Breast Implants

Definition
Purpose
Demographics
Description
Diagnosis/Preparation
Aftercare
Risks
Normal results
Morbidity and mortality rates
Alternatives

Definition

Breast implantation is a surgical procedure for enlarging, or augmenting, the breast. Implants are breast-shaped pouches that are saccular in shape, made of a silicone outer shell, and filled with silicone gel or saline (salt water).

Purpose

Breast implantation is usually performed to make normal breasts larger for cosmetic purposes. Sometimes a woman having breast reconstruction after a mastectomy will need the remaining breast enlarged to make the breasts more symmetrical. Breasts that are very unequal in size due to trauma or congenital deformity may also be equalized with an enlargement procedure.

Male-to-female transsexuals may use breast implantation to achieve the physical appearance of a female.

Demographics

Breast enlargement is the second-most-common cosmetic surgical procedure practiced on women in the United States. It increased by approximately 350% between 1992 and 2006. According to the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, almost 150,000 breast augmentation procedures are performed each year.

Presently, more than two million, or approximately 8%, of women in the United States have breast implants. The majority of breast implant recipients

KEY TERMS

Breast augmentation— A surgery to increase the size of the breasts.

Contracture— Tissue change that is characterized by shortening of length, usually producing wrinkles or areas of thickening.

Transsexual— Person desiring to acquire the external appearance of a member of the opposite gender.

are Caucasian women (95%), followed by African-American women (4%). The remaining women that have breast implants are Asian (0.5%) and other non-specified races (0.5%).

Description

Cosmetic breast enlargement or augmentation is usually performed as an outpatient procedure. It may be done under local or general anesthesia, depending on patient and physician preference. The incision is typically made through the armpit (axilla), along the fold line under the breast, or around the areola (the darkened area around the nipple); these techniques create the most inconspicuous scars. The implant is placed in one of two locations: between the breast tissue and underlying chest muscle, or under the chest muscle. The operation takes approximately one to two hours. The cost of a cosmetic procedure is rarely covered by insurance; however, if enlargement is part of breast reconstruction after a mastectomy, health plans may pay for some or all of it. The surgeon’s fee ranges from $3,500 to $5,000, and up. The procedure may also be called breast augmentation or augmentation mammoplasty.

Diagnosis/Preparation

The diagnosis for breast reconstruction is almost always visual. The underlying medical reasons include equalizing otherwise normal breasts that are markedly different in size, replacing all or part of breast tissue that has been removed during the course of cancer treatment, or replacing breast mass that has been lost due to injury. Underlying cosmetic reasons include personal preference for larger breasts among genetic females or the creation of breasts in male-to-female transsexuals.

WHO PERFORMS THE PROCEDURE AND WHERE IS IT PERFORMED?

Breast augmentation is normally performed by a surgeon with advanced training in plastic and reconstructive procedures. It is typically performed as an outpatient procedure.

Before any surgery is performed, the woman should have a clear understanding of what her new breasts will look like. She and her physician should agree about the desired final result. Many surgeons find it helpful to have the patient review before and after pictures of other patients, to clarify expectations. Computer modeling is often used to assess expected results.

A person who is in poor health or has a severe or chronic disease is not a good candidate for this procedure.

Aftercare

Many normal activities such as driving may be restricted for up to one week. Sutures are usually removed in seven to 10 days. Typically, a woman can resume all routines, including vigorous exercise, in about three weeks. The scars will be red for approximately one month, but will fade to their final appearance within one to two years.

Risks

Risks associated with this procedure are similar to those of any surgical procedure. These risks include bleeding, infection, reaction to anesthesia, or unexpected scarring. A breast enlargement may also result in decreased sensation in the breast or interference with breast-feeding. Implants can make it more difficult to read and interpret mammograms, possibly delaying breast cancer detection. Also, the implant itself can rupture and leak, or become displaced. A thick scar that normally forms around the implant, called a capsule, can become very hard. This is called capsular contracture, and may result in pain and possible altered appearance of the breast. The chances that these problems will occur increase with the age of the implant.

There has been intermittent publicity about possible health risks associated with breast implants. Most concerns have focused on silicone gel-filled implants that leaked or ruptured. In 1992, the U.S.

QUESTIONS TO ASK THE DOCTOR

• What will be the resulting appearance?
• Is the surgeon board certified in plastic and reconstructive surer?
• How many procedures has the surgeon performed?
• What is the surgeon’s complication rate?

