it is a false one that leaves her with more questions and blank spaces than she had before. The false epiphany occurs “that night in the lavatory when everything was changed.” Notice the passive construction in that sentence and how it relieves her from any responsibility or agency. She does not bring about change, nor does she acknowledge experiencing any essential change herself. Instead, it’s everything else that changes, she says. What happens in the lavatory that changes everything is that she is badly beaten by two of the other girls in detention. Turning points in coming-of-age narratives usually demand that protagonists act, that they imprint themselves on their circumstances, that they do something heroic. In this case, however, the narrator is robbed of all control and is viciously acted upon; she is the victim rather than the hero of her circumstances. Despite this inversion of the conventions of the coming-of-age story, however, the narrator in “How I Contemplated” does have the opportunity to use her experience as victim of assault to learn something. In other words, genuine self-revelation is available to her. But it appears that she’s not capable of such self-reflection. Writing about “That Night” after nearly a year of twice-weekly visits to her psychiatrist later she still exclaims, “Why is she beaten up? Why do they pound her, why such hatred?” She doesn’t have the courage to contemplate her identity in terms that would come close to explaining why Princess and Star would want revenge on her. She turns away from the revelation—painful though it is—that the beating offers her.

Because the narrator rejects, or is not prepared for, the lessons that her experiences in “the wilderness” have to offer her, she is destined to return unchanged to the safety of “civilization. By contrast, Huck, at the end of Twain’s novel, has completely outgrown the possibility of “civilized” life with his Aunt Sally and knows he must seek challenges and opportunities on the frontier. Oates’s narrator, however, returns to the insulating environment of her parents’ house and swears that “never will she reconcile four o’clock in the morning in Detroit with eight o’clock breakfasts in Bloomfield Hills.” Whatever dissatisfaction, restlessness, or desire drove her to Detroit and into Simon’s arms has evaporated or is repressed.” I will never leave home, this is my home, I love everything here, I am in love with everything here,” she says again and again.

If the narrator’s breathless affirmations in the story’s final section (titled “EVENTS”) are any indication, then her journey has been as much a regression as a coming-of-age. If her objective had been to escape her parents’ suffocating protectiveness, then she has absolutely failed. Like a child, she “burstf[s] into tears and hysteria” and is “convulsed in Father’s arms.” The house appears to her as “like a doll’s house.” Readers no doubt share her joy at a safe return from such self-destructive behavior, but wonder if this is the “happy ending” they have been promised. Although it is possible to interpret her emotional return home as the beginning of her ability to accept herself and her parents’ love. Oates’s ending is ambivalent. The narrator describes herself in the last section as “saddened and converted.” It makes perfect sense that she is saddened given what she has endured, but “converted” is more difficult to interpret. She may mean that she now prefers to see the world the way her parents do, satisfied to live their comfortable lives pretending that unpleasantness and injustice do not exist. She may also be suggesting that her weeks with Simon, whom she still fears and desires, have changed her permanently in ways that she has not revealed in these notes. She herself seems unsure, wondering as she sees her reflection distorted in the toaster, “is that my face?”.

Source: Elisabeth Piedmont-Marton, for Short Stories for Students, The Gale Group, 2000.

Brenda O. Daly

In the following essay, Daly contends that the characters in Oates’s writings (and therefore the author’s imagination) do not transcend gender conventions.

When Joyce Carol Oates tells us that “most novelists divide themselves up lavishly in their novels,” she implies that a writer’s imagination enables her to transcend socially determined gender categories. Nevertheless, as I shall show, Oates’s early fiction reveals a pattern of authorial self-division that conforms to gender conventions: her male characters, such as Richard Everett in Expensive People and Jules Wendall in them, assume the right to define themselves, whereas her female characters, Maureen Wendall and Nadine Greene in them, merely act out roles in some (male) author’s fiction. This probably unconscious projection of Oates’s authorial power upon male characters is symptomatic, I believe, of a certain anxious authorship in her fiction in the 1960s, an anxiety rooted more in gender than in social class. Indeed, in the final pages of them lower-class Maureen asserts herself more effectively than does her counterpart Nadine from the upper-middle class suburb of Grosse Point, a passive princess whose problems Oates also explores in “How I Contemplated the World.”

We see, for example, that the unnamed narrator of “How I Contemplated the World” refers to herself only in the third person, as “the girl,” whereas Richard Everett, as narrator of Expensive

“Because the narrator rejects, or is not prepared for, the lessons that her experiences in ‘the wilderness’ have to offer her, she is destined to return unchanged to the safety of ‘civilization.’”

People, begins his memoirs with the bold, “I was a child murderer”. Although both are children of wealth, only Richard readily assumes an authorial persona, speaking from the place of a violently preestablished, coherent authorial “I.” By contrast, the girl, who has no preestablished I, illustrates Judith Kegan Gardiner’s point that female identity is a process that does not conform to the Oedipal myth of a unique, whole, and coherent self. Moreover, though Gardiner suggests that women often define themselves through the act of writing, the girl does not. Although both of these privileged adolescents have been educated in elite private schools, only Richard writes well. Moreover, only Richard dares to criticize America. His highly polished memoirs are a savage satire of the values of a consumer society, the same values his parents uphold. Richard’s confession that he has killed his mother, not his father, is even more sophisticated satire—an inversion of the Oedipal plot that functions as a critique of the model of identity promoted by the Freudian psychiatrists who, of course, fail in their attempts to “cure” him.

The socially determined personae adopted by both of these adolescents—the male “author” and the female “character”—are ultimately self-destructive. For example, it is apparent from the girl’s essay, a disorganized outline of her experience of running away from home, that she is a character still in search of a (male) author, a lover to replace her father; whereas Richard, a mirror image of the girl, is already an accomplished author, but one whose I has been established by violence, by matricide. His satire reeks of aggression, not only against his parents but against most adults, including his anticipated readers. Helplessly acting out the script of the

“Yet the girl, as she calls herself, desires something. She is hungry for something. She opens her essay with a description of herself before the ‘fall’. . . .”

passive female character and the aggressive male author, these adolescents clearly acquiesce to traditional gender roles. Like many other adolescents in Oates’s early fiction, as Robert Fossum says, they feel as if they are “actors in a script written and directed by someone else.” Both “How I Contemplated the World” and Expensive People also illustrate Fossum’s point that “repeatedly, Oates’s people crave an order associated with ‘home’ and the loving protection of the father. Repeatedly, this conflicts with the yearning for the ‘road’ and freedom from the father.”

