Hula Hoop

The late 1950s saw one of biggest fads documented by sociologists, the Hula Hoop. Like many fads, the hoop is deceptively simple. It is made of hollow plastic, usually very bright in color, and sometimes with the hollow carrying a couple of ball bearings, bells, or other noise makers. With a variety of sizes the diameter of a hoop toy ranges from 20 in (51 cm) to about 3 ft (91 cm).

Background

Fads interest sociologists because they are adopted by a broad range of persons. To be called a fad, the idea must be a "key invention" that has the possibility of generating many offshoots. The Hula Hoop certainly fits this description because enough variations in size, color, and ornamentation of the hoop enabled each child to own a special version, and children can create their own styles of spinning the hoops. Hula Hoopspinning contests were held at local fairs, and records were established for the most hoops kept in motion for the longest time periods. These contests are reminders of yet another use of the hoop; jugglers have spun small-diameter hoops on their arms, legs, necks, and on sticks to the delight of circus crowds for generations.

History

Varieties of hoops have always been toys. Along with the ball, the hoop may be among the most popular toys. The ancient Greeks were the first to popularize the hoop, and many of their documents—including illustrations on pottery—show the hoop in action. The hoop was a toy for Greek children, but it was also an exercise device. Hooprolling was thought to be a light and beneficial exercise for people not strong enough for more intense exercise or sport. Roman children also played with hoops, and both Greek and Roman versions were made of metal fashioned from scrap strips.

Native Americans used hoops for more than just toys. Eskimos played a game in which a hoop is rolled and poles are thrown through it as it rolls. This game, for children and adults, taught practical skills needed in harpooning and other hunting. North American Indians used the hoop in many ways. Like the Eskimos, the Indians used it as a target for teaching accuracy in shooting arrows and in throwing. Among the Lakota Indians, hoop dancing became a sophisticated art form that is still practiced today. To the Lakota, the hoop represents the circle of life, the vast circle of the horizon as the viewer turns to look all around, and the many repeating patterns in nature like the cycle of the moon. In the hoop dance, the dancer may use 12-28 hoops to forms symbols and figures.

Like the Hula Hoop, the hoops made by the hoop dancer must be large enough to move over the shoulders and around the body; hoops that are about 28 in (71 cm) in diameter are made of natural materials like willow, rattan (a flexible but strong vine), or plastic tubing. Rattan or willow is soaked in water until it softens and can be shaped into a circle. The ends are wrapped with binding. The tubing easily takes the round shape, and a short length of wooden dowel is inserted into the matching ends to even the alignment and form a strong joint. This is also wrapped with binding. Colored binding is wrapped around the entire tube so patterns can be used in the dance. White, yellow, red, and black are the colors of the four directions (north, south, etc.) and the four races of human-kind, according to the Lakota.

Children's hoop toys in Western Europe were made of wood. Hoop-rolling also achieved fad status in England in the 1800s, and those hoops were wood fitted with metal strips or tires on the outer edge. Hoop rolling was called bowling a hoop. The hoop was propelled along the sidewalk, street, or ground with the hand or with a stick called a skimmer. This same fad traveled to the United States, and antique hoops are now favorite toys of collectors. Push hoops were used to help teach babies to walk. Usually, hoops for the very young contained bells or made other sounds to hold the child's interest. Another popular design had pieces of wood shaped much like the spools that hold sewing thread on the spokes of the push hoop. As the hoop turned, the spools slid back and forth on the spokes to make a jingling sound. The rolling hoop was patented in 1871 by Albert Hill. Hill's rolling hoops were about 12-20 in (20-51 cm) in diameter and were pushed with handles that were 20-27 in (51-69 cm) long. The handles and hoops were made of wood with a natural finish, but the noise-making spools were brightly painted.

Other hoops uses and games have long histories but are still known today. Hoops can be thrown, as in the game called quoits, or spun. They are used as targets in games like basketball, and, in football, suspended hoops or tires are targets for improving the aim of quarterbacks. Also in football, hoops or tires laid on the ground are used to improve foot mobility, coordination, and speed among players.

The toy known as the Hula Hoop was born out of the brainstorm of two American toy inventors who learned about an Australian practice. Arthur "Spud" Melin and Richard Knerr heard that Australian children used rings made of bamboo for exercise. They produced a plastic hoop in 1958 and promoted it around the Los Angeles, California, area by going to playgrounds, demonstrating the hoop to the kids, and giving away Hula Hoops. Their playground-to-playground salesmanship produced the biggest toy fad the United States has ever witnessed. In four months, over 25 million Hula Hoops were sold in the United States for $1.98 each; worldwide, over 100 million were sold in 1958 alone. In Japan, the hoop was banned, and the Soviet Union described it as evidence of the decadence of American culture. At the peak of its popularity, Wham-O, Inc. produced 20,000 hoops per day; it is estimated that the plastic tubing for all the Hula Hoops sold would stretch around the world more than five times.

