RAY, Man

Nationality: American. Born: Emanuel Rabinovitch, Philadelphia, PA, 27 August 1890. Family: Married Adon Lacroix, 1913 (divorced 1920); married Juliet Browning, 1946. Education: Studied art, architecture, and engineering at the National Academy of Design, the Art Student's League and the Ferrer Center in New York City. Career: 1911—taught at Ferrer Center in New York; 1913—one-man show at the Daniel Gallery in New York;1915—met artist Marcel Duchamp and helped form the New York Dada group; 1916—begins to experiment with photography; 1921—departs for Paris, discovers rayographs (photographs made by leaving objects on photographic paper, and has one-man exhibition at the "exposition Dada"; 1923—makes first film, La Retour à la raison (Return to Reason); 1929—rediscovers solarization (rendering a photographic image part negative, part positive by exposing a print or negative to white light); 1940—returns to the United States (Hollywood) to escape the German occupation; 1944—gives a retrospective exhibition at the Pasadena Art Institute; 1950—returns to Paris; 1963—publishes his autobiography (Self-Portrait). Died: Paris, France, 18 November 1976.

Films as Director:

1924

Le Retour à la raison (Return to Reason) (+ed, + pr); À quoirêvent les jeunes films (What Do Young Films DreamAbout?)

1926

Emak-Bakia (+ph)

1928

L'Étoile de mer (Starfish) (+ph, pr)

1929

Les Mystères du château de Dé (The Mysteries of the Chateaude De) (+ph)

1935

Essai de simulation de délire cinématographique (Attempt atSimulating Cinematographic Delirium)

1941

Dreams That Money Can Buy

Other Films:

1924

Entr'acte (Intermission) (Clair, Picabia) (as Man Ray); Balletmécanique (Mechanical Ballet) (Léger, Murphy) (ph)

1926

Anémic cinéma (Anemic Cinema) (Duchamp) (ph, asst)

Publications

By RAY: books—

Self-Portrait, R. Laffont, 1964.

Man Ray, Aperture, 1973.

On RAY: books—

Belz, Carl, The Role of Man Ray in the Dada and SurrealistMovements, Princeton, 1963.

Penrose, Roland, Sir, Man Ray, Thames and Hudson, 1975.

Schwarz, Arturo, The Rigour of Imagination, Rizzoli, 1977.

Esten, John, Man Ray: Bazaar Years, Rizzoli, 1988.

On RAY: articles—

Foresta, Merry, "Tracing the Line," Aperture (San Francisco), Fall 1991.

Hopkins, David, "Men before the Mirror," Art History (London), September 1998.

Boxer, Sarah, "Surreal, but Not Taking Chances," New York Times, 20 November 1998.

Goldberg, Vicki, "Get a Great Image," New York Times, 5 Febru-ary 1999.

In 1924, Man Ray, already a renowned painter, photographer, and participant in the Dada movement, began to experiment with the medium of film. At the time Man Ray was in the company of many of his avant-garde comrades, including Marcel Duchamp, René Clair, and Fernand Léger. Under the influence of the avant-garde ideals, Ray and his friends began concentrated on the technical potential of film-making, the possibilities of special effects, cinematic distortion, slow motion, etc., and abandoned the quest for narrative. The effect of this experimentation can be seen in many of Ray's films.

Ray's first project combined techniques he had cultivated in still photography and the experimental cinematic techniques developed by the avant-garde. This project, Le Retour à la raison (The Return to Reason), was completed in 1923. This film is literally a collection of Ray's special photographs, or rayographs, strung together to form several series of images. Here, as in Ray's later films, the emphasis is not on telling a story. Rather, it is to play with the possibility of representing light, shape, and movement on film.

Ray's second film effort came in 1924 and was a collaborative project with his close friend, Marcel Duchamp. Anémic cinéma (Anemic Cinema) for which Ray functioned as cinematographer, is yet another experiment with the possibilities of cinema. The film features a set of spiraling disks, on which are placed French words. Through movement and camera focus, the words combine to form phrases and puns in French. Here again, there is no narrative. Instead, there is an emphasis on the non-sense of language and on the nonsense of art, both of which formed the basis of the Dada movement.

