BORZAGE, Frank

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Nationality: American. Born: Salt Lake City, Utah, 23 April 1893. Family: Married 1) Rena Rogers (divorced 1945); 2) Edna Marie Stillwell, 1945 (divorced 1949); 3) Juanita Borzage. Career: Joined theatrical touring company as prop boy, 1906; moved to California, 1912; actor in many Ince Westerns and Mutual Comedies, 1913–15; began directing for Universal, 1916; signed to MGM, 1935–42; joined Republic Pictures as producer-director, 1945. Awards: Oscars for Best Director, for Seventh Heaven, 1927/28, and Bad Girls, 1931/32. Died: Of cancer in Los Angeles, 19 June 1962.

Films as Director:

1916

That Gal of Burke's (+ role); Mammy's Rose (co-d, role); Life's Harmony (co-d, role); The Silken Spider (+ role); The Code of Honor (+ role); Nell Dale's Men Folks (+ role); The Forgotten Prayer (+ role); The Courtin' of Calliope Clew (+ role); Nugget Jim's Pardner (+ role); The Demon of Fear (+ role); Land o' Lizards (Silent Shelby) (+ role); Immediate Lee (Hair Trigger Casey) (+ role); Enchantment (+ sc, role); The Pride and the Man (+ sc, role); Dollars of Dross (+ sc)

1917

Wee Lady Betty (co-d, role); Flying Colors; Until They Get Me

1918

The Atom (+ role); The Gun Woman (+ role); Shoes That Danced; Innocent's Progress; An Honest Man; Society for Sale; Who Is to Blame?; The Ghost Flower; The Curse of Iku (+ role)

1919

Toton; Prudence of Broadway; Whom the Gods Destroy; Ashes of Desire

1920

Humoresque

1921

The Duke of Chimney Butte; Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford

1922

Back Pay; Billy Jim; The Good Provider; Hair Trigger Casey (re-ed version); Silent Shelby (reissue of Land o'Lizards); The Valley of Silent Men; The Pride of Palomar

1923

The Nth Commandment; Children of the Dust; Age of Desire

1924

Secrets

1925

The Lady; Daddy's Gone A-Hunting; Lazybones; Wages for Wives; The Circle

1926

The First Year; The Dixie Merchant; Early to Wed; Marriage License?

1927

Seventh Heaven

1928

Street Angel

1929

The River; Lucky Star; They Had to See Paris

1930

Son o' My Heart; Liliom

1931

Doctors' Wives; Young as You Feel; Bad Girl

1932

After Tomorrow; Young America; A Farewell to Arms

1933

Secrets (remake of 1924 film); Man's Castle

1934

No Greater Glory; Little Man What Now? (+ pr); Flirtation Walk (+ pr)

1935

Living on Velvet; Stranded; Shipmates Forever

1936

Desire; Hearts Divided

1937

Green Light; History Is Made at Night; Big City

1938

Mannequin; Three Comrades; The Shining Hour

1939

Disputed Passage (+ co-pr)

1940

Strange Cargo; The Mortal Storm (+ co-pr)

1941

Flight Command; Smilin' Through

1942

The Vanishing Virginian; Seven Sweethearts

1943

Stage Door Canteen; His Butler's Sister (+ co-pr)

1944

Till We Meet Again (+ pr)

1945

The Spanish Main

1946

I've Always Loved You (+ pr); Magnificent Doll

1947

That's My Man (+ pr)

1948

Moonrise

1958

China Doll (+ pr)

1959

The Big Fisherman

Publications

By BORZAGE: articles—

Article in Motion Picture Directing: The Facts and Theories of theNewest Art, by Peter Milne, New York, 1922.

Interview with V. Tully, in Vanity Fair (New York), February 1927.

"What's Wrong with the Movies?," in Motion Picture (New York), September 1933.

On BORZAGE: books—

Kyrou, Ado, Amour, éroticisme et cinéma, Paris, 1957.

Belton, John, The Hollywood Professionals Vol.3, New York, 1974.

Lamster, Frederick, Souls Made Great through Love and Adversity:The Film Work of Frank Borzage, Metuchen, New Jersey, 1981.

Belton, John, Cinema Stylists, Metuchen, New Jersey, 1983.

Dumont, Hervé, Frank Borzage: Sarastro à Hollywood, Paris, 1993.

On BORZAGE: articles—

Agel, Henri, "Frank Borzage," in New York Film Bulletin, no. 12–14, 1961.

Obituary in New York Times, 20 June 1962.

Sarris, Andrew, "Second Line," in Film Culture (New York), Spring 1963.

Belton, John, "Souls Made Great by Love and Adversity: Frank Borzage," in Monogram (London), no. 4, 1972.