Of course, “lighting out for the territory” is hardly a new metaphor for the struggle for self-definition in American fiction. Huck Finn and Holden Caufield are well-known examples of adolescents who not only run away, but narrate their stories of flight with considerable insight. This male tradition may lead Fossum to conclude that the yearnings of adolescents in Oates’s fiction, whether for home or for the road, are “expressions of a struggle to control their own lives against the forces of ‘accident,’ circumstances, [and] other people.” Here Fossum minimizes the desire for relationship implicit in the metaphor of “home,” perhaps because his unexamined model of identity formation is, in fact, based upon male experience. This romantic model of identity places emphasis on control and autonomy, almost to the exclusion of connectedness. Yet whether we are at home or in flight, we define ourselves only in relationship to others; even our declarations of independence must be acknowledged by someone, as Jessica Benjamin points out. In both her criticism and fiction Oates emphasizes, as does Benjamin, that the self is socially embedded, or “interconnected.” Oates also shares with Bakhtin a belief in the relational nature of consciousness, a conception of the self constructed in and through language. And if we accept the notion that identity is formed through both private and public discourses, it follows that, as Bakhtin says, language “ventriloquate[s]” us. It then becomes apparent why Bakhtin asserts that “we must all, perforce, become authors.” If we do not author language, language authors us.

It is not surprising, however, that Oates’s experiences as a woman make her more attentive than Bakhtin to the ways that gender complicates self-definition or self-authorship. In fact, the problem of self-authorship became an “obsession” for Oates, as she says in a 1973 comment about “How I Contemplated the World.” She defines this story’s theme—which, she states, “so obsessed me that I’ve treated it half a dozen times, perhaps more”—as the riddle of “why we leave home or make vain attempts to leave home, or failing that, yearn to leave home.” She adds, “there are many ways of leaving.” She intimates that one way of leaving home is literal; another is imaginative. Both ways pose considerably greater problems for young women, as Oates implies in this elaboration of her theme:

While you’re away, trying to map out another life, new parents or stray adults or simply anyone with an I.Q. one point above yours conquers you. They just walk up to you and take hold. That’s that. The puzzle is, how do we become these people who victimize us? They are so charming, so much in control of their bitten-off part of the world; they are so very masculine.

This comment betrays a degree of autobiographical anxiety about how Oates herself is to leave home, how she is to leave the house of fiction the “masters” have built. How, for example, is she to use her own high I.Q.? How is she to claim authorial power without becoming one of those who victimize others, one of those “very masculine” authors who are “so much in control of their bitten-off part of the world” ?

Yet Oates’s remark about those who “just walk up to you and take hold” at least implies a democratic ideal. One might go further and assert that this image of over-aggressive masculinity suggests the need for a more maternal conception of authorial power, power that nurtures rather than controls. Oates also understands that such nurturant power—more a daughter’s inheritance than a son’s—lacks cultural authority, since it has, historically, been limited to the domestic sphere. As Lynda Boose and Betty Flowers point out, the authority a daughter inherits from a mother is not parallel to that which a son inherits from a father. Oates explores this power disparity in Expensive People. She lays bare the gender politics of the Oedipal myth of authorial power by creating a writer who is also Richard’s mother. Thus Richard must “kill” his mother, rather than his father, in order to acquire authorial power. Imagining himself a character in his mother’s fiction, a violent man in a short story called “The Sniper,” Richard literally acts out the part of “the sniper.” Eventually, having failed to win his mother’s attention, he turns his gun against her, against the mother who is forever abandoning him because, as we learn, she is unhappy with the constraints of her social identity—as Mrs. Everett, wife and mother. Richard’s psychiatrists, blinded by their belief in one plot, an Oedipal plot of course, assume that he has fantasized the matricide. Their own gender politics cause them to deny Richard’s credibility, as he anticipates many of his readers will also.

But Expensive People is more than a satire of Oedipal plots and psychiatric theories of personality. It is also a satire of Joyce Carol Oates’s previous fiction. Some of the titles written by Richard’s mother, Natashya (Nada) Everett, are the same as those by Oates: “The Molester,” for example, and “Building Tension in the Short Story.” Why this self-satire? The fact is that, like Nada, Oates has written violent plot lines for her male protagonists. Her first two novels end in suicide—Shar Rule’s in Expensive People, Swan Revere’s in A Garden of Earthly Delights, and now Richard Everett’s, as promised, at the end of his memoir, Expensive People. This pattern of violent closure explains why Oates perceives herself, like Nada, as sacrificing her heroes for aesthetic purposes: to “build tension” in her fiction. Significantly; in her next novel, them, both Maureen Wendall and her brother Jules physically survive, but they do not escape traditional gender scripts. Indeed, at the end of the novel, they seem fated to reenact old scripts, scripts that transform victims into victimizers.

How do we [not] become these people who victimize us? Oates returns to this question in them, once again exploring—through the creation of an alternate self—how to nurture the young. This time she portrays herself as a teacher, a “Miss Oates” who fails a student just as her counterpart, Nada Everett in Expensive People, failed her son. In particular, Miss Oates flunks a young woman named Maureen Wendall, a student who attended her English class at the University of Detroit night school. After leaving the class, Maureen writes a letter to Miss Oates which begins positively, “I think I am writing to you because I could see, past your talking and your control and the way you took notes carefully in your books while you taught, writing down your own words as you said them, something like myself.” But in a subsequent letter Maureen says bluntly, “You failed me,” explaining that on the only paper she had handed in, Miss Oates had written “Lack of coherence and development” in blue ink, along with a failing grade. Like Expensive People, this novel illustrates the failure of an educated adult woman—writer, mother, or teacher—to nurture the young. Oates has yet to create an adult woman who uses her imagination, as Oates herself does, to move beyond powerlessness. Although her novels criticize the socio-economic system that destroys the human potential not only of “them” but also of “expensive people,” they fail fully to elucidate—or transform—their own equally oppressive gender scripts.

