MADDOW, Ben

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Writer and director and producer. Pseudonyms: Used pseudonyms David Wolff and David Forrest in early documentary films. Nationality: American. Born: Passaic, New Jersey, 1909; Education: Attended Columbia University, New York, graduated 1930. Military Service: 1945–47—served in the United States Army Air Corps motion picture unit. Career: 1930–35—worked as hospital orderly and social worker; also a writer; 1935—first film as writer, the documentary Harbor Scenes; 1935–42—cofounding writer, Nykino (later Frontier Films); wrote commentary for the newsreel series The World Today; 1947—first fiction film as writer, Framed; 1952–60—blacklisted because of his leftish background; worked (uncredited) on several screenplays, often with Philip Yordan; 1960—codirected The Savage Eye; 1980s—TV work included scripts for The Untouchables. Died: October 1992.

Films as Writer (Documentaries):

1935

Harbor Scenes (Steiner)

1937

Heart of Spain (Klein and Karpathi); China Strikes Back (Dunham); People of the Cumberland (Meyers)

1938

Return to Life (Kline and Cartier-Bresson)

1939

The History and Romance of Transportation (Meyers and Berman)

1940

United Action (Berman); White Flood (Meyers and Berman); Tall Tales (Van Dyke); Valley Town (Van Dyke)

1941

A Place to Live (Bobker); Here Is Tomorrow (Kerkow)

1942

Native Land (Hurwitz and Strand); The Bridge (Van Dyke) (+ co-d); Pacific Northwest (Van Dyke)

1948

The Photographer (Van Dyke)

1951

The Steps of Age (+ d)

1953

The Stairs (+ d)

Films as Writer (Features):

1947

Framed (Paula) (Wallace)

1948

Kiss the Blood Off My Hands (Blood on My Hands) (Foster); The Man from Colorado (Levin)

1949

Intruder in the Dust (Brown)

1950

The Asphalt Jungle (Huston)

1952

Shadow in the Sky (Wilcox)

1954

Johnny Guitar (Ray) (uncredited); The Naked Jungle (Haskin) (uncredited)

1957

Men in War (A. Mann) (uncredited)

1958

God's Little Acre (A. Mann)

1960

The Savage Eye (+ co-pr + co-d); The Unforgiven (Huston)

1961

Two Loves (Walters)

1963

The Balcony (Strick); An Affair of the Skin (+ d—reedited version, as Love As Disorder , 1971)

1967

The Way West (McLaglen)

1969

The Chairman (Thompson); The Secret of Santa Vittoria (Kramer)

1970

Storm of Strangers (+ pr + d)

1971

The Mephisto Waltz (Wendkos)

Publications

By MADDOW: books—

44 Gravel Street (novel), Boston, Massachusetts, 1952.

The Great Right Horn of the Ram (play), New York, 1967.

Edward Weston (biography), New York, 1973, revised edition 1979.

Faces: A History of Portrait Photography from 1820 to the Present, New York, 1977.

A Sunday between Wars: The Course of American Life from 1865 to 1917, New York, 1979.

With John Huston, The Asphalt Jungle (script), edited by Matthew J. Bruccoli, Carbondale, Illinois, 1980.

The Photography of Max Yavno, Berkeley, California, 1981.

With Marketa Luskacovas, Aperture, no. 92, New York, 1983.

A False Autobiography: Poems, 1940–1990, Carmel, 1991.

By MADDOW: articles—

"Film into Poem," in New Theatre, November 1936.

"The Writer's Function in Documentary Film," in Proceedings of the Writers' Congress, Los Angeles, 1943, Berkeley, California, 1944.

"Eisenstein and the Historical Film," in Hollywood Quarterly, October 1945.

In The Hollywood Screenwriter, edited by Richard Corliss, New York, 1972.

Action (Los Angeles), January-February 1975.

Film Comment (New York), March-April 1980.

On MADDOW: books—

Fadiman, Regina K., Faulkner's "Intruder in the Dust": Novel into Film, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1978.

Alexander, William, Film on the Left, Princeton, New Jersey, 1981.

