TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

CAPITAL: Port-of-Spain

FLAG: On a red field, a black diagonal stripe with a narrow white border on either side extends from top left to bottom right.

ANTHEM: Begins, "Forged from the love of liberty, in the fires of hope and prayer."

MONETARY UNIT: The Trinidad and Tobago dollar (tt$) is a paper currency of 100 cents. There are coins of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 cents, and 1 dollar, and notes of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100 dollars. tt$1 = us$0.15949 (us$1 = tt$6.27) as of 2005.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is official, but some imperial weights and measures are still used.

HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1 January; Carnival, 14–15 February; Emancipation Day, 1st Monday in August; Independence Day, 31 August; Republic Day, 24 September; Christmas, 25 December; Boxing Day, 26 December. Movable holidays include Carnival, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Whitmonday, Corpus Christi, 'Id al-Fitr, and Dewali.

TIME: 8 am = noon GMT.

LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT

Situated off the northeast coast of South America at the extreme southern end of the Lesser Antilles, the islands of Trinidad and Tobago cover an area of 5,128 sq km (1,981 sq mi). Comparatively, the area occupied by Trinidad and Tobago is slightly smaller than the state of Delaware. Trinidad, the main island, rectangular in shape, has an area of 4,828 sq km (1,863 sq mi), extending 143 km (89 mi) n–s and 61 km (38 mi) e–w. Cigar-shaped Tobago, 31 km (19 mi) northeast of Trinidad, has an area of 300 sq km (116 sq mi), a length of 42 km (26 mi) ne–sw, and an average width of 12 km (7.5 mi) nw–se. Sixteen small islands are found off the coasts. The Atlantic Ocean is to the e and the Caribbean Sea to the w. Venezuela lies only 11 km (7 mi) sw across the shallow Gulf of Paria.

Trinidad and Tobago have a coastline length of 362 km (225 mi). The capital city of Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain, is located on Trinidad's Gulf of Paria coast.

TOPOGRAPHY

Trinidad is geologically part of South America and its topography is similar to that of the adjoining Orinoco section of Venezuela. Three hill ranges, trending east–west, cross the island roughly through the northern, central, and southern parts, respectively. The Northern Range, a continuation of the mountains of the Paria Peninsula of Venezuela, is the most extensive and rugged of the three and has peaks rising above 900 m (3,000 ft). The highest peaks on Trinidad are El Cerro del Aripo (940 m/3,084 ft) and El Tucuche (936 m/3,071 ft). Hills in the Central Range rise just over 300 m (1,000 ft). Those in the Southern Range are somewhat lower. In between these hill ranges is level or gently rolling flatland, dissected by small streams flowing from the hills. Extensive swamp areas, some of them mangrove, are found along the east, south, and west coasts. Trinidad has the world's largest natural asphalt bog, the 46-hectare (114-acre) Pitch Lake, on the southwestern coast.

Tobago is geologically part of the Lesser Antilles, and its topography, generally more irregular and rugged than Trinidad's, resembles that of Grenada, St. Vincent, and other volcanic islands to the north. A central volcanic hill core rising to over 550 m (1,800 ft) fills most of the island and reaches the sea in many places. Patches of a narrow coastal plain are scattered here and there; much of the island's limited level land is concentrated in its southwestern tip.

CLIMATE

There is little variation in temperature conditions through the year. The mean annual temperature for the entire nation is 21°c (70°f). In Port-of-Spain the annual average is 25°c (77°f), with an average minimum of 20°c (68°f) and an average maximum of 30°c (86°f) in January; the July range is 23–31°c (73–88°f). Increasing elevation in Trinidad's Northern Range causes a corresponding decrease in temperature. Nights are generally cool.

In the northern and central hill areas and on Tobago, annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm (98.4 in) and probably exceeds 380 cm (150 in) in specific areas. Most hilly sections receive 200 cm (80 in) or more, while in the lowlands the average drops below 165 cm (65 in) and in certain sections below 125 cm (50 in). There is a relatively dry season from about January to May and a wet season from June to December. The dry period is not, however, a season of drought, for rain still falls every few days in most areas.

FLORA AND FAUNA

The plant and animal life of Trinidad, like the geology of the island, resembles that of neighboring Venezuela. Tobago, by contrast, shows in its flora and fauna its connection with the volcanic Lesser Antillean arc. There are distinct altitudinal variations in indigenous plant life on both islands. The natural vegetation includes wild flowers, many flowering shrubs and trees, palms, giant aroids, and large broad-leaved varieties. Natural animal life includes a few species of mammals, monkeys among them, and many reptiles and birds. As of 2002, there were at least 100 species of mammals, 131 species of birds, and over 2,250 species of plants throughout the country.

ENVIRONMENT

Among environmental problems, pollution from oil spills is the most serious. Water pollution is also caused by mining by-products, pesticides, fertilizers, sewage, and saltwater. Soil erosion has occurred, in part, because of the clearing of land for farming. Environmental responsibility is vested in the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. In 1989, the Ministry of the Environment and National Service was formed to regulate the nation's treatment of its natural environment.

On the west coast of Trinidad is the Caroni Bird Sanctuary, famed for its marshland and mangroves, where flocks of scarlet ibis roost. Little Tobago is reputed to be the only place aside from New Guinea where the bird of paradise lives in the wild. The nation has three Ramsar wetland sites. According to a 2006 report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), threatened species included 1 type of mammal, 2 species of birds, 5 types of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 15 species of fish, and 1 species of plant. Endangered species on Trinidad include the Trinidad piping guan, tundra peregrine falcon, loggerhead turtle, and red siskin.

POPULATION

The population of Trinidad and Tobago in 2005 was estimated by the United Nations (UN) at 1,305,000, which placed it at number 148 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In 2005, approximately 7% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 21% of the population under 15 years of age. There were 97 males for every 100 females in the country. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2005–10 was expected to be 0.7%, a rate the government viewed as satisfactory. The projected population for the year 2025 was 1,343,000. The overall population density was 254 per sq km (659 per sq mi), but the majority of the population resides on the island of Trinidad.

An almost continuous urban area extends from Port-of-Spain eastward to Tunapuna, westward, and northward into the Northern Range. About one-third of the population lives in Port-of-Spain or its suburbs or within 16 km (10 mi) of them. The UN estimated that 74% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that urban areas were growing at an annual rate of 0.77%. The capital city, Port-of-Spain, had a population of 55,000 in that year. The second most important town is San Fernando, with a population of 55,419. The remainder of Trinidad and virtually all of Tobago are sparsely settled. Scarborough, the main town of Tobago, has a population of approximately 4,500.

MIGRATION

Lack of opportunity has encouraged the migration of numbers of people to the United Kingdom, the United States, and occasionally to other places abroad. In 1990 there were 119,000 people in the United States who had been born in Trinidad and Tobago, up from 66,000 in 1980. This movement, however, has been counter-balanced by immigration from other islands in the Lesser Antilles, mainly from Grenada and St. Vincent, where lack of opportunity is far more critical. Some of this immigration has been legal, some not. Migration from Tobago to Trinidad is common. The number of migrants in 2000 was 41,000. Worker remittances in 2001 were $40.9 million.

As of 2004 Trinidad and Tobago did not host any refugees or asylum seekers. However, the lack of a national refugee law is a cause for concern as Trinidad and Tobago are likely to experience increased numbers of asylum seekers due to increased extra-regional migration and migrant trafficking through the Caribbean. In 2005, the net migration rate was estimated as -10.87 migrants per 1,000 population.

ETHNIC GROUPS

The population is mainly comprised of Afro Trinidadians (the descendants of former black slaves), Indo Trinidadians (East Indians originally brought to the island as contract laborers from northern India), whites, and Chinese, many of whom are racially and culturally intermixed. The total population according to the 2000 census is about 40% Indo Trinidadian, 37.5% Afro Trinidadian, 20.5% mixed, 1.2% other, and about 0.8% unspecified.

While African and East Indians on Trinidad are economically interdependent, each community retains its cultural individuality: this is a life that has been called coexistence without assimilation. Intermarriage is rare, and facial and other bodily characteristics still separate the two groups, as do occupation, diet, religion, residence, agricultural landscape, sometimes dress, and often politics. Africans are dominant in the urban areas, in the oil fields, in the poorer agricultural areas of the north, east, and southeast, and on Tobago. East Indians are dominant in the best agricultural regions. Although outnumbered in Port-of-Spain and San Fernando, urban East Indians are apt to be economically better off than the urban Africans and tend to be highly involved in commerce, industry, and the professions.

LANGUAGES

English is the official language; an English patois, characterized by numerous foreign words and the special pronunciations of the islands, is understood everywhere. Here and there, a French patois and Spanish are used. In rural village areas, notably in the southern part of Trinidad, East Indians, especially of the older generation, use Hindi and, less frequently, Urdu, Tamil, and Telegu.

RELIGIONS

Christian churches are found on both islands; Hindu temples and Muslim mosques in the recognizable architectural styles of southern Asia are found on Trinidad. According to official statistics last taken in 2000, the population was roughly 26% Roman Catholic, 24.6% Protestant, 22.5% Hindu, and 5.8% Muslim. Primary Protestant denominations include Anglican, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist. Other Christian groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, are also represented. A small number of people are believed to practice traditional Caribbean religions in conjunction with other faiths, including the Shouter Baptists and the Orisha. About 1.9% of the population were atheists. There are small groups who practice other faiths, including Baha'is, Rastafarians, Buddhists, and Jews.

Complete freedom and equality are enjoyed by all religious groups. Certain Christian, Hindu, and Muslim holidays are celebrated as national holidays. The Inter-Religious Organization is a nongovernmental group that promotes interfaith dialogue and understanding and sponsors activities of public outreach. The government maintains a good relationship with this organization and supports many of its activities.

TRANSPORTATION

In 2002, there were 8,320 km (5,170 mi) of roads, of which 4,252 km (2,642 mi) were paved. The more densely settled sections of both islands are served by reasonably adequate roads, but large sections of Tobago either have no motorable roads or are connected by narrow, tortuous, and poorly surfaced ones. In 2003, registered motor vehicles included 297,020 passenger cars and 38,275 commercial vehicles. The Public Service Transport Corp. is responsible for road transport. Trinidad's lone remaining railway, from Port-of-Spain to San Juan, was closed down in 1968.

The largest port installation for passengers and cargo is at Port-of-Spain. Brighton is an important port for oil and asphalt loading, and there are also oil terminals at Chaguaramas, Pointe-à-Pierre, and Point Fortin. A deep-water port at Point Lisas accommodates energy-based industries at the Point Lisas industrial estate. Numerous steamship lines regularly schedule freight and passenger services from Europe and the Americas. Regularly scheduled coastal vessels connect Port-of-Spain with Scarborough. The main shipping line is the West Indies Shipping Service. In 2005, Trinidad and Tobago had six merchant ships of 1,000 GRT or more, with a total of 7,178 GRT.

Air facilities are concentrated at Piarco International Airport, about 26 km (16 mi) southeast of Port-of-Spain. There is a secondary main airport at Crown Point, on the western tip of Tobago. In 2004, there were six airports and airfields, three of which had paved runways as of 2005. Trinidad and Tobago Airways—owned by the government and formed by the merger of British West Indian Airways (BWIA) International and Trinidad and Tobago Air Services in 1980—operates domestic, regional, and international services. In 2003, about 1.084 million passengers were carried on scheduled domestic and international airline flights.

HISTORY

Arawak Indians inhabited what they knew as the "Land of the Hummingbird" before the arrival on 31 July 1498 of Christopher Columbus, who called the island La Trinidad, or "The Trinity." The Spanish took little interest in the island and did not appoint a governor until 1532. Thereafter, Spanish colonists gradually came, but skirmishes with local Amerindians and raids by other Europeans, including Sir Walter Raleigh, made it difficult for the Spanish to obtain a foothold there. During the early European period, the island acted as a supply and transshipment center for Spanish traders and fortune seekers in South America. In time, colonists established plantations and imported slave labor from West Africa.

In 1797, a British expedition from Martinique captured Trinidad, which Spain ceded formally to Great Britain in 1802 by the Treaty of Amiens, and Trinidad became a crown colony. During the late Spanish period and through most of the 19th century, sugar dominated as the island's main agricultural product. The emancipation of slaves in 1834 brought severe labor shortages, and between 1845 and 1917, the colonial government brought in more than 150,000 contract workers, mostly Hindus and some Muslims from India, to replace the slaves. With added labor supplies and new techniques, the cocoa industry thrived, and by the late 19th century cocoa had joined sugar as a major export crop. The discovery of petroleum in south Trinidad in 1910 led to its addition as an important export, and since then it has assumed central economic importance, complemented beginning in the late 1990s by increasing natural gas exports.