In the Author’s Note to them, however, Oates calls attention to this problem, as if after completing the novel she could finally see the gender issue more clearly. Although Joanne Creighton thinks that most readers will find the author of the Note “indistinguishable in any way from the ‘real’ author,” herself at least as a co-creator, shaper of dreams, one who transforms images into art? Susan Gubar argues that this problem is common to female writers:

Because of the forms of self-expression available to women, artistic creation often feels like a violation, a belated reaction to male penetration rather than a possessing and controlling. Not an ejaculation of pleasure but a reaction to rending . . . a painful wounding, a literal influence of male authority. If artistic creativity is likened to biological creativity, the terror of inspiration for women is experienced as the terror of being entered, deflowered, possessed, taken, had, broken, ravished—all words which illustrate the pain of the passive self whose boundaries are being violated.

Waller describes Oates in similar terms, as “almost passively open to the tortures and obsessions, the agonies of the particular place and time of America today.” But in them it is not a woman but her hero Jules whom Oates describes as “torn apart” by his love for his family—“dragged to the bottom of the river by chains of love,” just as, during the writing process, Oates herself is torn by contending voices. By contrast, Nadine doesn’t want to be touched, doesn’t want to “‘get them mixed up with myself, everybody so close.’”

This gendered self-division occurs, I think, because Oates projects her authorial powers onto her male character, Jules, and her anxieties about loss of control onto her female characters, Maureen and Nadine. By the early 1970s, in Marriages and Infidelities, Oates escapes monologic (either male or female) gender archetypes by redefining this struggle for authority as both love and infidelity to the masters of fiction, both marriage and resistance to monologic authorial control; but in the 1960s, Oates had not yet satisfactorily defined her own authority, or that of her female characters. The difficulty is, as Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar argue, that defining the canon as shaped by Oedipal struggle—with the pen as phallus—creates difficulties for the female writer. Yet as Oates continued to seek a different self, and a new kind of authority, she resurrected “the girl” again and again. In “How I Contemplated the World,” for example, she gives a young woman the persona of author and the chance to author herself, but all her dreams lead her either back home or to her tyrannical lover Simon, both of which are “evil” choices. As Oates comments, “It’s a story with an evil ending because not only must you return home again (lacking the power, I mean the economic and physical power, to stay away), but while you’re away, trying to map out a new life, new parents or stray adults or simply anyone with an I.Q. one point above yours conquers you.” This comment may apply to either young men or women, but adolescent girls suffer more severely from lack of economic and physical power, as well as the habit of allowing others to dominate them. Men can assume the role of author, of conqueror, whereas women become anxious when they acquire power. If women are to become self-authoring, how should they redefine authorial power? Thus, the young writer of “How I Contemplated the World” enacts Oates’s own struggle to leave home, a struggle to re-imagine both conventional characters and conventional endings.

The young narrator of “How I Contemplated the World” begins bravely, but she too is fated to act out the metaphysics of romance plots. She drafts an essay for Mr. Forest, a man she describes as “sweet and rodentlike,” who is nevertheless more powerful than she because, she writes, he “has conferred with the principal and my parents and everything is fixed.” According to their agreement, and according to convention, her identity is “fixed,” stable, already defined. Indeed, in the upper-class “heaven” of Grosse Point, her desire does not exist. In this materialistic world, even her actions, however “bad,” have no consequences. Her parents, the principal, and Mr. Forest agree to “treat her as if nothing has happened, a new start, begin again, only sixteen years old, what a shame, how did it happen?” Yet the girl, as she calls herself, desires something. She is hungry for something. She opens her essay with a description of herself before the “fall”: “The girl (myself) is walking through Branden’s, that excellent store. Suburb of a large famous city that is a symbol for large famous American Cities. The event sneaks up on the girl, who believes she is herding it along with a small, fixed smile, a girl of fifteen, innocently experienced.” She sees herself, in retrospect, as “innocently experienced,” someone who thinks she is in control of events but who suddenly finds herself stealing a pair of gloves. This theft, like leaving home, is a desperate attempt to resist the role of passive virgin. Like Alice in Wonderland, the girl desires experience, desires a fall. This necessary fall, this journey into the world below—to what she calls “poking around in the debris” of Detroit— appears regularly in the romance, usually as a pattern of descent experienced by the hero. Generally, of course, the role of heroine in a romance is more restrictive: she is more often a victim than an initiator of action, more often concerned with preserving her virginity than with gaining experience, sexual or otherwise.

The girl is striving, heroically, to break this pattern, a pattern that Oates also explored in the figure of Nadine in them. Nadine acts the part of a passive object to the questor Jules who, despite his lower class origins, has greater freedom to initiate action, and greater freedom of imagination as well. The girl, however, anticipates no response and no changes in her static world; she assumes that her parents and teachers won’t hear her. Yet “How I Contemplated the World” also explores ways to alter gender roles in the romance plot, making the young woman the initiator of action, and providing her with a guide to the world below. Clarita, the young black woman who guides her in the world of “them,” says,’ I can never figure out why girls like you bum around down here,” and asks, “What are you looking for anyway?” It is difficult for Clarita, who imagines herself moving up—as she watches television—to imagine someone wanting to move down. Yet Clarita and the girl are both victimized by Simon. A drug addict and a pimp, Simon might have played the part of romantic hero, but having escaped from a world very much like the young white woman’s, he says, cynically, “Once I was Huckleberry Finn. . . now I am Roderick Usher.” If he is Roderick Usher, locked in his mad house, the young woman’s fate should be obvious to her, and yet she can’t seem to resist this mirror image of herself. Behaving like a sacrificial victim, she allows herself to be sexually abused by him and, she tells us, sold to other men for drug money when she was “too low for him.” Even so, the girl confesses that she would go back to Simon, if she could. “Would I go back to Simon again? Would I lie down in all that filth and craziness? Over and over again.” Like her author, Joyce Carol Oates, she is drawn back to a man like Simon, a man whose apparent capacity for conquest, for the heroic, fascinates her.

Oates tells of this fascination in her 1980 preface to Three Plays, plays she describes as rituals of sacrifice behind “a surface realism and a prose facade.” In these plays it is men who become “mock-saviors and mock-playwrights,” and “whose refusal to be mere third-person characters assures them victory.” The problem for a female writer is how to be democratically both, how to be her own author while at the same time a character in the lives of others. Such traditional gendering of authorial power is a puzzle that Oates explicitly acknowledges in a 1982 discussion of her childhood reading of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass:

I might have wished to be Alice, that prototypical heroine of our race, but I knew myself too shy, too readily frightened of both the unknown and the known (Alice, never succumbing to terror, is not a real child), and too mischievous. . . . Though a child like me, she wasn’t telling her own story; that godly privilege resided with someone named, in gilt letters on the book’s spine, “Lewis Carroll.”