Numerous records in the Guinness Book of World Records have involved hoop spinning; in 1999, Lori Lynn Lomeli spun 82 Hula Hoops at the same time for three complete revolutions, a feat that garnered her a place in the book. The Hula Hoop phenomenon never completely disappeared off toy shelves, but it has ebbed and flowed in popularity like most fads. In the late 1990s, the Hula Hoop again experienced a renaissance and appears to be going strong long after its 40th birthday.

Raw Materials

The only materials in most hula hoops is plastic, pigments for coloring the plastic, any inserts like ball bearings, staples to close the circles, and paper labels with adhesive backing. Plastic is used to make both the hoop and the dowel-like insert forming the joint. Some hoops have ball bearings, beads, stars, glitter, bells, or other noise-makers inside the hollow tube. These add extra visual interest and motion or sound as the twirler spins the hoop. Metal staples and the paper labels are provided by outside, specialty suppliers.

Design

Like all toys, the Hula Hoop, even in its simplicity, adapts to changing trends. Color trends change the color combinations in the hoops every few years (Wham-O changes the colors of its hoops every year), and toy designers look for other ways of varying and remarketing the toy to keep it among the top sellers. One recent design features fruit-scented hoops that give off a slight, pleasantly fruity smell as the plastic warns in play or in the sun. The scent matches the color of the hoop (grape scent for purple hoops, orange for tangerine-colored plastic, and so forth). Others are wrapped with glittery paper.

Children are not the only target market for design and sales of spinning hoops. Their benefits as an exercise toy are celebrated, and one manufacturer has added a calorie counter to the hoop. Fitted in the joint where the two ends of the plastic tube meet, the calorie counter uses a microprocessor to count the number of revolution, duration of spinning, and calories expended. The micro-processor also offers spoken encouragement as the spinner reaches "personal bests" in number of revolutions and time spent twirling, and it plays five choices of music for added incentive. An AA battery powers the counter. The health-conscious hoop is 36 in (91 cm) in diameter, and the tube has a larger diameter than the child's toy at 1-1.5 in (3.8 cm). It also weighs 2.25 lb (0.84 kg).

The Manufacturing Process

1. The process for making Hula Hoops is as straightforward as the toy itself. The factory receives high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic in pellets that are already colored or that can be tinted with pigments in the factory. The plastic beads or pellets are fed into a hopper. From the hopper, they flow into the barrel of an extrusion machine. The pellets are heated by mechanical means using heat of friction in the barrel, and pigments are added as needed. Dies inside the extruder shape the thickness of the tube that is extruded as a continuous piece of plastic. In a proprietary process, Wham-O uses a twist machine so that a stripe in the plastic twists around the plastic hoop.
2. The tube cools quickly and is cut into lengths equal to the circumference of the particular hoop by a high-speed cutoff, which is much like a circular saw. Wham-O makes three different lengths of tube resulting in hoops of three different diameters for a range of sizes and ages of hoopsters.
3. The lengths of hoop are loaded on to large carts much like those used to carry lengths of steel. They are fed manually through a benching machine that curves the tube lengths into hoop shapes.
4. Ball bearings or other noise and motion pieces are inserted in the hoops. The hoops are then fitted with a plastic dowel or insert that is another extruded piece that is also hollow but slightly smaller in outer diameter than the hoop. The insert is stapled in place to attach the ends. The staples are held in place by friction, and a label is fastened over the insert and staples for added safety.
5. The finished hoops are conveyed to the and packing department; the three sizes of hoops are all nested together in the same packing box to reduce the amount of packing materials that are needed and to save retailers storage space.

Byproducts/Waste

Plastics manufacture is a toy-making speciality. Makers of Hula Hoops usually make a number of colors, sizes, and other varieties. They also produce other plastic toys that use similar extrusion and molding techniques. Waste is minimal. When colors are changed in the extruder, the old color is wasted, but this amounts to only 0.1% of the volume of plastic used in hoop manufacture. Hoops that are defective are pulled from the manufacturing line and collected in bins for recycling.

Employee safety is carefully controlled by government regulation, employee training, and distance. Regulations by the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) limit employee exposure to the high heat and pressure of the extrusion machine. Safety guards keep employees a safe distance from the cutoff, twist machine, and other heavy machinery. The employees are also well educated in their own protection. In the 50-year history of the Wham-O Hula Hoop, there have been no factory injuries or injuries caused by the toy itself.