Columbus also discovered Tobago in 1498 and it too received little attention from Europeans for many years. British from Barbados first colonized the island in 1616, but the local Carib Indians soon drove this group out. Other colonists followed shortly, however, and during the next 200 years the island changed hands many times among the Dutch, French, and British. Finally, in 1814, the British crown gained possession, which it maintained for a century and a half. The British first ruled Tobago as a separate colony, but during much of the 19th century administered the island from the Windward Islands government. It became a crown colony in 1877 and in 1888 was amalgamated with Trinidad under the name of Trinidad and Tobago.

In 1958, Jamaica, Barbados, and the British Windward and Leeward Islands formed the Federation of the West Indies. Arguments over distributive issues soon undermined the federal idea: Jamaica withdrew in 1961, followed closely by Trinidad and Tobago. On 31 August 1962, Trinidad and Tobago became independent but retained membership in the (British) Commonwealth. Eric Williams, the founder of the People's National Movement (PNM), became prime minister in 1961 and was regularly reelected until his death in 1981. Williams survived an attempted coup by "Black Power" elements as well as army supporters in 1970. In 1976, Trinidad and Tobago declared itself a republic, and a president replaced the British monarch as chief of state. In 1980, Tobago attained a degree of self-government when it was granted its own House of Assembly.

Trinidad and Tobago's politics has been marked by intense competition between the main ethnic groups—African and East Indian. Each group represents about 40% of the population (persons of mixed, European, Chinese, and Syrian-Lebanese origin comprise the other 20 percent). The PNM held on to power after the death of Eric Williams, but was ousted in 1986 by an alliance of African, Indian, and mixed groups melded into the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR). A.N.R. Robinson, leader of the NAR, became prime minister. However, the alliance soon fell apart, and the Indian faction went on to form the United National Congress (UNC). As the economy entered into a difficult period of structural adjustment, dissatisfaction with the government grew. In July 1990, a black Muslim group, the Jamaat-al-Muslimeen, laid siege to the parliament in a failed coup that killed 25 and destroyed a large swath of the capital Port-of-Spain. In 1991, a reconstructed PNM returned to power under younger leadership. In 1995 Prime Minister Patrick Manning called early elections, hoping to increase his parliamentary majority. Instead, the PNM was replaced by the country's first Indian government led by Basdeo Panday. In turn, this government's tenure was plagued by rising corruption and crime. Although the UNC was reelected in 2000, intraparty divisions reduced its parliamentary majority and led to the calling of fresh elections in 2001. That election resulted in a stalemate. The president then selected the PNM's Manning as prime minister. Elections held in 2002 confirmed the PNM's majority.

Economically, the country emerged from structural adjustment in the 1990s and both the UNC and PNM governments moved firmly ahead in courting foreign investment, dismantling trade barriers, and privatizing the economy. Highly industrialized Trinidad ranks in the top 50 countries in terms of oil reserves and the top third in terms of proven natural gas reserves. The country's external linkages are broad, but focused particularly on the United States and the regional Caribbean Community, as well as deepening linkages with Latin America.

GOVERNMENT

Historically, active participation in government by the nonwhite (black and East Indian) population began in 1925, when for the first time elected representatives were included in the otherwise appointed Legislative Council that ruled the colony. Over the years the proportion of elected members increased and a fully electoral self-government came in December 1961. In 1976, Trinidad and Tobago amended its 1961 constitution. The 1976 draft preserved the bicameral legislature but replaced the crown-appointed governor-general with a ceremonial president chosen by parliament. In 1976 as well, suffrage was lowered to the age of 18.

The House of Representatives is the more important of the two houses. Its 36 members are elected for five-year terms, but new elections can be called by the prime minister or by the House itself in a vote of "no confidence" in the cabinet. The party with a majority of seats in the House forms the government. The Senate consists of 31 members, all appointed by the president, 16 on the advice of the prime minister, 6 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 9 discretionary, based on consultation with various religious, economic, and social groups.

The head of the government is the prime minister, who is leader of the majority party. Cabinet ministers are appointed primarily from the House of Representatives by the president, acting on the prime minister's recommendations. George Maxwell Richards was elected president in 2003 with 43% of the votes and Patrick Manning was appointed prime minister in 2001. The next presidential elections were to be held in 2008.

Calls for constitutional reform have intensified over the years. One of the issues that calls out for attention was the authoritarian control exercised by prime ministers under the current system, which is based on Britain's Westminster model. Moreover, the winner-take-all system does not allow for representation of groups that may be large in number but concentrated geographically. Finally, with a few exceptions, minor parties have been unable to play an effective role.

POLITICAL PARTIES

The People's National Movement (PNM), formed in 1956 by Eric Williams, brought order to an individual-based political system that had hitherto operated in Trinidad and Tobago. Given the party's strong support among the black masses, the opposition coalesced around an Indian-based party, the Democratic Labor Party (DLP). However, the DLP had no success in elections. In fact, as a result of a split in both the ruling and opposition parties and the ensuing boycott by the opposition of the elections, the PNM won all 36 seats in the House of Representatives in an election in 1970. Two members of the PNM who defected in 1972 eventually formed a token opposition.

In the 1976 elections, the PNM won with 24 seats. However, the DLP's successor, the United Labour Front (ULF), a trade union-based party with an East Indian base in the sugar belt, won 10 seats, enough to become an effective opposition. The Democratic Action Congress (DAC), formed by the Tobago-based breakaway PNM faction, won the remaining two seats representing Tobago.

In the election of 1981, despite the loss of its leader, the PNM continued its dominance with 26 seats. The opposition ULF, the DAC, and the small Tapia House Movement formed a coalition party, the Trinidad and Tobago National Alliance (TTNA), and won 10 seats. A separate party, the Organization for National Reconstruction (ONR), founded in 1980, drew enough support from the business elite and Creole groups to win 22.3% of the vote but no seats. This election was also contested, albeit unsuccessfully, by the National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), a Black Power group entering conventional politics for the first time.

In 1986, the opposition ONR-TTNA unified to form the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR). The NAR swept to power with 33 seats to the PNM's three. Two years later, factionalization and racial antagonisms led to the dismissal of the leader of the ULF and two of his supporters. These went on to form the United National Congress (UNC). In 1991, the PNM returned to office, winning 21 of 36 seats. The NAR received 2 (Tobago) seats, and the UNC 13. In 1995, the UNC and PNM won 17 seats each, allowing the UNC to come to power in a coalition with the NAR which had again won its 2 Tobago seats. A new era in the country's electoral politics had clearly arrived, with no ethnic group expected to gain strong majorities. Basdeo Panday then appointed former prime minister and NAR leader A.N.R. Robinson to the presidency. During this time, the UNC also benefited from the defection of two PNM members. The party went on to win 19 seats in 2000 (and the PNM 16, NAR 1), but not long after, tensions increased between the prime minister and his formerly close ally the attorney general. The latter and two UNC members left the government, forcing fresh elections in 2001. As many had predicted, a stalemate resulted when the UNC and PNM each won 18 seats. In this case, however, in a controversial move, the president selected the PNM's Manning as prime minister. A year later, in 2002, the PNM consolidated its power by winning 20 seats to the UNC's 16 seats. The next legislative elections were to be held October 2007.

A large number of small parties have been established over the years, but none has been successful in gaining power. The NAR began life as a broader unit but became a small party that held no seats in parliament as of 2005. The Tobago-based DAC whose support was crucial for the NAR, left its partner in 2004. The DAC continued to have a fairly strong support base in Tobago. Overall the fate of third parties is linked to the outcome of the debate on constitutional reform that was ongoing as of 2006.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Elections are held every four years (usually about two years after a general election) for representatives to nine regional corporations, two city corporations (the main cities of Port-of-Spain and San Fernando), and three boroughs. The city and boroughs elect a mayor and city council. In addition, elections are held every four years for the House of Assembly in Tobago, which was established in 1980. Contention has historically existed between Tobago and Trinidad on issues such as the division of financial responsibilities, taxes and spending. The unpopularity of the central government's policies were reflected in the strong showing of the Tobago-based DAC party in elections to the House of Assembly between 1980 and 2004. The DAC and its successor the NAR went from controlling 8 out of 12 seats in the Assembly in 1980 to winning 11 in every other until 1996. (The PNM won the remaining seat(s) but an independent also won a seat in 1996.) It was only in 2004, with the PNM solidly back in control in Trinidad and a popular Tobagonian leading the party's efforts in the Assembly election, that the PNM won 8 seats to the NAR's 4. The new PNM hold was consolidated in 2005 when it gained 11 out of the 12 seats, with the re-formed DAC confined to only one. Governmental relations between the two islands have improved.

JUDICIAL SYSTEM

The judicial system follows common law and is modeled after the United Kingdom, with some local variations. The Supreme Court of Judicature consists of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal. The former includes a chief justice and 10 puisne judges. Its jurisdiction and its practices and procedures follow closely those of the High Court of Justice in England. Civil actions and proceedings are usually heard by only one High Court judge but may be tried by a jury of nine members. A High Court judge with a jury of 9–12 members tries criminal offences. The Court of Appeal consists of the chief justice and three other justices. Minor offenses are handled by district courts, including traffic courts. The judicial system also includes the Industrial Court and Tax Appeal Board, and a system of magistrate courts. All criminal cases are first sent to a magistrate's court. Appeals may be made to the Court of Appeal and until recently, up to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. Since 1970, however, the Caribbean countries had been considering the establishment of a regional court that would replace the Privy Council. In 2003, this Court of Justice (CCJ) was officially ratified, and in April 2005, the court was finally launched in Trinidad and Tobago where it is headquartered. Trinidad and Tobago was still completing arrangements to allow recourse to the court. The court will have both appeal jurisdiction and original jurisdiction (in which it will apply international law).

The judiciary is independent of the other branches and free from outside interference. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent and are afforded the right to representation by counsel. In practice, the civil and criminal dockets are badly backlogged due to inadequate resources and inefficiency.

In an ongoing dispute about using the death penalty, the government of Trinidad and Tobago withdrew as a party to the American Convention on Human Rights but remained obligated until May 1999 to the Organization of American States to afford all of the rights set out within the American Declaration. In June 1999 the government carried out nine executions, the first to take place in the country in five years. Trinidad and Tobago also withdrew from the UN Optional Protocol of the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, tried to rejoin with an appropriate reservation in place concerning the death penalty, but was forced after widespread criticism to withdraw again in 2000.

ARMED FORCES

The Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force numbered an estimated 2,700 in 2005. The Army, which numbered 2,000 members, consisted of two infantry battalions, one special forces unit and one support battalion. The coast guard of 700 operated 12 patrol and coastal combatants, and had an air wing of 50 personnel. Under lend-lease agreements with the United Kingdom signed early in 1941, the United States acquired several Caribbean bases, including one on Trinidad, on a 99-year lease. After local agitation over a number of years, Trinidad reclaimed the last remaining foreign base in June 1967. The defense budget in 2005 totaled $32 million.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Trinidad and Tobago became a member of the United Nations on 18 September 1962; it belongs to ECLAC and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as the FAO, UNESCO, UNIDO, the World Bank, ILO, and the WHO. The country is also a member of the ACP Group, the Commonwealth of Nations, CARICOM, the Caribbean Development Bank, G-24, G-77, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Latin American Economic System (LAES), the WTO, the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), the Association of Caribbean States (ACS), and the OAS. Trinidad and Tobago is part of the Nonaligned Movement and serves as part of the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL).

In the area of environmental protection and cooperation, Trinidad and Tobago is part of the Basel Convention, the Convention on Biological Diversity, Ramsar, CITES, International Tropical Timber Agreements, the Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, MARPOL, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change, and Desertification.

ECONOMY

Trinidad and Tobago is a twin island state with an economy oriented toward trade and tourism. The larger island, Trinidad, is more heavily industrialized and is dominated by the oil and gas sector, although agriculture, tourism, manufacturing and construction also make significant contributions. Tobago is dominated by tourism and agriculture. The country cannot feed itself and must look abroad not only for its food staples, but also for the bulk of the manufactured goods. Import payments are met by the export of petroleum and products, invisible exports, tourism, and the transshipment trade. Specialized tropical crops are produced for export, but exploitation of petroleum reserves and refining of local and imported oils and their subsequent export are the dominant factors of the country's economy.

Although by far the most prosperous of Caribbean nations, the country's high degree of dependence on oil revenues has made it exceedingly vulnerable to falling oil prices. Over the past three decades, its economic fortunes have followed the world price of oil closely. Oil revenue windfall after 1973 brought unprecedented prosperity. However, this prosperity was not sustained when oil prices began to fall in 1982. Only after a further steep decline in the price of oil in 1986 did the government face the challenge of a fundamental adjustment in economic policy and initiate a program supported by the World Bank and the IMF. The country began the difficult transition from an oil dependent, public sector dominated economy, to a more diversified, market-oriented, private sector-led one.