Having become Joyce “Carroll” Oates, she found the masculine authorial self a problem throughout the 1960s; she remained puzzled about how to be a female writer without victimizing others, without forcing them to act as characters in a script determined by someone with “godly privilege.” Oates managed to solve this riddle, but not before experiencing a personal crisis.

This personal crisis was resolved, according to Joanne Creighton, by writing the story “Plot.” Although “Plot” may be read as the story of a young man who commits suicide, it also tells the story of the character’s author, who selfconsciously identifies with her hero, but at the same time strives to differentiate herself from him. Oates solves her anxiety about authorial power by sharing it with readers, by fully disclosing the writing process, by demystifying it. As the first two lines of the story show, this self-disclosure requires graphic self-division:

Given: the existence of X. / Given: the existence of myself. / Given: X’s obsessive interest in me. / Given: the universe we share together, he and I, which has shrunk into an area about two miles square in the center of this city.

The writer then hypothesizes that X “is on a mission of reclamation, a private detective hired by my father; he is a police agent.” Here it becomes apparent that the character is “he,” whereas the writer, the I, experiences the character, X, as a paternal agent. He = X = Paternal Agent = Author = Violence. The I imagines she has committed some offense. Could that offense have been to claim the right to be both woman and writer, and furthermore, to write as a woman? This graphic self-division marks the point at which Oates rejects the notion of a unified self—an I in competition with all others—consciously adopting, as part of her writing strategy, Gardiner’s notion of identity as process. In “Plot,” Oates makes this process visible, opening a space—on the same plane—for a writer’s more democratic self-division into all her characters, regardless of gender.

Source: Brenda O. Daly, “‘How Do We [Not] Become These People Who Victimize Us?’: Anxious Authorship in the Early Fiction of Joyce Carol Oates,” in Anxious Power: Reading, Writing, and Ambivalence in Narrative by Women, edited by Carol J. Singley and Susan Elizabeth Sweeney, State University of New York Press, 1993, pp. 235-52.

Sue Simpson Park

In the following essay, Park interprets the story’s structure, imagery, motifs, and verbal echoes to show that the title reflects the protagonist’s return to “a place that before had failed her miserably.”

Joyce Carol Oates is a most prolific writer. Born in 1938, she has now published seven novels, five collections of short stories, two volumes of poetry, a collection of critical essays, and a number of uncollected stories, poems, and essays. Any reader who undertakes a critical study of Oates’s production finds himself in very fertile but almost wholly uncultivated ground; the primary material is there, rich and teeming, but so far subjected to little serious analytical consideration. The short fiction particularly holds abundant possibilities for critical development: there are depths of mythic patterns, psychological probings, and structural complexities; however, only the shallowest spade work has been done. Indicative of the richness is the short piece of experimental fiction called “How I Contemplated the World from the Detroit House of Correction and Began My Life over Again.”

“An additional motif, not extensively developed but clearly in keeping with the protagonist’s difficulty in discerning reality, involves romantic stories and fairy tales.”

The title itself, with its seventeen words, suggests a departure from the conventional practice of relatively short titles. The headnote for the story provides a further hint as to the experimental quality of what is to follow: “Notes for an essay for an English class at Baldwin Country Day School; poking around in debris; disgust and curiosity; a revelation of the meaning of life; a happy ending. . . .” A prefiguration of the contrapuntal nature of the story is evident in these preliminaries: on the one hand, the abstractions of contemplation, revelation, the meaning of life, beginning life over again; on the other, the tangibility of the Detroit House of Correction and an English class at Baldwin Country Day School.

When the events of the story are arranged chronologically, what emerges is this: A fifteen-year-old girl from a wealthy family steals a pair of gloves from a department store, even though she has money—“bills, she doesn’t know how many bills”—in her purse. The store detective stops her, someone notifies her parents, her physician father talks to the owner of the store, and no charges are filed. The girl’s mother takes her shopping in an attempt to understand the actions; the girl is apathetic, thinking but not saying aloud, “I wanted to steal but not to buy.” Weeks later, the girl leaves school in midafternoon and takes a bus to downtown Detroit. There she is taken in by a prostitute, lives with her and her lover Simon, participates in sexual relations with Simon and with men Simon brings in. Someone, she thinks Simon, turns her in to the authorities as a minor and she is taken to the Detroit House of Correction, where she is most uncooperative and refuses to give any information as to her past or her identity, vowing she will never return home. Then, one night, two girls beat her severely, she is hospitalized, and her father takes her home—back to school, with twice-weekly appointments with a female psychiatrist. Now sixteen, she sits in her pink room on Sioux Drive in Bloomfield Hills and makes notes for an essay for her English class.

The “notes for an essay” are presented in twelve divisions marked with Roman numerals. At first glance, one surmises from the form that this is the work of a careful student, arranging material in an orderly fashion (twelve sections, reminiscient of The Aeneid, Paradise Lost, and such novels as James’s The Ambassadors, a year’s installments) for the purpose of organizing experience into a coherent system. Such an assumption, however, is erroneous, for the divisions do not constitute a topical outline; neither are they chronological. Instead, they are repetitive, disjointed, and dispersive— in other words, indicative of the state of mind of the sixteen-year-old protagonist, confused, questioning, attempting to make sense of the senseless, to impose order upon chaos.

The major divisions are these:

I Events
II Characters
III World Events
IV People & Circumstances Contributing to This Delinquency
V Sioux Drive
VI Detroit
VII Events
VIII Characters
IX That Night
X Detroit
XI Characters We Are Forever Entwined With
XII Events

Three divisions are labeled “Events”—the first, the seventh, and the twelfth. Hence the story begins, centers, and ends in recollected action; and action at least is relatively unequivocal, however ambiguous the motives behind the action. Two other sections are linked to events—section III, “World Events,” the total content of which is the single word “Nothing,” and section IX, “That Night,” a brief description (five sentences, two of which are short questions) of the beating which sent the girl to the hospital.

