Chambers, Paul

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Paul Chambers

Bassist

New York and Miles Davis Quintet

Solo Recording Artist

Further Explorations with Davis and Coltrane

Left Daviss Band

Selected discography

Sources

Upon winning Down Beat magazines 1956 New Star Award, jazz bassist Paul Chambers entered the national spotlight as one of the finest young talents of the hard bop jazz scene. Best known for his eight-year tenure with Miles Davis, Chambers appeared as a guest recording artist with numerous musicians, including the debut albums of John Coltrane, Kenny Burrell, and Cannonball Adderly. His bass bow style was largely responsible for carrying forth the bowing approach pioneered by Jimmy Blanton, an early bassist with the Duke Ellington Orchestra, and reintroducing the arco or bowed style as a featured technique in the modern jazz idiom.

Paul Laurence Dunbar Chambers, Jr. was born on April 22, 1935, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While attending the Pittsburgh school system, Chambers took up music after one of his instructors selected him to play baritone horn. Following the death of his mother in 1948, Chambers went to live with his father in Detroit, where he switched to tuba and eventually pursued the study of the double bass. By 1952 he was receiving private lessons from a bassist in the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and, while attending Cass Technical High School, played in the schools symphony orchestra. During this time, Chamberss formal symphonic training coincided with a strong interest in bebop jazz. I started to listen to Charlie Parker and Bud Powell at age fifteen, recalled Chambers in Down Beat At first I played along with records and I used to try to pick out some of the things Parkerwould do. As jazz critic Leonard Feather pointed out in the liner notes to the album Whims of Chambers, Oscar Pettiford and Ray Brown, the first bassists [Chambers] admired, were followed in his book by Percy Heath, Milt Hinton and Wendell Marshall for their rhythm section work, Charles Mingus and George Duvivier for their technical powers and their efforts in broadening the scope of jazz bass. [Jimmy] Blanton, of course, is his all-time favorite.

Chamberss musical aspirations, however, were not shared by his father, who insisted he become a professional baseball player. When Chambers attempted to practice his instrument at the family home, his father expressed his disapproval by throwing his school-practice bass down the stairs. Determined to become a bassist, Chambers pursued his musical studies at the homes of pianists Hugh Lawson and Barry Harris. Chambers then embarked on a musical apprenticeship in Detroits flourishing jazz club scene, performing with such artists as Thad Jones and Kenny Burrell at Kleins Show Bar, the Rouge Lounge, and the Bluebird Inn.

New York and Miles Davis Quintet

In 1955 Chambers went on tour with saxophonist Paul Vice Pres Quinchette. After his stint with Quinchette, he moved to New York and joined a group led by trombonists J.J. Johnson and Kai Winding. He then worked with pianist Benny Greens combo and George Wallingtons group at Greenwich Villages Cafe Bohemiaa unit comprised of saxophonist Jackie McLean, trumpeter Donald Byrd, and drummer Art Taylor. Soon after, McLean brought Chambers to the attention of Miles Davis, who was seeking a bassist for his quintet. Everybody was raving about Paul, recalled Davis in his memoir Miles.

After hearing Chambers, Davis immediately hired the young bassist for his quintet, which featured saxophonist Sonny Rollins, pianist Red Garland, and drummer Philly Joe Jones. As Jack Chambers noted in Milestones I, Davis must have known from the beginning that he had put together a rhythm section of great potential. Chambers fitted in immediately with Garland and Jones. Following a few rehearsals, Daviss quintet opened at Cafe Bohemia. Paul Chambers was the baby of the group, commented Davis in Miles, being only twenty, but he was playing like he had been around forever.

By September of 1955 Rollins left Daviss quintet and was replaced by Philadelphia-born saxophonist John

For the Record

Born Paul Laurence Dunbar Chambers, Jr. April 22, 1935, in Pittsburgh, PA; died January 4, 1969, in New York, NY; son of Paul Laurence Chambers and Ann Dunbar; children: Renee, Eric.

Performed in Detroit jazz scene early 1950s; toured with Paul Quinchette 1955; moved to New York in 1955 and performed with the band of pianist George Wallington; joined Miles Davis Quintet in the fall of 1955; left Davis group in 1963 and formed trio with Wynton Kelly and Jimmy Cobb; freelanced with various groups until death of tuberculosis in 1969.

Awards: Down Beat New Star Award, 1956.