After a decade of almost uninterrupted economic decline, growth returned in 1995, when real GDP increased 2.4%. Growth accelerated from 3–5% in the middle of the decade to an average of 5.17% by 1998 to 2000. Trinidad and Tobago continues to experience real GDP growth as a result of economic reforms, tight monetary policy, fiscal responsibility, and high oil prices. In 2003 the country experienced a real GDP growth rate of 13.2%, followed by 6.2% growth in 2004. The economy's performance is attributable to energy-related investments, growth in the nonenergy sector (manufactured exports, domestic construction, offshore financial services) and sound macroeconomic policies. The government's stabilization policies yielded results with a fall in the annual inflation rate from double digits—13.3% in 1993—to a range of between 3.5% and 5.6% by 1996 to 2002. A surge in imports related to a boom in the hydrocarbons sector helped raise the current account deficit to an average of 10.25% of GDP in 1997 and 1998, but by 2000, this had been transformed into a current account surplus equal to almost 5% of GDP.

The global slowdown in 2001 and the world-wide declines in tourism and foreign investment after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States did not seriously impact economic growth in Trinidad and Tobago, as it did in the rest of the English-speaking Caribbean nations.

Long-term growth looks promising as Trinidad and Tobago further develops its oil and gas resources and the industries dependent on natural gas, including petrochemicals, fertilizers, iron/steel, and aluminum. Additional growth potential also exists in financial services, telecommunications, and transport. Strong growth in Trinidad and Tobago over the past few years has led to trade surpluses, even with high import levels due to industrial expansion and increased consumer demand. Unemployment, which was 12.1% in 2001, had fallen to 8.4% by 2004. Inflation, however, has begun to worsen with prices rising at an annualized rate of 7.34% in March 2005, as opposed to 5.6% in December 2004.

INCOME

The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that in 2005 Trinidad and Tobago's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $13.8 billion. The CIA defines GDP as the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year and computed on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP) rather than value as measured on the basis of the rate of exchange based on current dollars. The per capita GDP was estimated at $12,700. The annual growth rate of GDP was estimated at 6.5%. The average inflation rate in 2005 was 6.8%. It was estimated that agriculture accounted for 0.7% of GDP, industry 57%, and services 42.3%.

According to the World Bank, in 2003 remittances from citizens working abroad totaled $79 million or about $60 per capita and accounted for approximately 0.8% of GDP. Foreign aid receipts amounted to -$2 million or about -$2 per capita and accounted for approximately 0.0% of the gross national income (GNI).

The World Bank reports that in 2003 household consumption in Trinidad and Tobago totaled $6.49 billion or about $4,945 per capita based on a GDP of $10.5 billion, measured in current dollars rather than PPP. Household consumption includes expenditures of individuals, households, and nongovernmental organizations on goods and services, excluding purchases of dwellings. It was estimated that for the period 1990 to 2003 household consumption grew at an average annual rate of 2.9%. In 2001 it was estimated that approximately 20% of household consumption was spent on food, 23% on fuel, 5% on health care, and 13% on education. It was estimated that in 1992 about 21% of the population had incomes below the poverty line.

LABOR

In 2005, Trinidad and Tobago's workforce was estimated at 620,00 persons. As of 2002 (the latest year for which data was available), agriculture accounted for 6.9% of the nation's labor force, with 64.4% engaged in services, 28.4% in industry, and 0.2% in undefined occupations. Unemployment in 2005 was estimated at 8%.

The principal national labor federation is the Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress. Of nonaffiliated unions, the largest is the National Union of Government and Federated Workers. As of 2002, an estimated 25–30% of the workforce was organized into 19 labor unions. The right to strike is provided by law with the exception of those employed in essential services. There is little protective labor legislation; work rules are subject to labor-management negotiation.

A minimum wage of us$1.10 per hour was established in 1998, but it is considered insufficient to support a family. Children between the ages of 12 and 14 may work in family businesses. The normal workday is eight to nine hours, five days a week. Vacation periods vary from two to five weeks a year, depending on length of service. There is no organized exploitation of children, but they do occasionally serve in the informal economy such as working as street vendors.

AGRICULTURE

About 24% of the total land area was arable in 2003, most of it on Trinidad. There are two distinct types of agricultural operations—the large estate or plantation that is managed by a specialist and employs large numbers of laborers, and the small farm cultivated by the owner (or tenant) and family. The small farms grow mainly for the home market. Crops include corn, rice, peas, beans, potatoes, other vegetables, and a wide variety of fruits. Lowland rice is grown almost entirely by Indian farmers. The large estates are interested mainly in commercial export crops, although the small farmers also grow some export crops. Agriculture accounted for only 1% of GDP in 2003. During the 1970s and early 1980s, agriculture's traditional labor force was lured away by the booming energy sector, with foreign exchange plentiful enough to import food. By the late 1980s, however, this trend was being reversed.

The value of crops grown for the domestic market is believed to be considerably greater than that of the export crops. Sugar, the main commercial crop, is grown on a few large company-owned estates and by thousands of small farmers; modern methods allow the estates to produce about two-thirds of the sugar crop. Normally, 80% or more of the islands' production is exported. In 2004, sugarcane production was 680,000 tons. The second major export crop, cocoa, is cultivated in the hill sections of both Trinidad and Tobago. Estates produce considerably more cocoa than smallholdings, owing to better agricultural practices and to the fact that small farmers intercrop bananas, coffee, and other crops with cocoa. Cocoa production has been in decline since 1970; the output in 2004 was 1,300 tons. Coffee is grown in much the same hill areas as cocoa, and there is about the same proportion of estate-grown to small-farmer-grown coffee. Both cocoa and coffee have been described as sick industries because of inefficiency, crop disease, and uncertain world market conditions. In 2004, coffee production was 540 tons, down from 2,361 tons in 1985.

Some 90 acres (36 hectares) of ornamental flowers are also cultivated for export. Rice, citrus, corn, cassava, peanuts, and pigeon peas are now being grown to diversify agricultural output.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Livestock plays only an incidental role in the agricultural pattern. The water buffalo, adept at turning heavy, water-laden soils, has been brought from India by Indian farmers and is the major draft animal in rice cultivation and probably the most productive animal in the country. Cattle are kept by some small farmers, but the best stock is that on estates and government farms or in large dairies. Poor animals and poor breeding and feeding methods keep meat and milk quantity and quality low and prices high. Trinidad and Tobago relies heavily on dairy imports from Europe to satisfy domestic demand.

In 2005, the livestock population included an estimated 28,200,000 poultry, 29,000 head of cattle, 59,300 goats, 43,000 hogs, 3,400 sheep, and 5,700 water buffalo. Animals slaughtered at abattoirs run by the government and by municipalities yielded an estimated 57,600 tons of poultry meat, and 2,900 tons of pork in 2005.

FISHING

The fishing industry has great potential, but current production does not begin to meet local demands, and large quantities of fish must be imported. Shrimp and mackerel make up one-third of the total annual catch, with shrimp the leading fisheries export. In 2003, Trinidad and Tobago exported $10 million in fish and fish products, up from $2.4 million in 1990. In 1986, the Archipelagic Waters and Exclusive Economic Zone Act defined the sovereign fishing jurisdiction around the nation, which has created new opportunities for marine fishing off the east coast of Trinidad. The harvest in 2003 was about 9,747 tons, up from 3,730 tons in 1986.

FORESTRY

Approximately 50.5%, or 259,000 hectares (640,000 acres), of the land was forested in 2000. Roughly four-fifths of the forestland is government owned or administered; however, much of the state forestland is in hill areas, inaccessible for exploitation. Several dozen small sawmills are in operation. Roundwood production in 2004 was about 94,800 cu m (3.3 million cu ft), 36% used for fuel.

MINING

Trinidad and Tobago had the largest supply of natural asphalt, and became the second-largest exporter of ammonia, behind Russia. The island's famous Pitch Lake, a 46-hectare deposit of oozing black asphalt, has been mined commercially since the 19th century. The annual yield has declined, from an average of 200,000 metric tons in the 1960s, to 18,100 metric tons in 1996 and 9,900 metric tons in 2000. Since 2001, natural asphalt output has hovered around 16,200 metric tons. In 2003, natural asphalt output was estimated at 16,200 metric tons. In 2003, the country produced 3.529 million metric tons of anhydrous ammonia, up from 3,258,619 metric tons in 2002. Iron ore deposits of commercial value were reported to have been discovered in Trinidad's Northern Range. Quarrying operations on the islands in 2003 produced 850,000 tons of limestone, down from 851,000 tons in 2002, and 765,000 metric tons of hydraulic cement, up from 743,700 metric tons in 2002.

ENERGY AND POWER

Trinidad and Tobago is among only three countries in the Caribbean region (Cuba and the Barbados are the others) to have significant oil and natural gas reserves, with Trinidad and Tobago accounting for the bulk.

According to the Oil and Gas Journal, these three countries had combined proven crude oil reserves of 1.74 billion barrels and 28.4 trillion cu ft of natural gas in 2005. Of the three, Trinidad and Tobago had proven crude oil and natural gas reserves of 990 million barrels and 25,887 million cu ft, respectively. Total oil production in 2004 for Trinidad and Tobago averaged 165,000 barrels per day, of which 131,000 barrels per day consisted of crude oil. In 2002, total oil product output averaged 137,480 barrels per day, with demand averaging 28,320 barrels per day. Although output exceeded demand, Trinidad and Tobago averaged imports of 95,180 barrels per day, with crude oil imports accounting for an average of 91,280 barrels per day. Much of these imports that year were re-exported. Exports in that year averaged 204,410 barrels per day. Refined oil output in 2002 averaged 147,540 barrels per day.

In 2003, Trinidad and Tobago produced an estimated 25 billion cu m of natural gas. Domestic demand that year came to an estimated 13.76 billion cu m, with exports totaling an estimated 11.79 billion cu m. All the natural gas produced is used domestically. Trinidad and Tobago is the largest supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to the United States, and one of the world's largest exporters of LNG in the world.

Electric power generating capacity in 2002 for Trinidad and Tobago totaled 1.417 million kW, all of it dedicated to conventional thermal fuels. In that same year, electric power output totaled 5.747 billion kWh, with 99.5% generated by fossil fuel burning plants. The remainder comes from other alternative sources. A submarine cable provides Tobago with electricity from Trinidad.

INDUSTRY

The industrial sector of the economy is dominated by the capital-intensive petroleum industry. Industry accounted for approximately 57% of the GDP, agriculture 0.7%, and services for 42.3% in 2004. Trinidad and Tobago had essentially an agricultural economy up to the beginning of the twentieth century when sugar production played a dominant role and the cultivation of cocoa, coconuts, and coffee played lesser parts. The socioeconomic characteristics of Caribbean agriculture are well defined and include an aging farming population, excessive dependence on export markets, absence of marketing and processing capability, and both tariff and nontariff barriers. These influence the incomes generated by agriculture and hence the investment in agricultural development. Long-established industries are those processing raw materials of the farm, forest and sea; foremost are sugar, molasses, and rum, followed by fish, lumber, fats and oils, and stock feed. Manufacturing products include matches, angostura bitters, soap, confectionery, and clay products. Newer industries include petroleum refining, petrochemicals, concrete products, canned citrus, bottled drinks, glass, drugs, chemicals, clothing, building materials, and metal goods.

The most important industrial center is found at the port at Point Lisas. Many new industrial plants have been established under the benefits of the country's New Companies Act (1997). The manufacturing sector has contributed a substantial share of the GDP since the 1970s. After the establishment of the free zone program in 1993, manufacturing investment soared. Caroni Inc., the government-owned sugar company and the largest employer on Trinidad, undertook a major revitalization project in 1998.

The petroleum sector, which more than doubled its growth rate to 1.8% in 1996, fell to 1.1% in 1997 due to a continuation of declining oil production. Rising prices in the early 2000s caused the petroleum sector to remain stable, however. Diversification of the petrochemicals industry and investments in other heavy industry and manufacturing may broaden the export base; but hydrocarbons will continue to provide at least 25% of foreign exchange earnings. Trinidad and Tobago's sole oil refinery had a production capacity of 160,000 barrels per day in 2002. As of 2002, the natural gas sector was expanding, with huge discoveries adding to the country's 80 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) gas base. The Atlantic LNG plant was due to expand over a four-year period, creating the largest single and sustained increment in growth in the country. The LNG plant began operations in the 1990s as the government attempted to increase oil exploration and production by giving contracts to US companies. It was one of the most ambitious projects, with British Gas (26% ownership) and Spain's Repsol (10%) joining two US companies—Amoco, with the largest stake (34%) and Cabot (10%).

Trinidad and Tobago has made a transition from an oil-based economy to one based on natural gas. In 2004, natural gas production averaged 2.9 trillion cubic feet per day (tcf/d), an increase of 12.9% from 2003. The petrochemical sector, including plants producing methanol, ammonia, urea, and natural gas liquids, has continued to grow in line with natural gas production, which continues to expand and should meet the needs of new industrial plants coming on line in the next few years.