Three divisions are labeled “characters.” Sections II and VIII follow immediately “event” divisions, and XI, with the amplified heading, “Characters We Are Forever Entwined With,” immediately precedes the final “event” division. Section IV seems to link together the idea of characters (“people”) and events (“circumstances”), but again the entire section consists of one word, “Nothing.”

The remaining three divisions are basically descriptive: V, a picture of Sioux Drive, and VI and X, brief delineations of Detroit. Thus it appears that the girl is trying to organize her material around three points, possibly suggested by her English teacher. Events, Characters, and Places are the focal points of her outline, but there is no intrinsic order to the arrangement of points; it is random, apparently unpurposeful. What knits the scraps of information together into a movingly effective totality is not the protagonist’s pathetic effort to establish meaningful continuity, but the artist’s skillful interweaving of motifs and verbal echoes.

Basic to the ultimate unity of the story is a pattern of contrasts. The title and the headnote suggest this contrapuntal interplay; the story elaborates upon the suggestion. Bloomfield Hills is contrasted with inner-city Detroit, the girl’s mother with the prostitute Clarita, the girl’s father with the procurer-addict Simon. The differences are vast—and yet in each case the contrast is intensified by a curious and significant identity. But most important is the duality of the girl herself.

The pattern of contrasts is established by unlike settings. Bloomfield Hills is an exclusive suburb with “monumental houses” located on curving lanes with such names as Sioux Drive and Burning Bush Way and Du Maurier Drive and Lois Lane. There are no prosaic “streets” in Bloomfield Hills. The houses are Georgian and Colonial and French-Normandy, imitations of other cultures and other times, with columns and bay windows and “fireplaces in living room, library, recreation room, paneled walls wet bar five bathrooms five bedrooms two lavatories central air conditioning automatic sprinkler automatic garage door . . . a breakfast room a patio a large fenced lot fourteen trees a front door with a brass knocker never knocked.” Detroit, on the other hand, is a world that is “falling out the bottom.” In Detroit there are streets and avenues, 12th Street, Fourteenth Street, Woodward Avenue, Livernois Avenue. Instead of the “heartbreaking sidewalks, so clean” of Bloomfield Hills, there is filthy pavement from which “scraps of paper flutter in the air like pigeons, dirt flies up and hits you right in the eye, oh Detroit is breaking up into dangerous bits of newspaper and dirt, watch out.” While the Bloomfield Hills police are “quiet private police, in unmarked cars. Cruising on Saturday evenings with paternal smiles for the residents,” the Detroit city police are hated “cops” who are not paternal: “It took three of them to get me in the police cruiser. . . and they put more than their hands on my arm.”

Bloomfield Hills is characterized by stores with “many mild pale lights, easy on the eye and the soul . . . [and] women shoppers with their excellent shoes and coats and hair dos, all dawdling gracefully, in no hurry.” The curving residential drives are “slow”; the policemen “quiet”; the rooms “lovely in the sunlight”; this is a world of “God in gold and beige carpeting, . . . and the miracle of a clean polished gleaming toaster and faucets that run both hot and cold water.” Detroit is “pavement and closed-up stores; grillwork over the windows of a pawnshop.” Instead of quiet and slow and heavy, Detroit is “hazardous,” “restless”; it is a world that boils and shoots and aches. Instead of beige carpeting and chandeliers, Detroit rooms have “a mattress on the floor” and “wallpaper hanging in strips.” Whereas the living room in a five bedroom Colonial house at 250 Sioux Drive is “thirty by twenty-five,” Simon lives in a “six-by-six room.”

The winds blow nothing to Sioux Drive, “no odors of hollyhocks or forsythia,” nothing it does not already possess. Sioux Drive has everything it could desire. In Detroit, however, Simon longs for the “cold clean air . . . from Canada” which might bring a degree of purification to the dirty city streets. And in Bloomfield Hills, even weather vanes, “had they weather vanes, don’t have to turn with the wind, don’t have to contend with the weather. There is no weather.” The suburban way of life is insulated, artificially cooled and heated and cleaned. As the girl “dreams along the corridors” of the Baldwin Country Day School, she “presses her face against the Thermoplex glass. No frost or steam can ever form on that glass.” There is no such insulation, no such freedom from contention with the elements in the inner city; section VI, the first of the two sections describing Detroit, begins, “There is always weather in Detroit. Detroit’s temperature is always 32°. Fast-falling temperatures. Slow-rising temperatures. Wind from the north-northeast four to forty miles an hour” and ends, “Detroit’s temperature is 32°. Fast-falling temperatures. Wind from the north-northeast four to forty miles an hour.” Inner-city life is cold, hovering on the point of freezing, with wildly fluctuating winds.

Bloomfield Hills and Detroit are so different that it seems hardly possible that they exist only a few miles apart. The same destructive force which the girl experiences in the Detroit House of Correction, however, is for her a terrifying interloper upon the insulated tranquillity of Bloomfield Hills. The two girls, one black and one white, who corner the protagonist in the lavatory on “that night” and beat her unmercifully are executing “revenge on the oppressed minorities of America! revenge on the slaughtered Indians! revenge on the female sex, on the male sex, revenge on Bloomfield Hills, revenge revenge.” In Detroit “shoppers shop grimly, their cars are not parked in safe places, their windshields may be smashed and graceful ebony hands may drag them out through their shatterproof smashed windshields, crying, Revenge for the Indians!” Bloomfield Hills is the place where there is no weather, where the windshields shield residents from the wind, but if the locked locks and the nailed-shut doors of the Detroit House of Correction provide no safety, neither does suburbia; the shatterproof windshields can be smashed. Thus the “happy ending” of the headnote is more accurately a desperate retreat behind the Thermoplex glass, but with no real assurance of impregnability. The girl, as she makes notes for the assigned essay, shivers at the thought of Simon climbing in through her bedroom window to strangle her: “Why do I shiver? I am now sixteen and sixteen is not an age for shivering.” Her teeth chatter at the irrational thought of being sued should she unintentionally divulge the identity of the famous automotive designer for whom her family’s house was originally built. She even fears the maid who evidently has worked for the family for years; on her return home, the girl is “weeping, weeping, though Billie the maid is probably listening” and “Billie the maid is no doubt listening from the kitchen as I burst into tears and the hysteria Simon got so sick of.” So Bloomfield Hills and Detroit, different as they are, are really two sides of one coin, a coin of insecurity and potential violence.