Quality Control

Quality enters the process during design when extrusion dies and other tools are made to low tolerances for error. This helps reduce irregularities during manufacture and waste of plastic. Inspectors are stationed at each machine to observe the product at every step. All employees have the responsibility of taking faulty hoops out of any stage of manufacture. A final quality audit is performed before the hoops are packed.

The Future

The Hula Hoop seems to have established a firm place in the American way of life and childhood. It now has a steady sales pattern and seems destined to remain a part of our play. The hoop's popularity is helped by modern emphasis on health and exercise. In the future, manufacturers expect to emphasize play patterns so the hoops can be used more like a game and to introduce new products to help make the hoop a purely individual toy. Just as older civilizations celebrated the symbolism of the circle, American children have found their own hoop dance to add to play and exercise.

Where to Learn More

Books

Barenholtz, Bernard, and Inez McClintock. American Antique Toys. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1980.

Left Hand Bull, Jacqueline, and Suzanne Haldane. Lakota Hoop Dancer. New York: Dutton Children's Books, 1999.

Other

Hula Hoops. http://www.hula-hoops.com (January 2001).

Wham-O, Inc. http://www.wham-o.com (January 2001).

—GillianS.Holmes

Hula Hoop

In the late 1950s, children found much delight in playing with hula hoops. The hoops—lightweight, hollow, brightly colored circular bands that were 4 feet in diameter—were a simple yet clever creation. The object was to spin one around your waist and then wiggle and reel your hips in an attempt to prevent it from falling to the ground.

The origin of the hula hoop dates to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. It also was popular with children and adults in England during the fourteenth century. Back then, the hoops were made of wood, vines, or grasses. The word "hula" became linked to the toy in the early nineteenth century, when British sailors traveled to the Hawaiian Islands and noticed the similarity between hooping and the rhythmic movements of the hips in hula dancing.

Modern-era hula hoops were manufactured and marketed by Wham-O, a toy company. They were made out of a tough, heat-resistant plastic called Marlex. These hoops were introduced in California in 1958. Their price: $1.98. Kids immediately saw the fun in moving like a hula dancer. The toy's popularity quickly spread first across the United States and then to Europe, Japan, and the Middle East. During the first six months of production, Americans bought twenty million hula hoops. By the end of 1958, about one hundred million had been sold worldwide. At the height of the hula hoop craze, Wham-O produced twenty thousand hoops a day. Contests were held to see who could spin a hoop for the longest time and how many hoops could be twirled at the same time. The mass-popularity of hula hoops was short-lived; by the end of 1958, the fad began dying out. However, hula hoops still are produced.

Lori Lynn Lomeli (1958–) began entering hula hoop tournaments as a child. In 1973, she emerged as the World Hula Hoop Champion. She has been cited in the Guinness Book of World Records for spinning fifteen hoops around various parts of her body at the same time, and for spinning eighty-two hoops, all at once, for three complete turns.

—Rob Edelman

For More Information

Asakawa, Gil, and Leland Rucker. The Toy Book. New York: Knopf, 1992.

"Hula Hoop." The Great Idea Finder.http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story009.htm (accessed March 12, 2002).

Wulffson, Don L. The Kid Who Invented the Popsicle: And Other Surprising Stories about Inventions. New York: Puffin, 1999.

Hula Hoop

One of the simplest concepts in toy design, the hula hoop deserves the title of the most popular, mid-twentieth century fad. In 1958, children and fun-loving adults were reeling and wiggling, trying to spin the four-foot, plastic hoops around their waists. Marketed by the toy manufacturer Wham-O, the hula hoop was introduced to the public in California and quickly became popular throughout America. The craze crossed both oceans; within a year hula hoops were a mania in Europe, the Middle East, and Japan. Approximately one-hundred million hoops were sold in the first year of the toy's production.

When two young chemists working for Phillips Petroleum discovered a durable, heat-resistant, and inexpensive plastic (Marlex), the material turned out to be perfect for the production of the kind of hoops that were used in exercise gyms. American children loved the fun of gyrating like a hula dancer to keep the colored, lightweight plastic rings aloft. The hula hoop craze introduced the public to the plastics industry that would produce everything from baby toys to automobile parts as the twentieth century progressed.

—Sharon Brown

Further Reading:

Asakawa, Gil, and Leland Rucker. The Toy Book. New York, Knopf, 1992.

hu·la hoop (also trademark Hu·la-Hoop) • n. a large hoop spun around the body by gyrating the hips, for play or exercise.