FERMIUM (REVISED)

Note: This article, originally published in 1998, was updated in 2006 for the eBook edition.

Overview

Fermium is one of the transuranium elements, which lie beyond uranium on the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to each other. Uranium is element number 92, so all elements with larger atomic numbers are transuranium elements.

Discovery and naming

Fermium was discovered in 1952, among the products formed during the first hydrogen bomb test at Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. For security reasons, this discovery was not announced until 1955. Credit for the discovery of fermium goes to a group of University of California scientists under the direction of Albert Ghiorso (1915- ). The element was named for Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901-54). Fermi made many important scientific discoveries in his life, and was a leader of the U.S. effort to build the world's first fission (atomic) bomb during World War II.

SYMBOL
Fm

ATOMIC NUMBER
100

ATOMIC MASS
257.0951

FAMILY
Actinide
Transuranium element

PRONUNCIATION
FER-me-um

Physical and chemical properties

Too little fermium has been prepared to allow scientists to determine its physical and chemical properties.

Extraction

Fermium is not extracted from the Earth's crust.

ENRICO Fermi | Italian-born physicist

F ermium was named after Italian-born physicist Enrico Fermi (1901-54). Fermi taught physics and did research at the University of Rome from 1926 to 1938. During this period, he learned how to use neutrons to change elements from one form (isotope) to another. He received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1938 for these discoveries.

The year he received the Nobel Prize was a difficult time in Europe. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) had just come to power in Italy. Mussolini followed many of the same unjust policies as did Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) in Germany. One of these policies was anti-Semitism (hostility toward Jews). Fermi, whose wife was Jewish, began to worry about what might happen if they stayed in Italy. Like many other scientists in Europe, he finally decided to come to the United States, where he took a job at Columbia University in New York.

Soon after his arrival in the United States, Fermi's experience with neutrons proved to be very valuable. The U.S. government had undertaken a huge research program called the Manhattan Project. The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to find a way to build an atomic bomb. Fermi was placed in charge of one part of that project.

Fermi's responsibility was to find a way to study the reaction that occurs when uranium atoms are bombarded by neutrons. His team did most of this research at the University of Chicago. On December 2, 1942, the team made an important breakthrough. They produced the first self-sustaining chain reaction in history. A self-sustaining chain reaction is one in which neutrons split uranium atoms apart. Large amounts of energy are produced in the reaction. Additional neutrons are also formed. These neutrons can be used to make the reaction repeat over and over again. The reaction eventually formed the basis of the first atomic bombs built three years later.

After the war, Fermi returned to the University of Chicago as professor of physics. He died at the early age of 53 of stomach cancer. In his honor, the U.S. government created the Enrico Fermi Award for accomplishments in nuclear physics.

Isotopes

All isotopes of fermium are radioactive. The most stable isotope is fermium-257. Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. Isotopes differ from each other according to their mass number.

The number written to the right of the element's name is the mass number. The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. The number of protons determines the element, but the number of neutrons in the atom of any one element can vary. Each variation is an isotope.

The half life of fermium-257 is 20.1 hours. The half life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of a sample of the element to break down. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. For example, suppose 100 grams of fermium-257 is made. Fifty grams of the isotope would be left about one day (20.1 hours) later. After another day (another 20.1 hours), only 25 grams of the isotope would remain.

Occurrence in nature

Fermium does not occur naturally in the Earth's crust.

Uses

Fermium is sometimes used in scientific research, but it has no commercial applications.

Compounds

There are no commercially important compounds of fermium.

Health effects

Scientists know too little about fermium to be aware of its health effects. As a radioactive element, however, it does pose a threat to human health.

Fermium

melting point: 1800K
boiling point: unknown
density: unknown
most common ions: Fm ³⁺, Fm ²⁺

Fermium, the eleventh member of the actinide series, was discovered in 1952. Fermium (element 100), together with einsteinium (element 99), were unexpectedly produced in the explosion of the first U.S. thermonuclear device, "Mike," tested at Eniwetok Atoll in the South Pacific on November 1, 1952. Fermium was first identified in the form of the ²⁵⁵Fm (half-life 20 hours). The name fermium was chosen for element 100, in honor of the great physicist Enrico Fermi. Fermium isotopes of masses 242 through 260 are known. All are radioactive, decaying via α -particle emission, electron capture, and spontaneous fission . The isotope of mass 258 has the shortest half-life (0.4 milliseconds), and that of mass 257 has the longest (100.5 days). It is noteworthy that a predominantly symmetric mass division (during spontaneous fission) was first observed in ²⁵⁹Fm. The ground state electronic configuration of the gaseous fermium atom is [Rn]5f¹²7s², analogous to that of its lanthanide homologue (erbium). The most stable ion in aqueous solution is Fm³⁺, although Fm²⁺ and Fm⁴⁺ have been reported. However, the claim of the identification of the latter two ions has not been substantiated. As with einsteinium, divalency is seen in the metal .

see also Actinium; Berkelium; Einsteinium; Fermi, Enrico; Lawrencium; Mendelevium; Neptunium; Nobelium; Plutonium; Protactinium; Radioactivity; Rutherfordium; Thorium; Transactinides; Transmutation; Uranium.

Darleane C. Hoffman

Bibliography

Ghiorso, Albert; Thompson, S. G.; Higgins, G. H.; et al. (1955). "New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 and 100." Physical Review 99:1048[L].

Hoffman, Darleane C.; Ghiorso, Albert; and Seaborg, Glenn T. (2000). The Transuranium People: The Inside Story. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

Seaborg, Glenn T., and Loveland, Walter D. (1990). The Elements beyond Uranium. New York: Wiley.

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fer·mi·um / ˈfermēəm; ˈfər-/ • n. the chemical element of atomic number 100, a radioactive metal of the actinide series. Fermium does not occur naturally and was discovered in 1953 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion. (Symbol: Fm)

fermium (symbol Fm) Radioactive metallic transuranic element of the actinide series. US nuclear scientist Albert Ghiorso (1915– ) and colleagues identified it in 1952 as a decay product of U²⁵⁵ from the first large hydrogen bomb explosion. Ten isotopes have subsequently been identified. Properties: at.no. 100; most stable isotope Fm²⁵⁷ (half-life 80 days).