The mother-Clarita contrast also fits this pattern. Whereas the mother is a “lady [with] hair like blown-up gold . . . hair and fingers and body of inestimable grace,” Clarita is a “woman” with “hair long and falling into strands, not recently washed.” The expensive clothing which the girl’s mother wears—coat, boots, gloves, a fur hat—provides protection against the cold of the Michigan winter and, symbolically, against the encroachment of the ugly in life. Clarita, in contrast, wears jeans, a sweater, “unwashed underclothes, or no underclothes,” and there is no protection for this woman whose face is exhausted, over-wrought, from her experiences as a prostitute since the age of thirteen. “At the age when I was packing my overnight case for a slumber party at Toni Deshield’s [shield, protection, insulation],” the narrator notes, “she was tearing filthy sheets off a bed and scratching up a rash on her arms.” Too, Clarita tells her about tearing the wallpaper from the walls with her teeth, fighting for her life one night against a “barbaric tribe” of men “high from some pills.” These events surely are foreign to the mother who drives a “heavy . . . big car, a Lincoln, long and black” in Bloomfield Hills where all the women drive “automobiles bought of Ford and General Motors and Chrysler, very heavy automobiles. No foreign cars.”

Faithfully, diligently, the mother performs the proper rites to care for her body, her mind, and her civic obligations; she belongs to the athletic club and the golf club, to the “Village Women’s Club at which lectures are given each winter on Genet and Sartre and James Baldwin, by the Director of the Adult Education Program at Wayne State University,” to the country club and the art association and the Founders Society of the Detroit Institute of Arts. She is “in perpetual motion,” while Clarita “lounges” by the highway, hitchhiking, or “slouches” on a counter stool in a diner. Clarita’s “adult education” comes from the late movies on television, where she can experience vicariously “all those marvelous lives” she might have lived had her pre-adult education not been so explicit. Clarita knows nothing of Sioux Drive or Raymond Forrest; “Harvard Business School could be at the corner of Vernor and 12th Street for all she cares, and Vietnam might have sunk by now into the Dead Sea under its tons of debris, for all the amazement she could show.”

Despite their differences, however, the mother and the prostitute are akin. Both are puzzled by the girl. The mother is first introduced as a voice— “earnest, husky . . . saying, ‘If you wanted gloves [love?], why didn’t you say so? Why didn’t you ask for them?”’ She later asks, on the abortive shopping trip, “What’s wrong with you, what can I do for you, why are you so strange?” The girl first encounters Clarita as a voice on the streets of closed-down barber shops and diners and movie houses and faces: “Honey, are you looking for somebody down here?” and later, “I never can figure out why girls like you bum around down here. What are you looking for anyway?” Neither woman appreciates the younger girl’s frustration; neither can answer the questions raised by her actions. And if Clarita is like the mother in her inability to understand the girl, the two are also similar in the inadequacy of what they do offer to her. The mother’s attempts to buy things to fill the void in her daughter’s life are rebuffed; Clarita’s proffered sanctuary from the alien streets is accepted only briefly and then is rejected.

Of particular significance is the likelihood that the girl subconsciously considers both her mother and Clarita to be her rivals. Seemingly sensing that the competition with her mother is unequal, she associates her with grace and motion—and heaviness: “Heavy weighs the gold on the back of her hairbrush and hand mirror. Heavy heavy the candlesticks in the dining room. Very heavy is the big car, a Lincoln, long and black, that on one cool autumn day split a squirrel’s body in two unequal parts.” In this context the squirrel may be representative of the girl (note the rhyme) since the girl on more than one occasion mentions the chattering of her teeth and describes herself as wearing a close-fitted coat with a fur collar; thus she may see herself as being destroyed in the rivalry with the more powerful older woman. The girl, therefore, wants to hurt her mother; she says that “her mother’s heart would break to see” the dirty yellow Kleenex in her purse; in the same purse is a lipstick called Broken Heart—and in the same sentence there are these words: “Her fingers are trembling like crazy; her teeth are beginning to chatter; her insides are alive; her eyes glow in her head; she is saying to her mother’s astonished face I want to steal but not to buy.” Since the mother is not present at the moment being described, it is likely that the girl is vitalized by the thought of the shock on her mother’s face, the broken heart, should she tell her mother what she is feeling. And when the girl returns home after her hospital stay, there is only one sentence which reveals that the mother is even present—“Mother embraces me”—while it is the father in whose arms she cries. Clarita, too, must be a kind of rival to the girl, though a less formidable one. When the prostitute takes the girl into her apartment above a restaurant, Simon is the older woman’s lover, but in a short time Simon has become the girl’s lover—whether also or instead is not made clear. The girl supposes that it is Simon who turned her in to the police when he grew tired of her; she makes no conscious connection between her arrest and Clarita’s saying “mournfully to me Honey somebody is going to turn you out let me give you warning.” Perhaps there is no connection; perhaps, however, her never knowing for sure that her arrest was Simon’s doing is suggestive of a refusal on her part to admit another defeat at the hands of a competitor.

In a parallel fashion, Oates develops the contrasts between the girl’s father and Simon. The father is a physician for the “slightly sick” and a “player of squash and golf.” His name is never mentioned; he is Dr. _________. He evidently is a handsome man, for the girl describes him as “looking like a prince” when he takes her home from the hospital. Evidently, too, he is a busy man who does not have time for his daughter, at least not as much time as she wants from him. The fact that he is in Los Angeles at a medical convention when she steals the gloves suggests that she is thus demanding attention from him; evidently her ploy is successful, for her father talks to Raymond Forrest, the owner of the store, and gets her off. Where he is weeks later when she runs away from home is not indicated, but in her notes she writes, “And where was he when Clarita put her hand on my arm . . . and said, ‘Honey, are you looking for somebody down here?’” She is looking for somebody, a father who will admit her importance, substantiate her self-worth, provide her with an identity so that she can answer her questions about herself: “A pretty girl? An ugly girl?”