On MADDOW: articles—

Fields, Verna, in American Film (Washington, D.C.), June 1976.

Hagan, John, in American Screenwriters, 2nd series, edited by Randall Clark, Detroit, Michigan, 1986.

Film Dope (Nottingham), December 1987.

Sight and Sound (London), Summer 1989.

McGilligan, Patrick, "Ben Maddow: The Invisible Man," in Sight and Sound (London), Summer 1989.

Obituary in New York Times, vol. 142, 14 October 1992.

Obituary in Variety, vol. 348, 19 October 1992.

Obituary in Time, vol. 140, 26 October 1992.

Obituary in Time, 26 October 1992.

Obituary in Classic Images, no. 209, November 1992.

Obituary in Film en Televisie + Video, no. 427, December 1992.

Kemp, Philip, "'The Story of All Wars': Anthony Mann's Men in War," in Film Comment (New York), July-August 1996.

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Ben Maddow spent much of his screenwriting career working without credit or under a pseudonym, and on commercial projects over which he maintained little control. Despite this, he gained a reputation in both independent and popular cinema as a socially concerned artist. Maddow's involvement with film began in 1935 when he answered an advertisement placed by the celebrated still photographer Ralph Steiner who was seeking a poet to write narration for his film Harbor Scenes. Maddow, who had begun to have his poetry published in small literary journals, found that his words came to life when combined with the film's images. Through Steiner, he met a number of photographers and developed the aesthetic concern with photography which would play a large role in much of his later film work.

Maddow joined Steiner and other leftist artists to form Nykino, an informal organization devoted to making films that promoted social awareness and the interests of the working class. Nykino was succeeded by Frontier Films which Maddow participated in as a writer of narration and commentary under the pseudonym David Wolff. (Pseudonyms were used by a number of artists at this time since their government-subsidized jobs prohibited their taking on outside employment.) The members of Frontier Films were influenced by the popular March of Time series which combined staged scenes and documentary footage. At the same time, they wished to deal with social problems in a more politically and stylistically radical fashion by presenting stories about individuals which would provide a configuration and illumination of the class struggle in American society. As Maddow expressed it, the documentary director, writer, and cameraman should work as a team, with the writer looking "constantly for ideas in their specific personal forms" but linked by "a hard, invariable core of essential truth." He felt that any method—individual stories, animation, reenactment, candid material—could be utilized in expressing these ideas.

Maddow admired The March of Time's use of offscreen narration and thought that this procedure might be used further to achieve a new form of cinema, the "cine-poem," in which a continuous voice would serve as a "sort of ground-bass to the images on screen." Freed from any fixed temporal continuity, a film could "encompass modern events, their violent compressions and simultaneities," by selecting and presenting actions which, when linked, would delineate larger social issues. As an alternative to The March of Time's practice of writing the narration first and then fitting the image to it, Maddow proposed that the writer finish a few minutes of narration, then read it aloud and watch the film on the movieola, going back over it repeatedly—experimenting with how words could be arranged to correspond to the movement of the image on screen and with how they could be used to accentuate or conceal a detail, retard or increase the tempo. He felt, however, that the result must always be the same: to combine words and images to form a single indivisible impression.

When Frontier Films disbanded, Maddow went to South America to work on The Bridge, a documentary about trade problems faced by that continent. Upon his return to the United States, he was drafted and served in the Army Air Force's Hollywood Motion Picture Bureau. During this period, he wrote a screen treatment titled Death and Mathematics which, while never filmed, reflects the concerns raised in Maddow's previous writings on film and anticipates the complex, eclectic style of many of the later films over which he maintained control. Death and Mathematics concerns a science teacher who returned wounded from the war and is scheduled to teach a university course in nuclear physics, but is uncertain whether to mention atomic energy's destructive possibilities. His voice is heard intermittently on the soundtrack over screen images which are at times seen from his viewpoint and at other times from a sort of omniscient perspective. Close-ups, commentary, photographs, animation, stock footage, and staged scenes are all used to fuse the personal and educational aspects of the film.