The nonenergy sector grew at a slower pace in 2004. Output in this sector increased by a modest 3.8% in 2003 and 2.9% in 2004 with the impetus coming from the manufacturing and services sectors. The rate of growth in the manufacturing sector was 6.6% in 2004, thanks to the food, beverages and tobacco, and assembly-type industries. The service sector grew by 2.9%, led by construction. The construction sector growth was due mainly to government investment in housing and infrastructure, and ongoing projects in the energy sector. Performance in the agriculture sector has been weak and declined by 20.2% in 2004. The decline in output resulted largely from the shrinking and restructuring of the sugar industry.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Among the research centers and learned societies of Trinidad and Tobago are the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, the Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago, the Tobago District Agricultural Society, the Pharmaceutical Society of Trinidad and Tobago, and the Sugar Manufacture Association of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies has a campus in St. Augustine (founded in 1948) with faculties of agriculture, engineering, medical sciences, and natural sciences. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 58% of college and university enrollments. Research and development (R&D) expenditures in 2001 totaled $11.806 million, or 0.10% of GDP. In 1997 (the latest year for which the following data was available), government sources accounted for the largest portion of R&D spending at 48.2%, followed by business at 34.5%, and higher education at 17.3%. In that year total R&D spending came to $12.549 million, or 0.14% of GDP. In 2001, there were 393 researchers engaged in research and development per million people. High technology exports in 2002 were valued at $75 million, or 3% of the country's manufactured exports.

DOMESTIC TRADE

Trinidad and Tobago's wholesale trade is highly organized and highly competitive; much of it is controlled by a few managing agencies located in Port-of-Spain. These agencies are direct importers in bulk and have exclusive wholesale rights for sales in the islands, and often in other Caribbean nations and territories. Imports are of extreme importance, for example, the food service companies in Trinidad and Tobago buy 80% of their food and beverage products from local importers and only 15% from local manufacturers; they import the remaining 5% directly from US suppliers.

In small communities, rural areas, on Tobago, and in less developed parts of Port-of-Spain and San Fernando, a general retail store carries a wide variety of commodities. Many of these stores are family enterprises and most are small. Local and foreign franchises are fairly common, particularly in the fast-food industry. Price controls have been placed on sugar, schoolbooks, and pharmaceuticals. A value-added tax of 15% applies to most goods and services.

FOREIGN TRADE

Trinidad and Tobago is highly import-dependent, with the United States supplying about 50% of total imports since 1997. The foreign trade of Trinidad and Tobago is very large for a country of its size, a fact attributable mainly to its petroleum processing industry. The economy's prosperity is thus tied closely to trade, which,

in turn, is closely linked to the price and demand structure of the world petroleum market.

Trinidad and Tobago is the fifth-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas in the world. Trinidad and Tobago's main sources of commodity export income are refined petroleum products (39%), crude petroleum (27%), and natural and manufactured gas (26%). Other exports include ammonia (8.4%) and iron and steel (5.7%).

Up to 1992, the government prohibited the importation of some manufactured products without a license. The government replaced this list with supplemental tariffs, which coupled with the CARICOM Common External Tariff (CET), reached nearly 100%. These supplemental tariffs were reduced to CET levels by 1995, alleviating high prices on foreign goods. By 1996, quantitative restrictions were eliminated, as were surcharges and stamp duties on nonagricultural goods. As the most industrialized and second-largest country in the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. CARICOM members are working to establish a Single Market and Economy (CSME). Trinidad and Tobago and two other CARICOM members have made strides with the scheduled launching of the first phases of CSME by 2006.

The Free Zones Act of 1988 (last amended in 1997) established the Trinidad & Tobago Free Zones Company to promote export development and foreign investment projects in a bureaucracy-free, duty-free, and tax-free environment. One multiple user and ten single user zones are currently in operation. Free Zone enterprises may be established in any part of the country. Free Zone activities that qualify for approval include manufacturing for export, international trading in products, services for export and development, and management of free zones.

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

The debt service ratio, 15.4% in 1997, fell to as low as 3.7% in 2001 and was a moderate 4.7% in 2004. Between 1974 and 1981, largely because of the huge increase in the value of petroleum exports, Trinidad and Tobago's payments balance was favorable. With the weakening of the market for the country's petroleum and oil refinery products in 1982, however, a deficit was recorded for the first time since the early 1970s. Foreign exchange reserves, which had reached $3.3 billion in 1981, were depleted rapidly through the 1980s, as expenditures reduced revenues (caused by lower oil prices). By 1988, foreign exchange reserves had plummeted to - $5.7 million, forcing the government to reschedule its commercial and official debt. During the 1990s, Trinidad ran a balance of payments surplus from 1992 until 1997 due to a rise in foreign direct investment, but ran a deficit after 1997 because of low oil prices, and high industrial imports. The country's balance of payments subsequently improved, in part spurred by increases in world oil prices. Trinidad's balance of payments surplus stood at $441 million in 2000.

In the second quarter of 1998, Trinidad and Tobago completed repayment of a us$335 million International Monetary Fund loan and enjoys excellent relations with the international financial institutions. Its major lender is the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Since 1997, Trinidad's external debt has declined each year as has its debt service ratio. There has, however, been

a slight increase in domestic debt as the government has increasingly looked internally for financing. Public sector debt declined by about 4%, to 56% of GDP as of the end of 2003; and the public sector external debt declined by 3%, to about 15% of GDP at the end of 2003; most of the external debt was long-term and from commercial creditors. The lower total debt burden has allowed the government more flexibility in lowering import duties and trade barriers, benefiting especially US exports.

The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reported that in 2001 the purchasing power parity of Trinidad and Tobago's exports was $4.1 billion, while imports totaled $3.5 billion, resulting in a trade surplus of $600 million. In 2004, World Bank data showed a positive balance of payments of approximately $1 billion.

BANKING AND SECURITIES

The Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago (established 1964) is the central regulatory institution and the sole bank of issue. The commercial banking business is well established and is operated chiefly by Canadian, British, and American interests. Monetary and fiscal developments have been closely linked with the fortunes of the oil industry.

There are six commercial banks operating in Trinidad and Tobago, with assets of over $25 billion. In 1997, bank CEOs formed a Banking Association. The largest is Republic Bank, formerly Barclays. Other commercial banks include the Bank of Nova Scotia, Citibank, First Citizens Bank, Intercommercial Bank, and Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago. The Bank of Baroda, India's second-largest bank, and the Bank of India, the third-largest, have both expressed interest in entering the Trinidadian market. Offshore banking services were begun in the late 1990s by Republic Bank.

Workers and farmers make use of the Government Savings Bank offices. There are numerous agricultural credit societies, most of which are financed by the government's Agricultural Credit Bank. Credit unions are also common. The Trinidad and Tobago Development Finance Co., jointly owned by the government and the private sector, offers medium- and long-term financing to industry. The International Monetary Fund reports that in 2001, currency and demand deposits—an aggregate commonly known as M1—were equal to $1.1 billion. In that same year, M2—an aggregate equal to M1 plus savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual funds—was $4.0 billion. The discount rate, the interest rate at which the central bank lends to financial institutions in the short term, was 13%.

Since about 1948, limited liability companies with publicly issued share capital have become increasingly important. The West Indies Stock Exchange (succeeded by West Indies Stock Brokers, Ltd.) opened a branch in Port-of-Spain in 1964. The brokerage organization became a member of the Jamaica Stock Exchange in December 1970. The Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange began operating in 1981. In 2001, it listed 31 companies, had a trading value of $174 million, and a total market capitalization of $5 billion. As of 2004, a total of 37 companies were listed on the Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange, which had a market capitalization of $17.051 billion. In that same year, the TTSE Index rose 54.8% from the previous year to 1,074.6.

INSURANCE

Insurance firms include branches of UK and US companies and a few local companies. Their operations are highly competitive. A government-owned reinsurance company has been in operation since 1979. The Colonial Life Insurance Co. is the largest life insurance company in Trinidad, with gross written life insurance premiums of $469.9 million in 2003. In that same year, CHIC was the largest nonlife insurer, with gross written nonlife premiums of $42 million. The value of all direct insurance premiums written in 2003 totaled $510 million, of which life insurance premiums accounted for $548 million. The National Insurance Board of Trinidad, which operates like Social Security, was established in 1972 by the government.

PUBLIC FINANCE

The budget deficit were first registered in the early 1980, and continued until 1990. In 1988, the government began an adjustment program, which included currency devaluation, debt reschedulings, and the adoption of an austere budget that included public service wage reductions and decreased transfers to state enterprises. These reforms resulted in an improved budget by 1994 which lasted until 1998, when expanded infrastructure and industrial projects drained revenues.

The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that in 2005 Trinidad and Tobago's central government took in revenues of approximately $4.5 billion and had expenditures of $4 billion. Revenues minus expenditures totaled approximately $440 million. Public debt in 2005 amounted to 41.4% of GDP. Total external debt was $2.986 billion.

TAXATION

Important sources of taxation are income taxes, a motor vehicle tax (25–30%), license duties, property and building taxes, customs and excise duties (including purchase taxes), and petroleum royalties and concessions.

The individual income tax is calculated on net chargeable income, from 28% up to $50,000; and 35% thereafter. A value-added tax (VAT), with a standard rate of 15% in 2005, is levied on most goods and services. Services performed outside Trinidad and Tobago are zero-rated, and medicines are exempted for VAT.

The basic corporate tax rate is 30%. This rate is increased to 35% for petroleum companies, with a supplemental petroleum tax. Capital gains derived from assets held for more than 12 months are generally not taxed. However, gains derived from the sale of assets held less than 12 months are subject to the corporate tax rate. Dividends paid to nonresident companies and individuals are subject to a 15% withholding tax. However, a lower 10% rate is applied if the distributing company is 50% or more held by a resident corporation. Dividends paid by a resident company to another resident company are exempt from the tax. Interest and royalty payments are each subject to a 20% withholding tax.

CUSTOMS AND DUTIES

Customs and duties are a significant source of government revenue. Most imported articles are subject to import duties, as well as a stamp tax, an import surcharge, a 15% VAT, and excise taxes on petroleum products, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages that are sold locally. Trinidad and Tobago applies the CARICOM common external tariff to most goods. The rates are 0–20%. Banned items include animals that have died in transit, used or second-hand animal blankets, saddle cloths, felting or pads, firearms, explosives, and seditious publications.

Free trade zones (FTZs) were authorized by law in 1988; the first FTZ was established in the Point Lisas Industrial Estate. Trinidad and Tobago is a member of CARICOM, a signatory to the Lomè Convention, and has special trade agreements with Venezuela, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, and the United States. The country benefits from the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), which allows duty-free entry of many products into the United States.

FOREIGN INVESTMENT

The Government of Trinidad and Tobago (GOTT) actively encourages foreign direct investment in almost all sectors. In 2004, the US-based Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index rated Trinidad and Tobago fifth in Latin America and the Caribbean and 36th out of 155 countries. Foreign investment in Trinidad and Tobago, particularly from British, Canadian, US, and Dutch sources, has played a major role in the development of all major manufacturing and processing industries, as well as most large agricultural enterprises. Several private banking institutions have provided development loans through the Industrial Development Corporation, established by the government in 1959 to act as a liaison between investors and various government departments.

Starting in 1970, the government required foreign investment in Trinidad and Tobago to be conducted in a joint venture basis, with majority domestic participation most often in a 60:40 ratio. In the 1980s the economy became mired in stagflation. The government launched a campaign of reforms emphasizing fiscal and monetary discipline, export-led growth, and encouragement of private sector and foreign investment. Under the current investment regime there are for the most part no restrictions or disincentives to investment. The Free Zones (FTZs) Act of 1988, as amended in 1997, established the framework of duty-free, tax-free, and bureaucracy-free investment environments. In 2002, there were three multiple-user and eleven single-user FTZs in operation or under construction. In May 2001, the government passed new telecommunications legislation establishing a new telecommunications authority, opening the way for liberalization of the sector. As of 2003, however, the telecommunications sector remained the only one closed to new foreign investment in key areas.

Oil and gas exploration continues to attract inflows of foreign capital, boosting economic growth and strengthening public finances. The United States is the major investor, followed by the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, India, and Norway. Inflows of almost $4 billion in foreign investment between 1997 and 2000 strengthened the balance of payments and permitted the relaxation of policies. US investments have been mainly in hydrocarbons and petrochemicals, while Canada has investments in ammonia/urea, Germany in methanol and iron, India in iron and steel, and Norway in ammonia. A boom in natural gas investment, including pipelines for the delivery of liquefied natural gas (LNG), was under way in 2002 and 2003.