Simon is a drifter, a parasite who lives off women. He sleeps mornings and afternoons, coming alive at night and only then with the stimulation of a pill or a cigarette. Physically he is tall, slightly stooped, with long blond hair in “spent languid curls.” He describes himself thus: “Once I was Huckleberry Finn, but now I am Roderick Usher.” From a wealthy background similar to the girl’s, he one day simply walked away and left it, perhaps with the spirit of adventure and the restless vitality that characterize Huck Finn; now he is a dweller in a haunted palace filled with Poe’s “Vast forms that move fantastically / To a discordant melody; / While, like a rapid ghastly river, / Through the pale door, / A hideous throng rush out forever, / And laugh—but smile no more.” At first, he fills the void in the girl’s life. He is old enough to be her father—thirty-five. He is Clarita’s lover, and, if Clarita is a substitute mother, Simon is a substitute father. The sexual relationship between the girl and Simon is an acting-out of her Electra complex. In her notes she asks, “Would I go back to Simon again? Would I lie down with him in all that filth and craziness? Over and over again.” She has answered her own question. One must note, however, the typography:

Would I lie down with him in all that filth and craziness? Over and over again, a Clarita is being betrayed as in front of a Cunningham Drug Store she is nervously eyeing a colored man who may or may not have money . . . .

The period after “again” completes a sentence, but the lower case “a” which follows and the spacing involved compel the reader to see an additional thought: “Over and over again a Clarita [not simply Clarita, but a Clarita, any Clarita] is being betrayed.” The betrayal is instigated by Simon, but the girl shares in it; her ambivalent feelings of guilt and desire are indicative of her sense of having betrayed Clarita, the mother who saved her from the street, and her sense of having achieved some sort of victory in capturing Simon-father, however briefly, for herself.

So Simon is a surrogate father whose whole attention the girl has managed to attain. The father-daughter analogy is further enhanced by Simon’s words to her: “Ah Baby!” and “You are such a little girl.” One morning Simon “forces her to give him an injection with that needle she knows is filthy, she has a dread of needles and surgical instruments and the odor of things that are to be sent into the blood, thinking somehow of her father” (italics mine). But Simon too deserts her. He is displeased with her moods and when she is “down too low for him,” he loans her to a bearded friend of his for three days; on other occasions, he takes from her bills which are “passed into her numb hands by men.” When he forces her to give him the injection, she is terrified that the drug may kill him, and yet she does what he asks, viewing her action as a gift she can give him, and the drug as a “magic that is more than any woman can give him, striking the back of his head and making him stretch as if with the impact of a terrible sun.” After the injection, when she tries to embrace him, he “pushes her aside and stumbles to his feet. Jesus Christ, he says.”

She speculates that it is Simon who, “tired of her and her hysteria,” has the city police take her to the Detroit House of Correction. Even in the House of Correction, she will not talk about Simon, keeping him her secret while “she aches still for Simon’s hands and his caressing breath, though he gave her little pleasure.” Then, when her real father takes her home, she once again has his attention; she is “convulsed in Father’s arms” and vows she “will never leave again, never, why did I leave, where did I go, what happened, my mind is gone wrong, my body is one big bruise.” In her mind the events of the recent past are being replayed over and over, “perpetually are Simon’s hands moving across my body and adding everything up and so too are Father’s hands on my shaking bruised back, far from the surface of my skin on the surface of my good blue cashmere coat.”

The contrapuntal pattern, omnipresent in the story, is ultimately traceable to the dichotomy within the girl herself. She has a desperate need for love, security, self-approbation. Her insecurity is revealed, for example, in the variety of substantives she uses to refer to herself. She never mentions her name; “Honey” is the only form of address anyone uses for her. Most frequently she refers to herself as “the girl” or with a third person feminine pronoun. Occasionally she shifts to first person, as in the first sentence of the story: “The girl (myself) is walking through Branden’s, that excellent store.” The second division of the first section begins, “The girl seated at home. . . . Someone is talking to me,” and the third division of the first section describes “Mother in her black coat, I in my close fitted blue coat. . . . The girl droops along in her coat.” There are also first-person plural pronouns: “We live on Sioux Drive” and “our maid Billie.” Once in this first section, she refers to herself indirectly in the second person when she says, “The strings draw together in a cat’s cradle, making a net to save you when you fall”; obviously the net of connections she refers to is the net which “saved” her and brought her back to Sioux Drive. This same mixing of referents occurs through a large part of the story; only in the last two sections does she consistently refer to herself in the first person; here she has had forced upon her the decision to retreat into the pseudo-haven of suburbia and, at least for the time being, is trying to hold on to her identity through linking herself with material objects. She sees her face reflected, “distorted” in the shiny toaster, and wonders, “Is that my face?”

Moreover, she frequently insists that she makes her own decisions, and yet she knows she does not. When she steals the gloves—which she has the money to buy and does not even really want since she considers them “ugly”—the “event sneaks upon the girl, who believes she is herding it along.” In the House of Correction she refuses to talk, “not because everyone has warned her not to talk but because, because she will not talk; because she won’t say anything about Simon, who is her secret.” She denies that there have been any “people and circumstances contributing to this delinquency,” even while she is thinking of her brother, “remembering him unclearly,” remembering that he at the age of ten had stolen “trick-and-treat candy from some six-year-old kids” and that he is not doing well at the Susquehanna Boys’ Academy, an “excellent preparatory school in Maine.” Recalling her own stealing which began at the age of eight, her smashing of a basement window “in her own house just for fun,” and her failure to do “work compatible with her performance on the Stanford-Binet.” she can still refuse to admit contributory influences. She summarizes “World Events” as “Nothing,” attempting to shut out the world beyond the shaky security of Bloomfield Hills. Nevertheless, this self-sufficiency is illusory. It is akin to the names given to the teenage singing groups “of 1968 . . . The Certain Forces, The Way Out, The Maniacs Responsible.”

Typical of nearly every division of the notes is an ambivalence, revealed partially through the device of interrogatives. Of herself she has little certain knowledge, only that which can be measured empirically—her age; her height, “five feet five inches . . . ordinary height”; the color of her hair and her eyes. But value judgments she cannot make; she wonders whether she is a “pretty girl? An ugly girl?” Is Raymond Forrest “a handsome man? An ugly man? . . . who is Raymond Forrest, this man who is my salvation?” Is Clarita “twenty, twenty-five,. . . thirty or more? Pretty, ugly, what?”

Another device frequently employed to reinforce the pattern of contrasts is the paradox. The girl sees herself as “innocently experienced.” She describes her home as “Classical contemporary. Traditional modern.” The temperature in Detroit is “always 32°. Fast-falling temperatures. Slow-rising temperatures.” Her father’s “doctoring is of the slightly sick. The sick are sent elsewhere . . . the unsick are sent to Dr. Coronet (Isabel, a lady), an excellent psychiatrist for unsick people who angrily believe they are sick and want to do something about it.”