Coltrane. In October of the same year, the newly formed quintet made their first recordings for Columbia while Miles was still under contract with Prestige. The groups first issued album, recorded in November of 1955, emerged as a set of fine ballads entitled Miles. In his original review of the album, Nat Hentoff, as quoted in the book Milestones I, stated that Chambers lays down a rhythm that could carry an army band. The quintet subsequently recorded two 1956 sessions for Prestige which produced the albums Cookiri and Relaxin. In describing the former album in Hard Bop, David Rosenthalwrote: Garland, Chambers, and Jones comprised one of the most cohesive rhythm sections in the history of jazz, a trio closely attuned to each other and to Davis and Coltrane.

Material from the sessions also yielded two more albums, Workin and Steamin. With these early sessions, wrote Bill Cole in Miles: The Early Years, Paul Chambers was setting the standard of double bass playing that would not be easily matched. Cole also noted the close working relationship between Chambers and his bandleader: If Miles was going up the register, Chambers would be moving right along with him, suddenly stepping to a lower octave, giving the solo a funky street feeling.

Solo Recording Artist

With the periodic absence of Coltrane in March 1956, Davis brought in Sonny Rollins to record Miles Davis Allstars, a session backed by Chambers, pianist Tommy Flanagan, and drummer Art Taylor. As observed in Modern Jazz, The Flanagan-Chambers-Taylor rhythm section was probably the lightest, most distinct rhythm section modern jazz had enjoyed up to that time. Paul Chambers brought a large, dark, buoyant, sound to the group. During his stint with Daviss quintet, Chambers also recorded several solo albums. In 1955 he cut In Transition with guest artists Pepper Adams and John Coltrane, who also appeared on his 1956 solo efforts Paul Chambers and Whims of Chambers, an effort which broughttogetherthe talents of Donald Byrd, John Coltrane, Kenny Burrell, Horace Silver, and Philly Joe Jones. His 1957 release, Bass on Top, featured Burrell and pianist Hank Jones.

In 1956 Chambers, Garland, Philly Joe Jones, and John Coltrane made a guest appearance on Sonny Rollinss Prestige album Tenor Madness. In September of 1957 Coltrane assembled the musicians for his only Blue Note album, Blue Train. Free to select his sidemen for the recording, Coltrane called upon Chambers and another former Detroiter, trombonist Curtis Fuller. The rhythm section comprised of [pianist] Kenny Drew, Paul Chambers, and Philly Joe Jones is superb, wrote Robert Levin in the albums liner notes. Drew is a blues rooted pianist with a swinging cohesive technique. Chambers and Jones are known primarily for their sparkling work with Miles Davis. Fuller, who often rehearsed with Coltrane, recalled in Thinking Jazz his creative association with Chambers: Paul Chambers lived all the way in Brooklyn, and he would get in the subway and, gig or no gig, he would come over and practice. He got this thing from KoussevitskyPoloniase in D Minorand hed say, Hey Curtis, lets play thisone.It wasnt written as a duet, but he would run that down together for three of four hours. A couple of days later, wed come back and play it again. The whole thing was just so beautiful, the camaraderie.

During May of 1957, Chambers played bass on Daviss album Miles Ahead, a session for a large ensemble arranged by Gil Evans. In Miles Davis: The Early Years, Bill Cole discussed the role of the bass on Daviss and Evanss jazz orchestral effort: [Chambers] plays many sequences with the tuba which are moving in opposite directions, handling them flawlessly in excellent intonation. In the summer of 1957, Chambers toured with Daviss group, which featured Sonny Rollins, Red Garland, and drummer Art Taylor. With the departure of Rollins and Taylor, Davis rehired Philly Joe Jones and eventually assembled a sextet fronted by the saxophones of Coltrane and Cannonball Adderly. Davis credited Chambers with, as stated in his memoir Miles, the pivotal role of anchoring all [the] creative tension between the horns. Backed by the Garland-Chambers-Jones rhythm section, the sextet recorded Daviss 1958 album Milestones. In the albums liner notes, Charles Edward Smith wrote that Chamberss rare beauty of tone is combined, in his playing, with an extraordinary technical gift and, underlying it, such a strong sense of swing that he could carry the rhythm all by himself.