The investment climate is good. Since 1992, almost all investment barriers have been eliminated. Investment is screened only for eligibility for government incentives and assessment of its environmental impact. Both tax and nontax incentives may be negotiated. The government has a double taxation agreement, a bilateral investment treaty, and an intellectual property rights agreement with the United States. (The bilateral investment treaty granted national treatment and other benefits to US investors; it came into force on 26 December 1996.) US investment in Trinidad and Tobago exceeds $1 billion. Total foreign direct investment has averaged $700 million annually over the last decade. Among recent and ongoing investment projects are several involving US firms, like ISG and ALCOA, and resorts built by Marriott and Hyatt.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

To diversify the economy and raise the national standard of living, foreign capital and technical assistance are actively solicited. Major incentives are duty-free imports of equipment and raw materials, income tax holidays, accelerated depreciation allowances, unlimited carryover of losses, and repatriation of capital and profits. To encourage diversification toward non-oil/gas sectors, the government has undertaken comprehensive reforms in the trade and exchange rate regimes, and the investment environment. A major downsizing and refocusing of the public sector with an extensive program of divestment and reduction of public employment has occurred.

Nonetheless, the country remains largely an oil economy even though oil reserves are being depleted. While the natural gas sector will benefit the economy in the future, it will not solve the country's most crucial economic problems. Only by diversifying into more labor intensive export industries and services will Trinidad and Tobago generate employment and growth and minimize its external vulnerability. The key ingredients for development are a buildup of reserves consistent with the maintenance of a competitive exchange rate; the use of monetary policy to contain inflation and sterilize reserve accumulation; and the strengthening of fiscal balances to reduce government debt and lower interest rates.

Trinidad and Tobago experienced strong growth in the early 2000s, after eight years of economic decline in the 1990s. The debt service ratio fell, as did unemployment. The government invested heavily in public sector physical and educational infrastructure projects in the early 2000s. Improvements in water and electricity supply were being undertaken.

Recognizing the role that energy plays in the economic life of Trinidad and Tobago, where it was the source of 37% of governmental revenues in 2004, the government is seeking to diversify the economy to reduce dependence on the energy sector and to achieve self-sustaining growth. The diversification strategy focuses on six main sectors: traditional manufacturing; new technology-based industrial sector; tourism; financial services; agriculture; and small business. Corruption has traditionally appeared to be moderate, and has not seriously undermined government or business operations.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

All employees aged 16 through 64 are required to become members of the National Insurance System. Employers contribute 5.6% of payroll, according to 12 wage classes, and employees normally contribute 2.8% of earnings. The program covers employed persons, including agricultural and domestic workers. In addition, a social insurance scheme is funded by the government and extends benefits to those with limited means. The system provides old age, retirement, and disability pensions; maternity, sickness, and survivors' benefits; and funeral grants. Retirement is between the ages of 60 and 65. Maternity benefits are at 60% of average earnings for a maximum of 13 weeks, and there is also a maternity grant. A compulsory system of workers' compensation for injury is also in place.

The constitution mandates human rights and freedoms to all citizens regardless of sex. Women are active in the labor force, but few rise to senior management positions. There is no law that mandates equal pay for equal work. The law does not address sexual harassment and it remains a problem. Violence against women and domestic abuse continue to be major issues for women although the government and media are addressing the problem. The law has been strengthened to protect women and assist victims of abuse.

Human rights organizations operate freely. Poor prison conditions and lengthy pretrial detention remain a problem.

HEALTH

Government health facilities include general hospitals in Port-of-Spain and San Fernando, small district hospitals, several major health centers, dental service centers, a mental hospital, and a nurses' training school. As of 2004, there were an estimated 79 physicians, 287 nurses, and 8 dentists per 100,000 people.

The general health of the population has been improving; substantial decreases have been recorded in the death rates for malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid, and syphilis. Immunization rates for children up to one year old were diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, 90%; polio, 81%; and measles, 88%. Improvements in sanitation have reaped impressive health benefits. Approximately 86% of the population had access to safe drinking water and 88% had adequate sanitation. As a result, reported cases of dysentery and hookworm have declined dramatically.

As of 2002, the crude birth rate and overall mortality rate were estimated at, respectively, 13.7 and 8.8 per 1,000 people. Average life expectancy was 66.73 years in 2005 and infant mortality was 25.81 per 1,000 live births. Maternal mortality was 75 per 1,000 live births.

As of 2004, there were approximately 29,000 people living with HIV/AIDS in the country. There were an estimated 19,000 deaths from AIDS in 2003. The HIV/AIDS prevalence was 3.20 per 100 adults in 2003.

HOUSING

A typical rural home for a large family consists of one to three rooms plus an outside kitchen. Slums and tenements are typical of urban life since there is an acute shortage of adequate housing. At the 2000 census, the housing stock was counted at 300,844. About 77.5% of all dwellings were single-family detached homes, 13% were flats or apartments, and 3% were two-family detached homes. About 76% of all housing was owner occupied. At least 18,200 dwellings were listed as squatter homes. A little over 60% of all households had access to indoor piped water; another 8.8% had access to piped water within a yard.

The Ministry of Housing and Settlements has developed a five-year plan for 2001–06 to promote housing construction, land development, and the upgrade of squatter sites. One goal of the plan is to build 30,000 new housing units within the five years. The Ministry also hopes to upgrade 2,000 squatter dwellings per year.

EDUCATION

Many schools are run jointly by the state and religious bodies. Education is free at primary and secondary levels and compulsory for six years. Elementary education lasts for seven years, followed by five years of secondary education. There are two types of secondary school systems. The traditional system offers a general five-year secondary program followed by two years of preparatory studies (sixth form). The new system offers a program that consists of three years of junior high, two years of senior high, and two years of sixth form, with more diverse course options available to students. Technical and vocational programs are also available at the secondary level. The academic year runs from August to May.

In 2001, about 63% of children between the ages of three and four were enrolled in some type of preschool program. Primary school enrollment in 2003 was estimated at about 91% of age-eligible students. The same year, secondary school enrollment was about 72% of age-eligible students. It is estimated that about 91% of all students complete their primary education. The student-to-teacher ratio for primary school was at about 19:1 in 2003; the ratio for secondary school was also about 19:1. In 2003, private schools accounted for about 28.5% of primary school enrollment and 28% of secondary enrollment.

At the postsecondary level, government technical vocational schools and teachers colleges are free for qualified students. There are four small, government-run technical colleges, five teachers colleges, and two polytechnic institutes. The University of the West Indies has a faculty of engineering, arts, and agriculture at its Trinidad campus. John F. Kennedy College, a liberal arts school outside Port-of-Spain built with a us$30-million grant from the Agency for International Development (AID), has teaching facilities for about 600 students. The Trinidad and Tobago Hotel School offers courses for the hotel, catering, and travel industries. The Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry is located in St. Augustine. In 2003, it was estimated that about 9% of the tertiary age population were enrolled in tertiary education programs. The adult literacy rate for 2004 was estimated at about 98.5%.

As of 2003, public expenditure on education was estimated at 4.3% of GDP, or 13.4% of total government expenditures.

LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS

The National Library, opened in 2003 in Port-of-Spain, houses 442,000 volumes, with special sections for young adults and children. The National Library and Information System Authority is also responsible for the management of the nation's public libraries, with 21 locations on Trinidad and 3 locations on Tobago. There are mobile services on each island. The Port-of-Spain Public Library has 70,000 volumes. In San Fernando, the Carnegie Free Library functions as regional headquarters for rural library services to the south. The University of the West Indies main library in St. Augustine has more than 395,000 volumes. There are over 600 school libraries that are supported by the national system.

The National Museum and Art Gallery is located in Port-of-Spain, as is the Royal Victoria Institute Museum (1892), a general museum featuring local flora and fauna, crafts of the indigenous people, and a sampling of moon dust. The Trinidad childhood home of Nobel-winning author V.S. Naipaul was scheduled to become a museum.

MEDIA

Postal and internal telegraph services throughout the islands are operated by the government. In 2003, there were an estimated 250 mainline telephones for every 1,000 people. The same year, there were approximately 278 mobile phones in use for every 1,000 people. Commercial cable communication and radiotelephone services are maintained between Trinidad and all major countries of the world.

There were 4 AM and 18 FM radio stations, and 4 television stations in 2004. The public National Broadcasting Service closed in 2005, ending service of two television stations and four radio stations. There were, however, plans to launch a new public broadcaster in the form of the state-owned Caribbean News Media Network. In 2003, there were an estimated 534 radios and 345 television sets for every 1,000 people. The same year, there were 79.5 personal computers for every 1,000 people and 106 of every 1,000 people had access to the Internet. There were 15 secure Internet servers in the country in 2004.

There were four daily newspapers in 2002. The Trinidad Guardian, a morning and Sunday paper, had an average daily circulation of 46,760. The Trinidad Express, published daily and Sunday, had a daily circulation of 51,000. Newsday, also published daily and Sunday, had a daily circulation of 25,000. Trinidad Evening News, published daily, had a circulation of 33,770.

Freedom of the press is both constitutionally guaranteed and respected in practice.

ORGANIZATIONS

Producers of agricultural crops for export are organized into associations for solving common problems, as well as for social purposes. Among these are the Cocoa Planters Association, Cooperative Citrus Growers Association, and Sugar Manufacturers Association. Professional and trade associations are many and varied and include the Law Society, Medical Board, Petroleum Association, Shipping Association, and Trinidad Chamber of Commerce. The multinational Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce and the Caribbean Employers Confederation are located in Trinidad and Tobago. The Caribbean office of the International Labour Organization is located in Port-of-Spain, as is the base office of the Association of Caribbean States.

Cultural and educational organizations include the Festival Center for the Creative Arts and the Caribbean Academy of Sciences. Scouting and YMCA/YWCA programs are available for youth. Sports associations are popular for amateur athletes of all ages; several sports clubs are associated with the national Olympic Committee.

Social action groups include the Network of NGOs of Trinidad and Tobago for the Advancement of Women and the Caribbean Women's Association. There are national chapters of the Red Cross Society and the Society of St. Vincent de Paul.

TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION

Outstanding tourist attractions include the mountainous areas, beaches, and reefs on both islands. Entertainment includes calypso and steel band music, both of which originated in Trinidad. Festive events include Carnival, held annually on the two days before Ash Wednesday; the Muslim festival of Hosay, which begins 10 days after the new moon in the month of Muharram; and the Hindu festival of lights, Divali, which occurs in October or November. Cricket and football (soccer) are the most popular sports.

The government offers fiscal and other incentives for the development of hotels and other tourist facilities. In 2003, there were 409,069 visitors who arrived in Trinidad and Tobago, of whom 80% came from the Americas. Hotel rooms numbered 5,378, and tourism expenditure receipts totaled $402 million in 2002. Passports are required, and must be valid for at least six months after leaving Trinidad and Tobago. All nationals must have an entry visa except those of the Commonwealth Countries, the European Economic Community countries (EEC), the United States, Finland, Iceland, Venezuela, Norway, Sweden, and holders of Organization of American States (OAS) passports.

In 2005, the US Department of State estimated the daily cost of staying in Port-of-Spain at us$215; in Tobago daily costs were seasonal and averaged between us$440 from April through December to us$215 the rest of the year.

FAMOUS TRINIDADIANS AND TOBAGONIANS

Eric Eustace Williams (1911–81), the main political figure of his time and the leader of Trinidad and Tobago's major political party, was instrumental in his country's achievement of independence in 1962; he was prime minister from 1961 until his death. His successor was George Michael Chambers (1928–1997). A.N.R. Robinson (b.1926) served as prime minister from 1986–1991, and as president from 1997–2003. Patrick Manning (b.1946) served as prime minister between 1991 and 1995 and since 2001. George Maxwell Richards (b.1931) became president in 2003. Notable writers include Samuel Selvon (1923–1994) and V.S. (Vidiadhar Surajprasad) Naipaul (b.1932).

DEPENDENCIES

Trinidad and Tobago has no territories or colonies.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buckman, Robert T. Latin America, 2005. 39th ed. Harpers Ferry, W.Va.: Stryker-Post, 2005.

Calvert, Peter. A Political and Economic Dictionary of Latin America. Philadelphia: Routledge/Taylor and Francis, 2004.

Foster, Dean Allen. Global Etiquette Guide to Mexico and Latin America. New York: J. Wiley, 2002.

Health in the Americas, 2002 edition. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization, Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the World Health Organization, 2002.

Stuempfle, Stephen. The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago. Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.

Winer, Lise. Trinidad and Tobago. Philadelphia, Pa.: J. Benjamins, 1993.