The shoplifting incident, moreover, also illustrates the contrast of the worlds inhabited by the girl. She slips the gloves into her pocket; they are encased in a plastic bag, “airproof breathproof plastic bag,” as insulated and lifeless as the rest of the Bloomfield Hills world. In her purse, in the billfold containing her money, are “snapshots of the family in clean plastic windows,” protected from contamination. The rest of the purse’s contents, however, is not so tidy: “a blue comb, not very clean,” “a lot of dirty yellow Kleenex,” hairpins, safety pins, a broken pencil, a stolen ballpoint. There, too, are a “compact of Cover Girl Make-Up, Ivory Rose,” and the lipstick called “Broken Heart, a corrupt pink.” The girl carries with her the paraphernalia for making herself superficially compatible with the pastel pink world of the suburbs—the covering, masking trappings. Pink is used to characterize the culture of Bloomfield Hills; “bloom” suggests pink; Harriet Arnold’s, the shop where the mother takes the girl after the gloves episode, is decorated in pastel pink, with “graceful glimmering lights”; the most expensive mansion on Sioux Drive belongs to “himself, who has the C account itself, imagine that!” whose wife has a “bathtub of smooth clean glowing pink”; the girl’s room is pink and she sits in it, making notes for her essay, looking around with “sad pink eyes.” Pink, a color traditionally associated with an innocent baby girl, is also a tainted white and a diluted red, neither pure nor passionate; it is an appropriate color for the “innocently experienced” protagonist and her habitat.

The girl’s association of herself and the squirrel, discussed above in another context, is an example of her use of animal imagery in descriptions of characters, suggestive of inability to perceive herself or anyone else as distinctly human. The store in which she steals the gloves is Branden ‘s; she herds her actions through the aisles; the strings of connections “draw together in a cat’s cradle, making a net to save you.” She leans against a window and a smudge of grease from her forehead appears on the pane; she wonders if “she could be boiled down to grease” as are cattle and sheep in a rendering plant. Her English teacher, Mr. Forest, whose “name is plain, unlike Raymond Forrest’s, . . . is sweet and rodent like. Simon thinks of being chased over the “Canadian border on foot, hounded out in a blizzard of broken glass and horns.” He is “always cold,” perhaps like a reptile since he “uncoils” emotion in the girl. He “emerges from the cracks at dark” like a rat or a cockroach; he moves in “a feline cautious way, . . . always on guard.” (All italics in this paragraph are mine.)

An additional motif, not extensively developed but clearly in keeping with the protagonist’s difficulty in discerning reality, involves romantic stories and fairy tales. Her psychiatrist is Dr. Coronet (a crown); the doctor’s first name is Isabel (Queen Isabella and a variant of Elizabeth); Dr. Isabel Coronet is “queenly, an elegant nicotine-stained lady.” Princess, the black girl who attacks the narrator in the House of Correction, spends her spare time reading Nancy Drew and Jewel Box Mystery. Simon, who once thought of himself as Huck Finn, now thinks of himself as Roderick Usher. The girl’s explanation that her “head hangs heavy as a pumpkin on my shoulders, and my hair has just been cut by Mr. Faye at the Crystal Salon” invokes images of Cinderella with the pumpkin and the crystal slipper, Rapunzel with long, heavy hair, and fay, a fairy or elf. The father who takes her home from the hospital is “a prince himself, come to carry me off,” and on one occasion she speculates “that weeds might climb everywhere over that marvelous $180,000 house [as in “Sleeping Beauty”] and dinosaurs might return to muddy the beige carpeting, but never never will she reconcile four o’clock in the morning in Detroit with eight o’clock breakfasts in Bloomfield Hills.”

Religious imagery, too, colors the story, but without evidence of serious commitment on the girl’s part. The title and the headnote suggest contemplation, revelation, and rebirth, and indeed the girl leaves the hospital “bruised and saddened and converted.” Mr. Forrest, the English teacher, vows to “treat her as if nothing has happened, a new start, begin again,” and his essay assignment makes him a confessor in that “words pour out of me and won’t stop. I want to tell everything.” She thinks of Raymond Forrest as “this man who is my salvation”; when his father dies of a heart attack, she wants to “write Raymond Forrest a note of sympathy. I would like to thank him for not pressing charges against me one hundred years ago, saving me.” She wants to write to him “telling of my love, or some other emotion that is positive and healthy. Not like Simon and his poetry . . . but when I try to think of something to say, it is Simon’s language that comes back to me, caught in my head like a bad song.” Simon, then, is presented as a sort of foil to Forrest and thus perhaps an inversion of a savior; there is, of course, his name; his hands bears wounds in the palms, “teeth marks from his previous life experiences”; his poetry, which will not leave her head, declares,’ I am heading upward/. . . And I am going to dissolve into the clouds.” And when she gives him the injection, she sees his “bright blood” as the drug enters his body, “making his face stretch as if with the impact of a terrible sun. . . . Jesus Christ, he says.”

The story has made clear that Sioux Drive has not in the past provided a sense of security and self-worth for the girl, and it seems unlikely that it will begin to do so now. The “beginning again” of the title, as well as the “happy ending” of the headnote, is really a return to a place that before had failed her miserably. The house to which the girl returns is “a doll’s house, so lovely in the sunlight,” sunlight which “breaks in movieland patches” on the roof. This is not reality, but a make-believe world of games and movies; for the present, though, it offers at least a pretense of safety. Repeatedly the girl acknowledges her retreat into security, however tenuous it may prove. Nine times in time closing section of the story she uses “never” in connection with her intention never to leave home again; her insistence suggests that this is not a conscious decision to remain, but a desperate attempt to convince herself that this is her home, a place of safety where inner conflict ends.

This incredibly concentrated story, then, is developed in such a way that structure, imagery, motifs, verbal echoes work together to create for the reader the actual experience of the experiencing mind of the protagonist. The author’s experiment can only be judged a success.

Source: Sue Simpson Park, “A Study in Counterpoint: Joyce Carol Oates’s ‘How I Contemplated the World From the Detroit House of Correction and Began My Life Over Again,’” in Modern Fiction Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, Summer, 1976, pp. 213-24.