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restricted the use of this type of implant and ordered further studies. The FDA lifted the ban on silicone implants in 2007 although saline-filled implants are still more commonly used for cosmetic breast surgery. Studies have shown no evidence of long-term health risks from intact silicone implants; however, research on possible links between these implants and autoimmune or connective tissue diseases is continuing.

Normal results

Breasts of expected size and appearance are the normal results of this surgery. Normal scar formation should be expected. With any silicone prosthesis, a capsule usually forms around it. In some instances, a mild form of capsular contraction ensues. Mild ridges that can be felt under the skin categorize this condition. The capsule contracts, which occurs occasionally, and can result in a hardening of the breast. There is no way to predict who will excessively scar.

Morbidity and mortality rates

In addition to scarring, other risks include infection, excessive bleeding, problems associated with anesthesia, rupturing of the implant, and leakage. There have been approximately 120,000 reports of ruptured silicone implants. Approximately 50,000 reports of breakage have been received for saline implants.

Deaths associated with breast augmentation are extremely rare. Most postsurgical mortality has been attributed to anesthesia errors or overdoses of pain medications.

Alternatives

Alternatives to breast implant surgery include using external breast forms that fit into brassiere cups or are attached to the skin of the chest. Creams that allege to increase breast size usually produce no noticeable results. The use of creams containing hormones can lead to long-term hormonal imbalance. Reputable experts do not generally recommend these preparations for breast enlargement.

Resources

BOOKS

Bruning, N. Breast Implants: Everything You Need to Know, 3rd ed. Alameda, CA: Hunter House, 2002.

Freund, R. M., and A. VanDyne. Cosmetic Breast Surgery: A Complete Guide to Making the Right Decision—From A to Double D. New York: Marlowe & Company, 2004.

Middleton, M. S., and M. P. McNamara, Jr. Breast Implant Imaging. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Spear, S. L., S. C. Willey, G. L. Robb, D. C. Hammond, and N. Y. Nahabedian. Surgery of the Breast: Principles And Art, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

PERIODICALS

Crerand, C. E., A. L. Infield, and D. B. Sarwer. “Psychological considerations in cosmetic breast augmentation.” Plastic Surgical Nursing 27, no. 3 (July/ September 2007): 146–154.

Gampper, T. J., H. Khoury, W. Gottlieb, and R. F. Morgan. “Silicone gel implants in breast augmentation and reconstruction.” Annals of Plastic Surgery 59, no. 5 (November 2007): 581–590.

Holmich, L. R., V. B. Breiting, J. P. Fryzek, B. Brandt, M. S. Wolthers, K. Kjoller, J. K. McLaughlin, and S. Friis. “Long-Term Cosmetic Outcome After Breast Implantation.” Annals of Plastic Surgery 59, no. 6 (December 2007): 597–604.

McLaughlin, J. K., L. Lipworth, D. K. Murphy, and P. S. Walker. “The safety of silicone gel-filled breast implants: a review of the epidemiologic evidence.” Annals of Plastic Surgery 59, no. 5 (November 2007): 569–580.

OTHER

American Society of Cosmetic Breast Surgery. Information about Breast Surgery. 2007 [cited December 23, 2007]. http://www.ascbs.org/.

National Library of Medicine. Breast Implants. 2007 [cited December 23, 2007]. http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v%3Aproject=medlineplus&query=breast+implant.

Public Broadcasting System. Breast Implants on Trial. 2007 [cited December 23, 2007]. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/implants/cron.html.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Breast Implants. 2007 [cited December 23, 2007]. http://google2.fda.gov/search?output=xml_no_dtd&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDA&client=FDA&nite=FDA&getfields=*&q=breast+implant.

ORGANIZATIONS

American Board of Plastic Surgery, Seven Penn Center, Suite 400,1635 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19103-2204, (215) 587-9322, http://www.abplsurg.org.

American College of Surgeons, 633 North Saint Claire Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, (312) 202-5000, http://www.facs.org.

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 11081 Winners Circle, Los Alamitos, CA, 90720, (888) 272-7711, http://www.surgery.org/.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 444 E. Algonquin Rd., Arlington Heights, IL, 60005, (847) 228-9900, http://www.plasticsurgery.org.

L. Fleming Fallon, Jr., M.D., Dr.P.H.

Breast radiography seeMammography