Joseph Bramah

Joseph Bramah (1749-1814) is considered to be one of the most important inventors of his day. The hydraulic press was his foremost contribution. The world also recognizes him for improving and patenting the flushing toilet.

Joe Bremmer was born on April 13, 1749 to a Yorkshire farmer and his wife in the town of Stainborough, near Barnsley, England. He was expected to take over the family farm. However, an accident at the age of 16 left Bremmer lame, and prevented him from continuing work on the farm. He turned to woodworking and cabinetry, and became apprenticed to a carpenter. Upon completing his apprenticeship, he moved to London where he set up his own carpenter and cabinetry business.

Flushed Out Ideas

Bremmer was an inventive person, always looking for a better way to make things work. While installing toilets for his customers, he realized the existing valve system was unsatisfactory and set about redeveloping the mechanism. In 1778, he patented his own device, improving upon its flushing system. While waiting for approval of the patent, he changed his name from Joe Bremmer to Joseph Bramah, believing it to sound more elegant and professional.

His second noteworthy contribution was the development of the Bramah lock. Specifically designed to foil thieves, Bramah placed one of the locks in the window of his shop and offered a reward of 200 guineas to anyone who could successfully pick the lock. He did not live to see anyone meet his challenge. The lock remained secure for the next 67 years, from 1784 until 1851, when an American mechanic named Alfred Hobbs finally succeeded, after 51 hours of work. The lock was complex. Bramah knew that manufacturing it in large quantities would require the further development of a set of well-designed and precisely engineered machine tools. To accomplish this, he hired Henry Maudslay, a nineteen-year-old blacksmith, as an apprentice. Maudslay proved to be a mechanical genius.

Contributed to the Industrial Revolution

The collaboration of Bramah and Maudslay was extremely successful and resulted in the development of numerous important inventions. In 1794, they developed the slide rest, a crucial improvement to the lathes of the day. The slide rest eliminated the need to hand hold a cutting tool against the metal to be cut. The iron fist of the slide rest now held the tool firmly in place against the metal and provided uniform movement along a carriage, permitting greater accuracy and improved output in metal working.

The following year, Bramah invented the hydraulic press. This device was capable of exerting pressure to several thousand tons, for the purpose of shaping heavy pieces of iron and steel. The press offered the first practical application of hydraulic principles to manufacturers and builders, increasing production capabilities ten-fold. It set the standard for an entire technology. Modern applications of this invention include the car-jack, presses for baling waste paper and metal, and the hydraulic braking system for vehicles. The hydraulic press is considered to be one of the greatest contributions to the industrial revolution.

Other Inventions

Bramah's inventiveness and creativity took many turns throughout his life. He secured a total of 18 patents. Early in his career, Bramah was intrigued by the idea of using water as a means of propulsion. In 1785, he proposed the concept of moving ships by means of screws. His suggestion was the first step toward the replacement of the paddle wheel with propellers for improved and faster movement of ships. Bramah's other inventions included a machine for numbering bank notes, a wood-planing machine, a beer pump, machines for making paper, a machine which made nibs for pens, and a machine to aerate water.

Joseph Bramah died on December 9, 1814 in London, England. He is recognized as one of the fathers of the British machine-tool industry. Without such contributions as the hydraulic press and the concept of water propulsion with screws, builders such as Robert Stephenson and Isambard Brunell could not have built their tubular bridges or launched the largest steam vessel of its time.

Further Reading

A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists Wiley-Interscience, A. and C. Black, Ltd., 1969.

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., Columbia University Press, 1993.

The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Helicon Publishing Ltd., 1998.

World of Invention, 2nd ed., Gale Group, 1999.

Encyclopaedia Britannica Online http://members.eb.com/bol/topic?eu-16419&sctn=1. (January 12, 2000). □

Joseph Bramah

1748-1814

English Inventor

Joseph Bramah was an English engineer and inventor during the early years of the Industrial Revolution. Considered one of the fathers of the tool industry, his inventions made a significant contribution to the emerging new industries of the early nineteenth century. His mechanical inventions included the burglar-proof lock and the hydraulic press.

Born Joe Brammer in Stainborough, Yorkshire, England, Bramah was incapacitated by a serious injury to his ankle when he was 16 years old and was unable to work with his family's agricultural business as planned. Instead, he became apprenticed to a carpenter. One of the jobs he was assigned was refitting a water closet (known today as a toilet). Frustrated with the poor mechanical design, he proposed a new one with better flushing capabilities and received a patent for it in 1778. At this time he also changed his name to Bramah, believing the new name would sell more of the redesigned water closets. Nearly 6,000 of these improved lavatories were sold, and the design was popular for nearly 100 years.

At the completion of his apprenticeship, Bramah set up his own carpentry and cabinetmaking shop in London. During this time he became interested in the problem of designing a pick-proof lock. In 1784 he exhibited this lock in his shop window, offering a monetary reward for anyone capable of picking it. Despite many attempts, the Bramah lock was not opened for 67 years, until an American mechanic, Alfred Hobbs, successfully opened it after 51 hours of work. Bramah's lock design was successful because it was intricate; however, in order to manufacture it, he realized that he needed well-designed machinery capable of turning out precisely engineered machine tools. To assist him with establishing a machine shop, he hired a young blacksmith, Henry Maudslay (1771-1831), who became the head mechanic in Bramah's shop. This was the first machine shop established in London, and it was instrumental in designing and manufacturing many tools and parts necessary for the new manufacturing industries appearing during this period.

One of the first projects the two men took on was designing and producing a more efficient lathe known as the slide rest. Instead of a worker holding a cutting tool by hand against the metal to be cut, the iron fist of the slide rest held the tool firmly against the metal and moved the tool evenly along a carriage. This early prototype provided the groundwork for Bramah's success in the machine-tool industry. Without such machines it would not have been possible to manufacture the tools and parts that became the backbone of the industrial expansion of British manufacturing in the nineteenth century.

Another important Bramah invention was the hydraulic press. This innovation enabled machines to shape, extrude, or stamp materials under high pressure. Bramah was able to design and manufacture necessary tools and parts, such as nozzles, valves, pumps, and water turbines for the new emerging industries. This opened up a tremendous new source of mechanical power to manufacturers during the Industrial Revolution.

Bramah was a talented and inventive individual. During the course of his life he secured nearly 18 patents. Some of his other inventions included a machine for numbering bank notes, a wood planing machine, a device to make quill tips for pens, a beer pump, a fire engine, and innovation in the manufacturing of paper. He was the first to suggest using a propeller to drive ships rather than using a paddle wheel.

Bramah died in 1814 in London and was well respected for his many innovations and inventions.

LESLIE HUTCHINSON