Yelvington, Kevin A. (ed.). Trinidad Ethnicity. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1993.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

Major City:
Port-of-Spain

Other Cities:
Arima, Chaguanas, La Brea, Lopinot, Saint Joseph, San Fernando, Sangre Grande, Scarborough, Tunapuna

EDITOR'S NOTE

This chapter was adapted from the Department of State Post Report 1999 for Trinidad & Tobago. Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed. Readers are encouraged to visit the Department of State's web site at http://travel.state.gov/ for the most recent information available on travel to this country.

INTRODUCTION

Trinidad does not conform to the stereotypes of a Caribbean resort island. In fact, while it is blessed with great natural beauty and some good beaches, it is not a premier tourist destination. Tourism is growing rapidly on the sister island of Tobago, which is only a 20-minute flight away. What Trinidad lacks in tourist infrastructure, however, it more than makes up for in its unique ethnic and cultural flavor. Its abundant natural resources (oil and gas) have provided it the means to chart its own course, politically and economically, and make it a leader in the region. First-time visitors are often surprised at the level of industrialization in the country. It is a relatively prosperous nation as measured by per capita GDP. Its population and landmass are larger than all of the Windward Islands combined. Even its geologic origins set it apart; it was originally a part of the South American mainland before it broke off thousands of years ago. This means that its flora and fauna are as varied as those of South America, but concentrated in a much smaller area. It is one of the world's premier destinations for bird watchers, boasting several hundred species, especially hummingbirds. Trinidad includes mountain ranges with peaks as high as 3,000 ft, as well as flat lands used for agriculture, and wetlands.

The Venezuelan coastline, less than 10 miles away, is visible from Port of Spain, yet cultural and language differences mean there is relatively little contact with Venezuela. Trinidadian society is a vibrant and unique mixture of races and national origins, with the two largest groups being of African and of Indian descent. In addition, there are smaller, but significant numbers of people of Chinese, Syrian, Lebanese, English, Portuguese, Spanish, and French origin.

Life for the community is good in Port of Spain, particularly for families and those who like outdoor activities. Port of Spain is as safe as many large U.S. cities, the weather is good, and medical care and other facilities are adequate. The people are open and friendly toward Americans, the business infrastructure is reasonably modern and efficient, and housing and schools are good. While some of the conveniences Americans take for granted are not always available, one can dial direct to family in the U.S., easily access the internet and watch many state-side channels on cable TV, or find the latest video releases as well as decent bagels. At the same time, opportunities abound to be enriched by an interesting and unique culture.

MAJOR CITY

Port-of-Spain

Port-of-Spain is located between the sheltered Gulf of Paria and the mountains of the Northern Range that rise sharply from the sea to an altitude of 3,000 feet. With a metropolitan population of over 200,000 this bustling port city is on many important air and sea routes of the eastern Caribbean.

The city itself is situated on flat land, with hills rising on three sides and the sea on the fourth. Downtown streets are narrow and congested. The downtown businesses are immediately inland from the dock and waterfront. On nearby Woodford Square stands the Red House, which is the center of government and houses parliamentary offices as well as the House of Representatives, and the Senate. Many political and social functions take place at Woodford Square or on the recently refurbished Brian Lara Promenade.

Further inland is the Savannah, cultural and recreational hub of the city, with its surrounding road often called the "world's largest roundabout." This huge, grassy, oval park is the site of numerous cricket and soccer games, food vendors, and spectators on park benches. A 2-1/2 mile long paved walk around the Savannah is used by roller skaters, joggers, baby strollers, and pedestrians. Many Carnival activities take place on the Savannah.

Many of Port of Spain's cultural attractions are located around the Savannah, including Queen's Hall (used for concerts and other performances), the Botanical Gardens, a zoo, the Hilton Hotel, and historical houses, many in Victorian style architecture.

With U.S.-style shopping malls and supermarkets in many locations, Port of Spain is a growing city with many of the conveniences of the United States.

Utilities

Since electric current is the same as in the U.S. (I 10v, 60-cycle AC), transformers are unnecessary. Plugs and outlets are American or a locally available three-prong type.

The electrical system experiences occasional surges and outages. Line conditioners are recommended for sensitive electronic items such as computers.

During the dry season (January-June) water supplies are low, and restrictions may be placed on watering lawns and washing cars. Water pressure and supply problems can be a serious problem in hilly suburbs.

Food

Supermarkets similar to those in the U.S. are located conveniently throughout the city. Smaller family-run groceries, vegetable-fruit stores (called greengrocers here), and roadside stands sell vegetables, fruits and fish. Well-stocked store shelves hold many familiar brands.

Food prices, except for government controlled items, are comparable or higher than in the U.S., since prices for imported food reflect freight costs and some import duties. Products come from the U.S., Canada, UK, Venezuela, Jamaica, and elsewhere. Government-controlled items are sold at below market prices and are supported by government subsidies. These include rice, sugar, flour, and some imported foods such as butter and cheese.

Some items, which are solely imports, include baby food, cake mixes, pickles, olives, and canned and dehydrated soups. Locally produced coffee is available, but stronger than U.S. coffee. American ground coffee is available. Good quality juices produced locally can be had both sweetened and unsweetened. Both local and imported candy and snacks are widely available at reasonable prices. Local and imported nuts (peanuts, cashews, walnuts, and almonds) are available, but expensive.

Staples such as eggs, bread, butter, yogurt, cream and milk (fresh, UHT and powdered) of good quality are widely available at reasonable prices. U.S.-style breakfast cereals, both local and imported, as well as rice and pasta products are also widely available.

A wide variety of fresh, canned and frozen fruits and vegetables are found in local supermarkets, neighborhood shops and roadside stands. While there are many fruits and vegetables not commonly found in the U.S., the availability of fresh herbs and the variety of vegetables overall is less than that found in Washington, D.C. area supermarkets.

Fresh fish and shrimp can be purchased at the downtown central market, roadside stands, or from fishermen returning with their catch. Frozen fish is available at supermarkets. Local pork is good, as are New Zealand mutton and lamb. Beef cuts differ from those in the U.S. both in texture and taste and are often tougher and drier. Sausages, ham and luncheon meats are available.

Miller and Miller Genuine Draft are the only U.S. beers available locally.

Trinidadian cuisine reflects the nation's cultural diversity. "Creole" cooking includes dishes based on rice mixed with chicken, pork and various local vegetables. On their way to work, many Trinidadians enjoy a quick breakfast of fresh coconut water and jelly sold by vendors along the Savannah and Independence Square. Callaloo, a popular soup, is made from taro leaves, okra, pumpkin, coconut, and crabs. Other favorites are cow heel soup, crab backs, souse (pickled pig's feet), and pastels (ground beef wrapped in crepe-like pancakes and banana leaves). East Indian dishes include roti (usually beef, chicken, or pork with potatoes and curry spices wrapped in a large, thin bread), spicy hot curries, and chutney. Most Chinese food is Cantonese, but is prepared to suit Trinidadian taste and is somewhat different from what one finds in U.S. Chinese restaurants. Wild meats, such as manicou (possum), armadillo, iguana, deer, and wild boar are delicacies here. Trinidadians especially enjoy fish including shark, king fish, red snapper, Spanish mackerel, flying fish, shrimp, carite, and cascadura (a fresh water fish).

Clothing

Lightweight summer clothing is worn year round by both men and women in Port of Spain. Due to Trinidad and Tobago's tropical climate, clothing made from natural fibers (cotton, linen, etc.) or a blend of natural and synthetic fibers is more comfortable than all synthetic materials. Clothing wears out quickly under the frequent laundering made essential by the high heat and humidity.

Men: Dress is casual and informal, although evening functions often require "lounge suits," the local term for dark business suits. At more casual functions, sport shirts and slacks are commonly worn, as are "shirt jacks," which are similar to the Latin American guayabera or African safari suit and are very popular among Trinidadian men. During the rainy season, showers can be expected nearly every day. Umbrellas are therefore essential. Raincoats and galoshes are not worn here due to the hot climate. Loose-fitting clothing made of natural fibers is the most comfortable.

Women: Women wear dresses, suits, or skirts to the office. Stockings are rarely worn due to the high humidity. Plan to bring a good supply of dresses for social occasions, as parties and other social events are numerous throughout the year. Trinidadian women are generally smartly dressed no matter what dress is specified by the invitation. Casual and dressy short dresses or skirts are favored at most social functions.

More formal evening functions require long dresses or fancy short dresses.

Informal social functions require only skirts and blouses/tops.

Local boutiques sell the latest fashions, including interesting local designs, at relatively high prices. Fabric shops offer a wide variety of materials at reasonable prices. Seamstresses are numerous and many can sew without patterns; their prices vary.

Children: Clothing worn during summer in the U.S. is suitable here. Washable, lightweight materials with natural fibers are best. One sweater or feather-light jacket should be all the outer wear needed. Most children wear sandals or comfortable canvas shoes. They are available here at reasonable prices. Most schools require school uniforms, which can be purchased locally. The International School requires black or white shoes or sneakers, of which more styles are available in the U.S.

Supplies and Services

Locally made laundry soaps and cleansers are available at reasonable prices. Imported soaps, cleaners, disinfectants, fabric softeners, grease cutters, and waxes are more expensive.

Numerous name brand cosmetics and personal hygiene items are sold locally, including hair care products, lotions, nail polish, deodorants, foot powders, and shampoos. Except for a few locally made products, they are more expensive than in the U.S. Several brands of locally made diapers are sold at reasonable prices.

Photographic equipment is expensive and limited in variety. Film and black-and white and color processing services are available at higher than U.S. cost.

Attractive shops sell most of the kitchen items found in the U.S., but at higher prices.

There are several reasonably-priced but unreliable dry cleaners. Beauty and barber shops resemble those in the U.S.

Domestic Help

Domestic help can be found and hired at rates considerably below those in the United States. Few families hire more than a full-time maid and part-time gardener. Live-in maids are hard to find, because most employees prefer day work. Some families employ maids and waiters for representational functions, at hourly or evening wages. Baby-sitters are inexpensive but sometimes hard to find. In addition to wages, employers should provide meals or cash equivalent, uniforms, and a contribution to the compulsory National Insurance plan. If the employer requires the employee to have a pre-employment medical check-up, this should be done at the employer's expense.

Religious Activities

Freedom of worship exists in Trinidad and Tobago. Most religions have places of worship. The Roman Catholic, Anglican (Episcopalian), Presbyterian, Methodist, Hindu, and Muslim faiths predominate. There are no synagogues, but a small Jewish community (mainly foreign residents) organizes activities and observances.

Education

The school year begins in early September and ends in mid-July, with Christmas and Easter vacations dividing it into three terms. The school week is Monday-Friday except for holidays. All Trinidadian schools above nursery level require uniforms that are inexpensive and well suited for the tropics.

Good preschools for 2-5-year-olds are available and are held in the teacher's home. Teacher-pupil ratio, physical setup of the classroom, and the teacher's training and method vary widely. Drilling on numbers and alphabet is a primary activity, and children have less freedom of movement than in U.S. nursery schools. However, some Montessori-type schools exist, and other schools have teachers who include some Montessori methods in games and activities.

Primary schooling (PreK through 12) is available at The International School of Port of Spain (ISPS). In April 1999, ISPS moved into a US$4.5 million dollar, purpose-built educational facility on the banks of the Diego Martin River. ISPS is growing rapidly and is modeled on the American educational system and reflects a college preparatory curriculum. As an accredited, private independent school, it continues to expand course offerings and extra-curricular activities.

Special Educational Opportunities

The Venezuelan Embassy and the National Institute for Higher Education (Research Science and Technology) (NIHERST) in Port of Spain conduct free courses in Spanish conversation for adults. A similar service is provided in French by the Alliance Francaise for a nominal fee. Private teachers offer special courses in crafts, music, modern dance, and arts.

The University of the West Indies is located at St. Augustine, about 12 miles east of Port of Spain. Degree courses are offered by the faculties of agriculture, engineering, social sciences, the natural sciences, and the arts. The University also offers some non-degree courses in Port of Spain and at St. Augustine. The cost for non-degree study at UWI is high, but many of the more popular departments (engineering, sciences, and premedical) are difficult to enroll in due to enrollment limits.

Sports

Trinidad and Tobago's primary national sports are cricket and soccer. Swimming, tennis, golf, boating, and fishing are also popular and are available in and around Port of Spain. Port of Spain has several parks, including a botanical garden and a small zoo.