In the second half of the 1920s, Ray made three films that he characterized as cinematic poetry. These films, Emak-Bakia, L'Étoilede mer (The Starfish), and Les Mystères du château de Dé (The Mysteries of the Chateau de De), were made to cause the viewer to "rush out and breath the pure of the outside, be the leading actor and solve his own dramatic problems." In that way, Ray affirmed, the spectator realizes "a long cherished dream of becoming a poet, an artist himself." As revealed by Ray's comments, this is a participatory cinema, where the spectator is expected to form meaning from his own unique viewing experience.

Emak-Bakia is in part a continuation of the technique introduced in Le Retour à la raison in that it, too, includes a series of rayographs. This film, however, is more sophisticated in a technical sense than the first, employing rapid cutting, superimposition and slow motion to create a far more complex, though equally abstract film. In addition, Ray also incorporates a great deal more play with light in the film, even inserting non-objective reflections into the body of the film. In addition to these purely abstract images, Ray interposes realistic images of daily objects, people and landscapes. The result is a highly visual study of motion, shape, and light, that reveals a methodical experimentation with the possibilities of representing such phenomena.

L'Étoile de mer (The Starfish), perhaps Ray's masterpiece, is literally a poem on film. Based on an unpublished poem by Surrealist poet Robert Desnos, the film is an attempt to represent verbal poetry as visual spectacle. Unlike his earlier films, L'Étoile de mer is constructed of realistic images rather than pure shapes or light forms, and yet it is equally non-narrative and equally abstract. In the film, sequences of couples meeting, undressing, getting into bed, parting, are shown in alternation with images of static objects, fields, the sea, a street. Thus, the frenzy and fervor of the human being's movement toward sexual contact is juxtaposed against the sterility and stasis of everyday life. As in his preceding film, Ray experiments with light, with the camera and with representation in the film, using such techniques as extreme close-up, distortion and soft-focus, all used in contrast with a clear-focus lens.

Ray's third film from this period, Les Mystères du château de Dé (The Mysteries of the Chateau de De) shows a further development in the focus on real or realistic images in abstract cinema. Like L'Étoile de mer, this film relies heavily on sequences of human beings. Furthermore, of Ray's films, this one is the closest to being narrative, in that the sequences of images presented in the film seem, on the surface, to form a coherent whole. The film shows the voyage of a couple in a bar, who drive a great distance, arrive at a villa, and interact with other people. A great deal of attention is given to the house and to the actions engaged in by those staying there, and for a time, all seems "normal." Progressively, however, distortions in the size of objects, in the light and shadows of the background, in the characters' movements all become apparent. In the end, none of these distortions are "explained" by the film, nor is there a sense given to the actions of the characters. Despite its more narrative appearance, Les Mystères du château de Dé remains as abstract as Ray's earlier films. Furthermore, the influence of the Surrealist movement can be seen very clearly in the seemingly banal images, which present unexplained and eerie irregularities.

By the late 1930s and 1940s, Ray had all but abandoned film to return to his two original passions, painting and still photography. Before his death, in 1976, he made only two more films, Essai de simulation de délire cinématographique (Attempt at the Simulation of Cinematographic Delirium) from 1935, and Dreams That Money Can Buy, in collaboration with Hans Richter, and many of his Dada-Surrealist collaborators. The first is highly reminiscent of Ray's films from the 1920s, and the second is a combination of more developed cinematographic techniques and embodies the spirit of the Surrealist and Abstract Expressionist movements. In fact, it is puzzling that in the very years that Ray was the closest to the film industry (he was living in Hollywood), he was the least interested in cinema.

Carl Belz has suggested that Man Ray withdrew from cinema partly because he felt he had exhausted its potential, and partly because it took him away from painting and photography. And it is, in fact, for his contributions to the latter that he is best remembered. Nonetheless, to overlook the impact of May Ray on the cinema is to ignore the influence of one of the early pioneers of cinematic art. It was Man Ray, and many of his Dada and Surrealist contemporaries who first drew attention to a great many of the cinematic techniques widely used today. For this, and for the fascinating efforts at producing a non-narrative cinema, Man Ray's films remain crucial to any understanding of the development of film.

—Dayna Oscherwitz

Man Ray

Man Ray (1890-1976), painter, photographer, and object maker, was the principal American artist in the Dada movement.

Man Ray was born in Philadelphia, Pa. on August 27, 1890. In 1908 he studied painting at the National Academy of Design in New York City. He made his first abstract painting in 1911 and held his first one-man show in 1912. Before meeting the Dadaist artist Marcel Duchamp in 1915, Ray worked in a quasi-cubist fashion. His oil painting The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Shadows (1916) shows the influence of synthetic cubism in the way forms are put together; but the influence of Duchamp is evident in the concern with movement, as seen in the repetitive positions of the skirts of the dancer.

