SPHUJIDHVAJA

(fl. western India,A. D. 269)

astronomy, astrology,

Sphujidhvaja, who was a Yavanar?ja or ,“official in charge of foreigners,” apparently in the kingdom of the Mah?ksatrapas of Ujjayin? in western India, wrote a Yavanaj?taka in 269, when Rudrasena II (ca. 255–277) was reigning. His work was a versification (in upendravajr? meter) of a prose translation into Sanskrit of a Greek astrological textbook made by Yavane?vara in 149. This poem became the foundation of genethlialogy and of interrogational astrology in India, adapting the foreign Greco-Egyptian material for an Indian context; with a lost translation of another Greek text available to Satya (ca. 300) it formed the basis of the Vrddhayavanaj?taka of M?nar?ja (ca. 325–350 and of the Brhajj?taka of Var?hamihira (ca. 550) But besides this Indianized Greek material from Yavane?vara, Sphujidhvaja drew upon traditional Indian ?yurveda for his materia medica, and upon the Indian adaptations of Mesopotamian astronomy presented in the Jyotisaved?n¯ga of Lagadha (fifth or fourth century B.C.?) and of Greco-Babylonian linear planetary theory in his chapter on astronomical computations (see essay in Supplement). His curious mixture of various traditions indifferently comprehended is characteristic of the exact sciences in India.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Several passages from the Yavanaj?taka are discussed by D. Pingree in the following articles: “A Greek Linear Planetary Text in India,” in Journal of the American Oriental Society, 79 (1959), 282–284; “The Yavanaj?taka of Sphujidhvaja.” in Journal of Oriental Research, 31 (1961–1962), 16–31; ,“The Indian Iconography of the Decansi and Hor?s,” in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 22 (1963), 223–254; and “Representation of the Planets in Indian Astrology,” in Indo-IranianJournal, 8 (1965), 249–267. The text is edited, translated, and furnished with an elaborate commentary by D. Pingree. The Yavanaj?taka of Sphujidhvaja, Harvard Oriental Series (Cambridge, Mass., in press).

David Pingree