In Marchof 1958 Chambers and drummer Jimmy Cobb, along with pianist Tommy Flanagan, made up the rhythm section for the album Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane. Included on the album is Flanagans number Big Paul dedicated to Chambers. Paul Chambers walking introduction to the tune, observed Joe Goldberg in the albums liner notes, brings back an entire era. Flanagan and Cobb slip easily under him, as if they have all the time in the world. After Philly Joe Jones left Daviss band in May 1958, Cobb joined Daviss quintet. In July and August of 1958, Davis and arranger Gil Evans brought in Chambers and tubaist Bill Barber to provide the low-end accompaniment for his orchestral jazz album Porgy and Bess. On the numbers The Buzzard Song and Bess, You Is My Woman Now, observed Barry Kernfield in The Blackwell Guide to Recorded Jazz, Chambers and Barber are paired together, but not as bass instruments; instead they play a jumpy low-pitched melody intended to blend with Evanss score for the brass and woodwinds sections.

Further Explorations with Davis and Coltrane

During February 1959, the Kelly-Chambers-Cobb section backed Cannonball Adderly for his album Cannon-ball Adderly Quintet in Chicago. In March and April of the same year, Chambers and Cobb served as the core rhythm section for Daviss album Kind of Blue. One of the most influential recordings of the decade, Kind of Blue produced two standards, So What and All Blues, both of which contain brilliant introductory statements by Chambers and pianist Bill Evans. Chamberss bass work on So What and All Blues became jazz classics that have found their way into the repertoire of nearly every modern jazz ensemble.

A month following the KindofBluesession in 1959, Kelly and Chambers rejoined drummer Art Taylor for John Coltranes groundbreaking album Giant Steps. On Naima Chambers provides the accompaniment on a composition that echoed Coltranes later harmonic explorations. On Giant Steps Coltrane paid tribute to his friend Paul Chambers by including the minor blues entitled Mr. P.C. In the albums liner notes Nat Hentoff wrote: Paul Chambers provides excellent support [and] for insight into the bass function, it might be valuable to go through the record once, paying attention primarily to Paul.

In 1960 Chambers continued his path as a studio musician. Within a ten-piece band setting, which included drummer Roy Haynes, he appeared on Oliver Nelsons acclaimed MCA album Blues and the Abstract Truth. He also appeared on Art Peppers Gettin It Together and Hank Mobleys Roll Call and Work Out, which found Chambers in the company of Wynton Kelly, Philly Joe Jones, and guitarist Grant Green.

Left Daviss Band

For Miles Daviss recording of the 1959 album Someday My Prince Will Come, Chambers and drummer Jimmy Cobb joined Jamaican-born pianist Wynton Kelly. The Kelly-Chambers-Cobb rhythm section also backed Davis for his historic 1961 live recordings at San Franciscos Blackhawk. That same year, the sections contributions were honored in the 1961 Down Beat poll that awarded Daviss unit Best Combo. While on the west coast in June 1962, the Kelly-Chambers Cobbrhythm sectionjoined by saxophonist Johnny Griffinbacked Wes Montgomery for a live performance which appeared as Montgomerys Riverside album Full House.

In 1963 Chambers and Kelly left Daviss band. Davis later related, in Miles, the cause for Chamberss and Kellys departure: I was having trouble with them because they wanted more money and wanted to play their own musicand by this time they were in great demand. Soon afterward, Cobb also left Davis and joined Chambers and Kelly in the formation of a critically acclaimed trio.

In 1965 Chambers and drummer Art Blakey backed Hank Mobley for his album The Turnaround. In The Guide to Classic Recorded Jazz, Tom Piazza described the recording as a strongly swinging set in which Mobleys toughest edge is brought out. Two years later, Chambers recorded several albums with saxophonist Sonny Criss and worked with pianist Barry Harris at New Yorks West Boondock Club. After years of heavy substance abuse, Chambers died from tuberculosis on January 4, 1969.

In the liner notes to Giant Steps, John Coltrane proclaimed Chambers one of the greatest bass players in jazz. Indebted to earlier stylists such as Oscar Pettiford, Percy Heath, and Charles Mingus, Chambers pursued an individual style that accompanied hundreds of the finest jazz men of the hard bop school. Chamberss use of micro-tones, pitch inflection, and inventive chromatic figures exemplified an approach that scholars have termed a lyrical bass style. He was the master of tempo, observed Bill Cole in John Coltrane, playing in any combination of changes and syncopated lines, and when he applied his revolutionary technique to medium tempo blues he was an unbeatable accompanist. With numerous and exceptional recordings to his credit, Chamberss musicianship continues to serve as a model for those who continue to pursue the art of jazz double bass.