Beaches in Trinidad are not resorts, but they are convenient to Port of Spain and are well used all year. The most popular beach is located at Maracas Bay on the north coast, about 35 minutes from Port of Spain. The smaller, less crowded, Las Cuevas Beach is 5 miles farther. There are beach houses for rent on the East Coast (about two hours' drive from Port of Spain) and on the small islands off the northwest coast (reachable through a short water taxi ride) which are popular weekend getaway spot. Swimming can be dangerous at any beach in Trinidad because of frequent heavy surf, rip-tides, and undertows. However, Maracas and several of the other more popular beaches have lifeguards. Several sports facilities provide swimming pools in Port of Spain at lower rates than the U.S. Tobago offers resort-type facilities, including hotels on or near the beach and a golf course. Many people find weekends on "Robinson Crusoe's Island" a welcome change from Port of Spain's routine. Tennis facilities in the city are frequently crowded, but adequate; equipment and clothing are expensive. The Tranquillity Square Lawn Tennis Club has five clay courts and one all-weather court. This private club accepts member referral and tennis is quite competitive. The Trinidad Hilton has two all-weather courts, but expect a short wait for half-hour of playing time. The Trinidad Country Club in Port of Spain has a large swimming pool (and a children's pool), six tennis courts, playground (swings, slide), bar, and eating facilities. As of June 1997, the cost was approximately US$110 initiation fee per adult and US$150 annual fees for families. Although these three private clubs are the most popular, smaller clubs exist. It is also possible to reserve an hour's play at a good all-weather public court.

Opportunities for scuba diving and spearfishing are fair in Trinidad and excellent in Tobago. The waters around Trinidad are generally murky and devoid of coral reefs, with dangerous currents. These conditions coupled with the lack of diving instruction and rental equipment, means divers should be experienced and outfitted before attempting dives in Trinidad. By contrast, Tobago diving is well organized with equipment and instruction available; the reefs, clear water, and tropical fish provide for excellent diving opportunities. Deep sea fishing is quite good, and there are some charter boats available.

Port of Spain has several boating clubs and marinas: the Trinidad and Tobago Yacht Club, Trinidad and Tobago Yachting Association, Island Properties, Power Boats, Crews Inn and Peake's, among others. The Yacht Club has boating facilities for members and guests. Power Boats and Island Properties, as well as Peake's, have haul-out and full service facilities for boats. The recently established Crews Inn is a world class marina for power and sail boats and includes a supermarket, hotel, bank, bookstore, and other features such as boat slips with full electrical, cable TV and telephone hookups. The Trinidad and Tobago Yachting Association, which is only for sailboats and dinghies, offers competitive sailing in a number of large and small boat categories. It also sponsors children's boating classes. Sailboats and powerboats can be purchased locally, but prices are high and selection limited.

St. Andrews Golf Club, situated in a valley 5 miles north of Port of Spain, offers an 18-hole golf course, restaurant, swimming pool, driving range, and putting green. Similar facilities and less expensive 18-hole course are located at Point-a-Pierre, 45 minutes south. A nine-hole public golf course, in an attractive valley northwest of town, is also available.

Small game hunting in the forests and duck hunting in the swamps is possible, but only with shotguns. Rifles are not legal hunting weapons here. Game is scarce and all but the most dedicated hunters find that the results are not worth the effort. The Trinidad Rifle Association and Trap and Skeet Association offer firing range facilities for shooting pistols, as well as skeet, small bore, and high-power rifles.

Good hiking opportunities are enhanced by an active Field Naturalists Club, which sponsors monthly hikes to out-of-the-way spots. Informal group hiking is a common event. Opportunities are outstanding for bird watchers and butterfly collectors. The internationally known Asa Wright Nature Center near Arima provides overnight facilities for amateur and professional naturalists.

Other recreational opportunities include several karate schools, dancing schools, fitness centers, amateur theater, model building club, stamp club and various women's clubs.

Sports equipment and attire compare to those used in the U.S. and can be purchased locally, but prices are higher.

Port of Spain has an active Hash House Harriers Club that organizes trail runs every other week in different parts of the country. Unlike Hash groups in many other countries, the group is not dominated by ex-pats. There is a good mix of locals and foreigners. The hash is a good way for newcomers to meet people and see the country.

Touring and Outdoor Activities

Many staff members enjoy visits to nearby islands and to the Venezuelan mainland. Visitors traveling by British West Indian Airways (BWIA) to Trinidad should include Tobago on their ticket, at no extra charge and get a free trip to Tobago within a year. A quiet, peaceful island, Tobago boasts lagoons, beaches, and undersea coral gardens with tropical fish, and an 18-hole golf course.

Barbados, 200 miles away, offers more tourist infrastructure than Tobago, excellent beaches and a wide selection of good restaurants and hotels. Moderate excursion rates are available during the off season. Caracas, Venezuela is another popular destination for long weekends, offering restaurants and shopping as well as a change from the typical Caribbean atmosphere. Georgetown, Guyana is an exotic break for the adventurous, where Amerindian villages and huge rivers and waterfalls can be visited. Grenada, 90 miles north of Trinidad, is known as the "Isle of Spice". The most southerly of the Wind-ward Islands, it offers beautiful beaches and several good hotels. St. George's, the capital city, has excellent yacht facilities. Moderate excursion rates are available during the off-season. Grenada is the southern gateway to the Grenadines, an increasingly popular cruising and sailing ground.

Entertainment

Port of Spain has a number of reasonably priced restaurants featuring continental, Indian, Italian, Thai, American, Chinese, and local Creole cuisine.

Several hotels and three or four nightclubs offer entertainment featuring steel bands, calypso, and other local music and dance bands. For the younger crowd, several discotheques play current U.S. disco and pop music favorites, local and Jamaican dance music.

Three large-screen movie theaters and a drive-in present mostly U.S. films. Other venues sometimes offer cultural events, plays or shows. An active semi-professional theater workshop group welcomes foreigners. In addition, interested visitors might participate in other smaller theater and dance groups. Video rental stores are used by many Americans.

The entertainment highlight is the annual Carnival. Many feel that Trinidad's pre-Lenten Carnival is second only to Rio's in grandeur and twice as enjoyable, since it is safer and more informal. Many Americans each year join one of the colorful "Mas" bands (masquerade groups). There are also numerous other special cultural events, festivals and competitions. The period between Christmas and Carnival is filled with "fetes" (parties) and is characterized by local calypso and steelband competitions leading to the national finals which take place the weekend preceding Carnival. During this time, one can visit numerous local "pan yards" in the evenings to hear the world's premier steelband rehearsing intricate arrangements of specially commissioned competition tunes.

On a year-round basis, however, entertainment possibilities are less varied in Port of Spain than in a comparable U.S. city. Bring books, records, games, and hobby materials.

Trinidad is a destination which most young families find enjoyable because of the outdoor living, the friendliness and hospitality of the Trinidadians, and the relative safety and lack of serious health and political hazards.

Social Activities

Port of Spain has many opportunities for social activity. Trinidadians are friendly and very hospitable. Americans are welcomed at the many fetes that occur throughout the year. During the Christmas and Carnival season nonstop fetes are held. Most parties are informal. Other types of home entertainment include cocktail parties, dinners, bridge parties, and buffet suppers. Club activities include films, barbecues, and dances for members.

Some other clubs include the Horticultural Society, Trinidad and Tobago German Club, the Orchid Society, the Field Naturalists Society, Living Waters Christian Community, an informal Jewish community, and other groups.

Families with small children find opportunities for social contact in such groups as Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts, Sea Scouts, Girl Guides, and Brownies. Older children and teenagers find few organized groups to join. Most American service clubs such as Rotary International and Lions, have branches in Trinidad and Tobago.

OTHER CITIES

ARIMA , the nation's other population center is on Trinidad. It is about 15 miles east of Port-of-Spain, and many of its residents work in the capital. The population of Arima is about 24,600.

CHAGUANAS is a market center in western Trinidad, 12 miles southeast of Port-of-Spain. This town of roughly 6,100 residents is noted for its busy Saturday open-air market. Everything from produce to glass-ware and gadgets is offered for sale, spread out on blankets and displayed in small wooden stands.

LA BREA lies on the Gulf of Paria in the southwest, in one of Trinidad's most unusual regions. The adjoining Pitch Lake has become a major tourist attraction and the city itself has benefitted. The area is covered with pitch, so houses and buildings in La Brea tilt in all directions. Roads are full of potholes, and huge cracks. The pitch erupts and subsides quickly, even in the heart of town. Pitch Lake, referred to as "magnified elephant skin," is actually a massive field of resin, almost 300 feet deep. The lake supplies tons of asphalt from its more than 100 acres. La Brea's population is an estimated 1,500.

LOPINOT is a picturesque village tucked into a valley in north-central Trinidad, about 12 miles east of Port-of-Spain. The village dates to the 1800s, when it was founded by the Count de Lopinot. The Frenchman and his settlers were awarded the region by the British, and proceeded to carve out a thriving plantation from the dense forest. The count's estate is now a principal tourist spot, the house a museum with memorabilia and photos. The gardens are meticulously tended and are highly popular for picnickers. Residents of Lopinot are a mixture of French, Spanish, Amerindian, and African, and are known for their distinctive songs and instrumentation. Other features here include a church that was moved from a nearby town, linked caves with curious stalactites, and a dubiously interesting colony of white cockroaches—the only such species in the world—found in the caves.

SAINT JOSEPH is the former capital of Trinidad, situated seven miles east of Port-of-Spain on the main highway. Its population is approximately 4,100.

SAN FERNANDO , on the island of Trinidad, was founded in 1786. With a population of approximately 33,600 (1995 est.), it is a business and industrial center of growing importance. It is a seaport city, and several industrial plants have made their headquarters here.

One of Trinidad's most important market centers is SANGRE GRANDE , 25 miles southeast of Port-of-Spain. It has a population of about 9,000, and is the hub of St. Andrew County.

SCARBOROUGH is the chief town of Tobago, although it has only about 6,000 residents. It is situated near the island's Rockley Bay. Because Scarborough is in a resort area, it has hotels, several banks, and a car rental agency.

TUNAPUNA , 10 miles east of Port-of-Spain on Trinidad's main highway, is near the home of the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies. The city's population is an estimated 10,000.

COUNTRY PROFILE

Population

Christopher Columbus discovered, named and claimed Trinidad for Spain in 1498. Sir Walter Raleigh made brief bids for possession of the island in 1595. The indigenous inhabitants of the islands-the warlike Caribs, who flourished in Tobago, and the more peaceful Arawaks, who outnumbered the Caribs in Trinidad-were ultimately subdued and enslaved by the Spanish. By the end of the 18th century, they were almost extinct.

Africans were brought to Trinidad as slaves in 1702 to boost cacao production. When the Spanish crown opened the island to immigration in the last quarter of the century, French planters and their slaves came by the thousands from other Caribbean islands and France, bringing their knowledge of sugarcane cultivation.

The Spanish ceded Trinidad to the English in 1797. Tobago, after changing hands among the Dutch, French, and British several times during the 16th and 17th centuries, was finally captured by the British in 1793.

When slavery was abolished throughout the British West Indies in 1834, plantation owners turned to indentured laborers from India, and some 150,000 arrived in Trinidad between 1854 and 1917. By 1921 East Indians accounted for almost one-third of Trinidad's population; today they comprise a slim plurality.

Trinidad was the site of a large U.S. military presence during World War II, serving as a huge naval base and training site for many of the troops headed for North Africa. It also protected supply routes for oil for the allied forces. German U-boats stalked allied supply and troop ships headed for the war in Europe, sinking many in the waters surrounding Trinidad and Tobago. A small, privately run military history museum outside of Port of Spain details this and other fascinating military chapters in the history of the islands. U.S. military bases and other facilities on the island were returned by the U.S. to Trinidad and Tobago in the 1960s.

A plurality of the population is Christian (Roman Catholic 30%, Anglican 11%, also Presbyterian, Baptist and other faiths). 24% are Hindu and 6% Muslim. There are also smaller groups following African derived religions.

Trinidad and Tobago's population is just under 1.3 million, of which over 50,000 live in Tobago. Greater Port of Spain, with about 200,000 inhabitants, is by far the largest city, followed by San Fernando, Arima and Chaguanas. The largest town in Tobago is Scarborough. Over 2,000 Americans live in Trinidad and Tobago, many of local origin. Family and cultural ties with North America are strong, with sizable Trinidadian communities resident in New York, Florida and Toronto, Canada.

Most of the rural population in Trinidad lives in small roadside agricultural villages. The larger villages usually contain a church or temple, a police station, a primary school, recreational club/bar and small grocery stores.

The two major folk traditions are Creole and East Indian. Creole is a mixture of African elements as influenced by Spanish, French, and English colonial culture. Many East Indians have retained their own way of life and Hindu traditions and religious rites such as cremation and Divali (Festival of Lights). A smaller proportion of the East Indian population is Muslim. The entire population speaks English, often flavored with expressions derived from Trinidad's cultural heritage.

The people of Trinidad and Tobago enjoy social events called 'fetes' all year. One of the world's biggest fetes-Carnival-takes place each year on the Monday and Tuesday before Lent. This festival features parades with huge groups of masqueraders dancing in spectacular costumes through the streets of Port of Spain, accompanied by large sound trucks or steel bands, and calypso singers accompanied by brass bands performing at calypso "tents." The French introduced Carnival as an urban festival and it was celebrated initially among the upper class Creoles. In time it also became a means for the Afro-Trinidadian masses to break out of their normal routine, sometimes to express ridicule or to indirectly attack their social superiors and the government. It has now become a truly national event, with most segments of the population actively participating.