After leaving the Army, Maddow wrote screenplays for several Hollywood studios. Intruder in the Dust, his adaptation of William Faulkner's novel about racial prejudice, was his first major achievement as a Hollywood screenwriter. The complexity of Faulkner's plot and the movement of the narrative back and forth in time led Maddow to simplify story details and to reorganize the narrative's temporal structure. After this, he worked with John Huston on the screenplay of The Asphalt Jungle, a study of the criminal mind. Maddow's script for Shadow in the Sky dealt with difficulties faced by a war veteran upon his release from a mental hospital. The Steps of Age and The Stairs, two documentaries made by Maddow outside the studio system, concerned the issues of aging and mental health. During the Hollywood blacklist, Maddow worked without credit on several scripts. He went on to write for a number of television drama series and resumed screenwriting under his name with Huston's The Unforgiven, a study of racial strife in Texas shortly after the American Civil War.

Maddow's next film was The Savage Eye, on which he worked intimately with Joseph Strick and Sidney Meyers. It concerned a recently divorced woman, adrift and traveling alone through Los Angeles. As she converses offscreen with what seems to be an inner voice guiding her through the agony of realization, a series of disparate images is seen. Maddow has claimed that The Savage Eye was imitated widely by American and European filmmakers. One can see how, in its study of a woman whose marital problems have estranged her from the world, it anticipated, if not influenced, such films as The Misfits, Red Desert, and Juliet of the Spirits. Maddow and Strick again worked together on a film of Jean Genet's The Balcony, with the play's "house of illusions" setting changed from a brothel to a converted movie soundstage.

Certain motifs recur in Maddow's work whether it be independent or commissioned, original or an adaptation. In his screenplay for Two Loves, derived from Sylvia Ashton-Warner's novel Spinster, the themes of emotional inhibition, postwar trauma, and cultural clashes are again addressed. In An Affair of the Skin, written and directed by Maddow, a woman spurns, yet yearns for, affection. Maddow felt that this story of romantic entanglements as seen through the eyes of a black woman photographer had been rushed for financial reasons. Ten years later, he reedited and released it again under the title Love As Disorder. An offscreen narration by the photographer was added to establish her as an observer: a participant in the action but also a caustic chronicler of it. As in much of Maddow's work, inner disorder is seen against a background of social unrest as described in a highly imagistic manner by a person who has both emotional involvement and critical detachment.

In The Chairman, the United States and the Soviet Union are forced into an uneasy alliance against Red China which has discovered an enzyme which makes great agricultural development possible. A parallel is drawn in the film between the American General Shelby, willing to sacrifice his and others' lives for the sake of his country, and the Chinese Chairman who believes that an individual's fate is unimportant in the struggle for the progress of the masses. The fanatical Shelby resembles the men warped by war in earlier Maddow films. His glasses, with one lens tinted black, recall the black eye patch worn by the war veteran in Death and Mathematics. In both instances, the dark eye covering serves to suggest a psychological as well as physical injury. Like Death and Mathematics, which made the point that Fascism's worst crime was that it forced democracy to pervert science for wartime purposes, The Chairman holds up to criticism two opposing ideologies. Again in Maddow's work, social deficiencies are seen in microcosm in the individual's search for emotional fulfillment. The General, who shows no interest in the death of a scientist's wife, and the Chairman, who believes that individual love is less important than love of the masses, are contrasted with the scientist, whose wish to use the enzyme for the international alleviation of poverty coincides with his search for personal happiness.

Maddow's most notable film in the 1970s was his independent production Storm of Strangers which depicts how, for turn-of-the-century immigrants living in New York's Lower East Side slums, "It was better to be an uptown horse than a downtown Jew." For the film, Maddow devised a new, less expensive method of scanning photographs to approximate the way the eye scans an image, so that the camera movement would be as personalized as the first-person narration. Here too one finds Maddow combining precise visual imagery with ornate offscreen language in a purely cinematic attempt to deal with individual lives and the larger social issues which they delineate.

—John Hagan