Beylie, Claude, "Sur cinq films de Frank Borzage," in Ecran (Paris), September 1976.

Camper, Fred, "Disputed Passage," in Cinema (London), v. 9, no. 10.

Toulet, E., and Michel Ciment, "Avignon 1986: Panoramique du cinéma 1915–1920. Ford et Borzage," in Positif (Paris), September 1987.

Bourget, J.-L., "L'or et l'amour," in Positif (Paris), no. 344, October 1989.

Hommel, M., "De ziel van Hollywood," in Skrien (Amsterdam), no. 180, October-November 1991.

Griffithiana (Gemona), no. 46, December 1992.

Gunning, T., "Essays in Mad Love," in Sight and Sound (London), vol. 3, January 1993.

Tobin, Y. and others, "Frank Borzage," in Positif (Paris), special section, no. 386, April 1993.

Katchmer, G., "Remembering the Great Silents," in Classic Images (Muscatine), no. 220, October 1993.

Landrot, Marine, "Le septième art au septième ciel," in Télérama (Paris), 24 November 1993.

Jones, Kent, "The Sanctum Sanctorum of Love," Film Comment (Denville, New Jersey), vol. 33, no. 5, September-October 1997.

* * *

Frank Borzage had a rare gift of taking characters, even those who were children of violence, and fashioning a treatment of them abundant with lyrical romanticism and tenderness, even a spirituality that reformed them and their story.

Borzage arrived in Hollywood in 1913, and Thomas H. Ince gave him his first small roles as a film actor, gradually promoting him to lead roles and providing him with his first opportunities to direct. He usually played the romantic lead in Westerns and romantic melodramas with such Triangle players as Sessue Hayakawa (The Typhoon and Wrath of the Gods, both 1914) and Olive Thomas (Toton, 1919). The first really important feature he directed was Humoresque, written by Frances Marion from a Fannie Hurst story. It had all the elements which were later to stamp a picture as a Borzage film—hope, love, and faith in oneself and others in a world that was poverty-stricken and could be cruel. It won Photoplay Magazine's award as Best Picture of the year.

Borzage insisted that "real art is simple, but simplicity requires the greatest art," adding that "naturalness is the primary requisite of good acting. I like my players to perform as though there were no camera on the set."

Borzage did exceedingly well at Paramount's Cosmopolitan and at First National, where he directed two Norma Talmadge favorites, Secrets and The Lady. He then moved over to Fox, where, with the 1927 release of Seventh Heaven, he established himself as one of the best in the business. He directed two others with Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell, Street Angel and Lucky Star. His The River of 1928, starring Farrell, is a virtual cinematic poem. In 1929 Borzage directed his first all-talking feature, They Had to See Paris, which starred Will Rogers, Fox's number one box-office star.

The year 1933 was probably Borzage's finest as a director, for he made three films which still rate as superb examples of the romantic cinema: A Farewell to Arms, from the Hemingway novel, with Gary Cooper and Helen Hayes; Mary Pickford's final and very best film, a re-make of the silent-era Secrets, which had originally starred Norma Talmadge; and Man's Castle, with Spencer Tracy and Loretta Young, a very moving romance.

There was a lasting tenderness about Borzage's treatment of a love story, and during the days of the Depression and the rise of Fascism, his pictures were ennobling melodramas about the power of love to create a heaven on earth. Penelope Gilliatt has remarked that Borzage "had a tenderness rare in melodrama and absolute pitch about period. He understood adversity." Outside of Griffith, there has never been another director in the business who could so effectively triumph over sentimentality, using true sentiment with an honest touch.

Borzage made four films with Margaret Sullavan that clearly indicated that she was the quintessential heroine for Borzage films: Little Man, What Now?, a study of love in the midst of deprivation and the growing terror in Germany; Three Comrades, in which Sullavan played an ill-fated tubercular wife; The Shining Hour, which featured her as a self-sacrificing woman; and The Mortal Storm, a moving film of the imminent battle with the Nazi forces.

Borzage also directed three other films during this time of stress that were extraordinary departures for him: Desire, a sleek romance in the Lubitsch tradition, starring Marlene Dietrich and Gary Cooper; Mannequin, co-starring Joan Crawford with Spencer Tracy, one of their best; and a drama that combined romance with effective disaster, History Is Made at Night, with Jean Arthur and Charles Boyer as lovers trapped in a Titanic-like explosion of violence. While in the case of Desire Ernst Lubitsch was producer, the picture features touches that are just as indicative of Borzage as they are of Lubitsch, for both were masters of cinematic subtlety. In the post-war period, it began to be clear that Borzage's career was on the wane. His best picture during this era was Moonrise.

—DeWitt Bodeen