After 1917, the year that Ray became important in the New York Dada group, he gave up conventional methods of painting. He became an object maker and adopted various mechanical and photographic methods of image making. A 1918 version of the Rope Dancer combined a spray-gun technique with pen drawing. Among his "ready-mades" was the Gift (1921), a flatiron with metal tacks. His Enigma of Isidore Ducasse featured a mysterious object (a sewing machine) wrapped in a cloth tied with cord. At that time he was working, too, with airbrush on glass, as seen in the Aerograph (1919).

In 1920 Ray helped Duchamp make his first machine, the Rotary Glass Plate, which was composed of glass plates turned by a motor—one of the earliest examples of kinetic art. With Katherine Dreier and Duchamp in 1920 Ray was instrumental in founding the Société Anonyme, an itinerant collection which in effect was America's first museum of modern art. (The collection was given to the Yale University Art Gallery in 1941). Before settling in Paris in 1921, Ray teamed up with Duchamp to publish the one issue of New York Dada (1921).

Ray was interested in obtaining unusual effects through certain photographic processes. In 1921 he created his Rayographs, which were made without the use of a camera, by directly exposing to light sensitized papers on which various objects were placed. Strangely abstract forms resulted. He published an album of 12 Rayographs entitled Les Champs délicieux (1923). Ray also exploited the photographic technique of solarization, a process of over-and underexposing negatives which resulted in prints with strange "bleached" effects. The photograph of André Breton (1931) is an example of this process.

By 1924 Ray was associating with many of the surrealists in Paris, and that year he contributed illustrations to the first issue of La Révolution surréaliste. In 1926 he had a retrospective exhibition of his paintings and objects at the Gallerie Surréaliste. In 1928 he made the film L'Étoile de mer, and, the following year, at the home of the Vicomte de Noailles, he filmed Les Myste‧res du château de dés. In 1933 Ray participated in the surrealist group show "Exposition Surréaliste." He participated in many major surrealist exhibitions, took up surrealist causes, and illustrated surrealist publications.

In 1940 Ray returned to America and settled in California, where he taught photography. He contributed to Hans Richter's film Dreams That Money Can Buy (1944). In 1947 Ray participated in the last major surrealist group show in Paris. After 1949 he maintained a studio in Paris, where he evolved new methods for printing color photographs.

From the early 1950s until his death in 1976, Man Ray lived in France. He spent that time working on a variety of different projects. He was one of the first artists to begin working with airbrush. He spent the last years of his life experimenting with photography, organizing exhibits and writing. He is still considered the pioneer of the 1960's style of pop art.

Further Reading

Ray's autobiography, Self Portrait (1963), is rich in personal and historical material. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Man Ray (1966), contains texts by Ray and his associates. For Ray's early years see the chapter on him in George Wickes, Americans in Paris (1969), a vividly written study of the self-exiled American artists in Paris after World War I. □

RAY, MAN

RAY, MAN (1890–1976), U.S. photographer and painter. Born in Philadelphia and moving to Paris in 1921, Ray is known as a founder of the dadaist-surrealist movement in painting, and in photography circles he is famous for his abstract prints made in the darkroom without a camera, to which he gave the name of "Rayograph." Ray added beams and moving pencils of light to the original technique of spreading objects on photographic sensitized papers which were exposed and then developed. He also contributed other facets to creative photography, making effective use of solarization by giving a momentary second exposure to his negative before developing it. The prints he produced from film treated this way showed strong secondary black lines along the major contours of the subject. Ray's portfolio of portraits records the celebrities of the 1920s. Ray fled from France in 1940 on the Nazi invasion and went to Hollywood, where he remained for the duration of World War ii, after which he returned to Paris. His autobiography, Self Portrait (1963), explains a great deal of his artistry and his personality.

bibliography:

Current Biography Yearbook 1965 (1965), 336–8; J.I.H. Baur (ed.), New Art in America (1957), 88–91.

[Peter Pollack]

Ray, Man (1890–1976) US photographer, painter, sculptor, and film-maker, the founder of the New York Dada movement with Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia. Ray is best known for photographs produced without a camera by placing objects on light-sensitive paper and exposing them to light.

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