Selected discography

High Step, Blue Note, 1955.

In Transition, Transition, 1955.

A Delegation from the East: Chambers Music, Jazz West, 1956.

Just For Love, 1956.

Whims Of Chambers, Blue Note, 1956.

Bass on Top, Blue Note, 1957.

Chambers Music, Blue Note, 1957.

The East/West Controversy, Xanadu, 1957.

Paul Chambers Quintet, Blue Note, 1957.

Ease It, Affinity, 1959.

Go, Vee Jay, 1959.

1stBassman, Chameleon, 1960.

With Miles Davis

Miles, Prestige, 1956.

Relaxin, Prestige, 1956.

Cookin, Prestige, 1956.

Workin, Prestige, 1956.

Steamin, Prestige, 1956.

Round About Midnight, Columbia, 1956.

Collectors Items, recorded 1956.

Miles Ahead, Columbia, 1957.

Milestones, Columbia, 1958.

Porgy and Bess, Columbia, 1958.

Sketches of Spain, Columbia, 1960.

Someday My Prince Will Come, Columbia, 1961.

Miles Davis at Carnegie Hall, Columbia, 1961.

With John Coltrane

John Coltrane, Prestige.

Coltrane Plays For Lovers, Prestige, 1956.

John Coltrane With Hank MobleyTwo Tenors, Prestige, 1956.

John ColtraneThe First Trane, Prestige, 1957.

Traneing In, Prestige, 1957.

Blue Train, Blue Note, 1957.

Lush Life, Prestige, 1958.

The Believer, Prestige, 1958.

Stardust, Prestige, 1958.

The Master, Prestige, 1958.

Bahia, Prestige, 1958.

Soul Trane, Prestige.

Kenny Burr ell and John Coltrane, 1958, reissued on Original Jazz Classics, 1987.

Bags and Trane, Atlantic, 1959.

Giant Steps, Atlantic, 1960.

With others

Presenting Cannonball Adderly Savoy, 1955.

Sonny Rollins, Tenor Madness, Prestige, 1956.

Sonny Clark, Sonnys Crib, 1957.

Lee Morgan, The Cooker, Blue Note, 1957.

Wynton Kelly, Kelly Blue, Original Jazz Classics.

Wynton Kelly, Smokin at the Half Note, Verve.

Hank Mobley, Soul Station, Blue Note.

Hank Mobley, Roll Call, Blue Note.

Johnny Griffin, A Blowin Session, Blue Note, 1957.

Johnny Griffin, Interplay For Two Tenors, Prestige, 1957.

Cannonball Adderly Quintet in Chicago, Mercury 1958, reissued as Cannonball & Coltrane, 1961.

Oliver Nelson, Blues and the Abstract Truth, MCA, 1960.

Dexter Gordon, Dexter Calling, 1960.

Kenny Durham, Whistle Stop, Blue Note, 1961.

Art Pepper Gettin It Together, Contemporary, 1961.

Wes Montgomery, Full House, Riverside, 1962.

Wes Montgomery: The Small Group Recordings.

Kenny Burrell, Jazzmen From Detroit, Savoy.

Sources

Books

Berliner, Paul F, Thinking Jazz: The Infinitive Art of Improvisation, University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Chambers, Jack, Milestones I, Beech Tree Books, 1985.

Cole, Bill, John Coltrane, Da Capo, 1993.

Cole, Bill, Miles Davis: The Early Years, Da Capo.

Davis, Miles and Quincy Troupe. Miles, The Autobiography, Simon & Schuster, 1989.

Kernfield, Barry, The Blackwell Guide, Oxford University Press, 1991.

Piazza, Tom, The Guide to Classic Recorded Jazz, University of Iowa Press, 1995.

Rosenthal, David H., Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music 1955-1965, Oxford University Press, 1992.

Periodicals

Down Beat, January 11, 1956; March 7, 1956.

Additional information for this profile taken from liner notes by Leonard Feather, Whims of Chambers; Robert Levin, Blue Train; Charles Edward Smith, Milestones; Nat Hentoff, Giant Steps; and Joe Goldberg, Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane.

Personal interview with Carl Hill, Detroit, Michigan, September, 1996.

John Cohassey

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