Public Institutions

Trinidad and Tobago is a democratic country with a parliamentary form of government. On August 31, 1962, the United Kingdom granted independence to Trinidad and Tobago as a member of the British Commonwealth with a Governor General as the Queen's personal representative. On September 24, 1976, Trinidad and Tobago adopted a new constitution, which established the country as a republic within the British Commonwealth. The Queen was replaced as head of state by a President elected by Parliament, and the position of Governor General was abolished.

The major governmental institutions, based on the British model, remained the same as those established by the 1962 constitution. They are: A Cabinet (currently 17 Ministers appointed and led by a Prime Minister).

A bicameral Parliament consisting of a 36-member House of Representatives and a 31-member Senate. Members of the House of Representatives are elected in parliamentary elections held at least every five years. Members of the Senate are appointed by the President: 16 on the advice of the governing party, six on the advice of the opposition party, and nine at the President's discretion.

A judicial system which has a Court of Appeals as its highest level in the country. Final appeals may be taken to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.

In November 1995, the United National Congress (UNC), in coalition with the small National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) party, formed a government, with Basdeo Panday of the UNC as Prime Minister. The coalition took over from the People's National Movement (PNM) Government headed by Patrick Manning. The PNM was founded in 1958 under the leadership of Dr. Eric Williams. Dr. Williams in 1962 became the first Prime Minister of the newly independent country, continuing in office until his death in 1981. In 1986 the PNM was swept out of office by the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), led by A.N.R. Robinson. In 1991, the PNM returned to power only to be defeated in 1995 by the UNC/NAR coalition.

Trinidad and Tobago belongs to a number of international organizations through which it exerts some influence on world affairs. On gaining independence in 1962, Trinidad and Tobago joined the United Nations and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, it was the first Commonwealth Caribbean country to seek membership in the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Trinidad and Tobago was a founding member of the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA), and its successor organization, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). It is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and identifies with developing countries on many North-South economic issues.

Familiar organizations, such as the Red Cross, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, PTA, Jaycees, Lions Club, Kiwanis Club, Rotary Club, American Legion, etc., play significant roles in the community and welcome participation by foreign residents.

Arts, Science, and Education

The educational program inherited from the colonial administration was patterned on the British model, with structure and content resembling those of other Commonwealth Caribbean members. Students completing secondary school now take the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) examinations instead of the General Certificate of Education (GCE) exams prepared and graded in the U.K.

While Trinidad has one of the hemisphere's highest literacy rates and has produced scholars of international renown, some educational problems persist. School facilities tend to be outdated, in poor condition and overcrowded. Teacher salaries and training are also well below the private sector. Not all teachers have university degrees; some have received pedagogical training, others have specialist diplomas, and some have general secondary education. Higher education is available in Trinidad and Tobago at the St. Augustine Campus of the University of the West Indies, located on the outskirts of Port of Spain.

In the literary field notable writers include Alfred Mendes, C.L.R. James, Samuel Selvon, Earl Lovelace and Sir Vidiandhar Surajprasad Naipaul. Selvon's work most often deals with the poor people of Trinidad at home and abroad, and his style is both humorous and sympathetic. Naipaul's novels show a deep sensitivity toward the racial and cultural complexity of Trinidadian society and an understanding of its tensions and prejudices. Trinidad's leading poet and playwright is Pulitzer Prize-winner Derek Walcott, a St. Lucian by birth, who is now teaching in the United States.

The music and dance of Trinidad and Tobago and the festivals that inspire and preserve them reflect the country's kaleidoscopic colonial heritage and its multicultural population. Each element of the social mosaic-the Spanish and English colonizers, the French immigrants, the African slaves, and the East Indian indentured laborers, as well as smaller communities of Chinese, Syrians and Lebanese-has contributed to a national folkloric tradition which is among the world's richest.

The calypso, the musical genre that has drawn international attention to Trinidad, evolved from folk culture but is considered a popular political music form. Today's calypso has been described as "witty, smutty, topical, and full of double entendre." Stimulated by the commercialization of the music and the hotly contested annual competition for Carnival calypso monarch, composers turn out some 40 or 50 "hit" songs each year. Soca, a high energy dance music, Indo-Trinidadian "chutney" music, Indian style "tassa" drum bands, and the limbo dance are also all of Trinidadian origin.

Trinidad's most notable contribution to world culture, however, may be the steel drum ("pan"). Several decades ago urban Afro-Trinidadians found that empty steel drums and similar objects were ideal for music making. The thousands of 55 gallon oil drums, discarded by the U.S. Naval Base at Chaguaramas during World War II, furnished an ample supply. From primitive beginnings they were slowly developed to be able to reproduce the entire chromatic scale. The bands, which can number over 100 musicians, typically have bass, guitar, and cello pans in the rhythm section, while tenor and "double second" pans play the melody. Pan music has become very refined and, aside from calypso tunes, now includes popular, jazz and classical pieces.

In the field of the visual arts, Boscoe Holder, who excels in figurative paintings, Noel Vaucrosson, a watercolorist, and Pat Chu Foon, a painter and sculptor, are well known. Peter Minshall, who designed the opening ceremonies at both the Barcelona and Atlanta Olympic Games, has become one of the stand-outs among the many talented " mas " (Carnival band) producers.

Clothing designers, producing a typical Caribbean style, have also come into their own in recent years.

Port of Spain has several small theaters and two larger auditoriums, which feature original and foreign plays and musical performances. While Trinidad and Tobago's cultural "market" is not large enough to draw many foreign acts (aside from Caribbean music shows), occasionally visits by lesser known foreign musical and dance groups liven up the local cultural scene.

Commerce and Industry

Endowed like neighboring Venezuela with rich deposits of oil and natural gas, Trinidad and Tobago became one of the most prosperous countries in the Western Hemisphere during the oil boom of the 1970s, ranking third in per-capita income behind the United States and Canada by 1981. Oil revenues enabled the nation to embark on a rapid industrial and infrastructural development program, within the framework of a "mixed economy," in which government investment in state corporations played a major role. Oil wealth also fueled a dramatic increase in domestic consumption.

With the collapse of oil prices in the early 1980s, Trinidad and Tobago entered into a difficult period of economic recession. In mid-1988, worsening economic conditions forced the government to begin a stringent adjustment program guided by the International Monetary Fund. This included devaluing the currency, adopting strict austerity budgets, rescheduling foreign debt, and in 1990 imposing a 15% value-added tax (VAT) on most goods and services.

By 1997, the country successfully recovered from its decade of economic decline, posting three straight years of real GDP growth (3.5% in 1994,23% in 1995 and 3.1% in 1996). Trinidad and Tobago's international debt rating and per capita income are now among the highest in the hemisphere, and the country is viewed as an economic and political leader in the Caribbean. New U.S. business investment has been running at about US$1 billion a year since 1995.

As part of its economic restructuring, the government adopted a more welcoming attitude toward foreign investment. Since 1992 almost all investment barriers have been eliminated, and the government has aggressively and successfully courted foreign investors. U.S. firms, mostly in the hydrocarbon sector and related downstream petrochemical industries, invested over US$2.5 billion from 1996-1998, placing Trinidad second only to Canada in the hemisphere in per capita U.S. direct foreign investment. There are no currency or capital controls, and the TT dollar has been in a lightly-managed, stable float since early 1993. The government has concluded a Bilateral Investment Treaty and an Intellectual Property Rights agreement with the United States.

In moving toward a more liberalized economy based on open competition, the government has privatized many state-owned industries and reduced subsidies to those that remain in the public portfolio. Companies all or partially divested since 1994 include the National Fisheries Company, British West Indian Airways (BWIA), National Flour Mills (NFM), the Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission (T&TEC), and the Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA).

Inflation averaged over 12% annually during the economic downturn of the early 1980s, and over 8% a year during the restructuring period in the first half of the 1990s. Through a combination of prudent monetary policies and fiscal restraint in public-sector budgets, the government has been successful in bringing inflation under control. Consumer prices rose 5.3% in 1995, and just 3.6% in 1996.

Despite serious efforts to diversify its economy, Trinidad and Tobago remains heavily dependent on the energy sector, which accounts for one-fourth of total GDP and 20% of government revenue and a maj or share of foreign exchange earnings. Production of crude oil has been steadily declining over the past decade, but the discovery of large reserves of natural gas, primarily in off shore fields, has fueled the development of petrochemical and metals industries. There are now over 20 large industrial plants in Trinidad, with most dependent on natural gas as a feedstock or running on inexpensive natural gas-generated electricity. At current trends Trinidad and Tobago will become the world's largest exporter of ammonia and methanol by the year 2000.

Since 1989, Trinidad and Tobago, in partnership with many major international oil companies, has pursued an aggressive oil and gas exploration campaign. BP Amoco, the biggest player in Trinidad's energy sector, produces half of the country's crude oil and the largest share of natural gas. BP Amoco, in partnership with Cabot (Boston), Repsol (Spain), British Gas and the National Gas Company (TT) has constructed a US$1 billion liquefied natural gas plant in southern Trinidad, the largest industrial project in the Caribbean, which began operating in early 1999.

Trinidad and Tobago is highly trade dependent, using the foreign exchange earned by its commodity and energy exports to buy consumer goods. The U.S. is by far Trinidad's most important trading partner, supplying about half of all imports and buying half of all exports.

Trinidad's exports are concentrated in a few sectors: oil, gas and downstream petrochemical products (chiefly fertilizers), and iron and steel. Thanks to its energy and commodity exports Trinidad has run a trade surplus in all but two of the last 20 years. Since the floating of the TT dollar in 1993, exports of manufactured products such as diapers, beer, soft drinks, processed foods, air conditioning equipment and plastic products have increased significantly, particularly to the country's CARICOM neighbors with whom T&T runs a ten to one trade surplus.

Trinidad and Tobago's agricultural sector is still dominated by sugar, which was introduced in colonial times. But despite preferential market access arrangements with the U.S. and the European Union, sugar production has generally been unprofitable, due to high costs and low volume. The state owned sugar company Caroni (1975) Ltd. has made attempts to diversify into areas such as citrus production, livestock and aquaculture with limited success. Other export crops include cocoa, coffee and cut flowers, but none is currently a significant foreign exchange earner. Agriculture still only accounts for about 2% of GDP The fishing sector is receiving increased attention both for the local market and for exports, but over fishing by commercial shrimp trawlers and coastal pollution are threatening once abundant fishing grounds.

In the oil-boom years, neither the government nor the people showed much interest in tourism. After the economic decline of the 1980s, however, Trinidad and Tobago has witnessed a positive change in attitudes toward tourism, and government has targeted the tourism industry for greater development. Currently largely confined to Tobago, tourism in Trinidad and Tobago is low-key and only accounts for 1% of GDP Fewer than 200,000 tourists visit the islands each year, many of these during Carnival. Lack of sufficient hotel rooms and limited air transportation links are challenges in marketing T&T as a tourist destination. The marine pleasure yacht subsector has been a bright spot in the country's tourism picture in recent years. Since 1990 annual sailing yacht arrivals have increased from several hundred to well over 3,000. The government is focusing efforts on the development of ecotourism destinations, taking advantage of acclaimed diving sites off the coast of Tobago and the impressive biological diversity of both islands.

The country's labor force numbers around 521,000, according to the latest figures. In 1998, official unemployment reached its lowest level in a decade at 14%, falling from 21.1% in 1993. The largest employment sector is services, accounting for 30% of total employment. Other significant sectors are trade, restaurant and hotels (18%), construction (13.6%), and manufacturing (10.3%). The vital, but capital intensive, hydrocarbon sectors employ only a small percentage of the labor force.

Trinidad and Tobago has an active labor movement. Although only about a quarter of the national labor force is unionized, the unions enjoy a relatively high public profile. Unionization in the industrial and public sectors is higher than in most other sectors. The Labor Ministry serves as conciliator in labor disputes, and the Industrial Court, to which disputes are referred when collective bargaining fails, has a record of fair, but slow, adjudication.

Transportation

Automobiles

Poor public transportation makes a personal car necessary in Port of Spain. Traffic moves on the left, so right-hand-drive vehicles predominate. Only right-hand-drive (RHD) cars are sold locally. There are dealers for nearly all Japanese and Korean brands and an increasing number of European models. U.S.-made right-hand drive Fords and Jeeps recently entered the market. Shipping a car to Trinidad, preferably of a make that is sold locally, is less expensive than purchasing one on the island.

A local driver's license (good for three years) is required and a valid U.S. license will facilitate its issuance.

Third-party liability insurance, required by law, is available locally at reasonable rates. A five-year claim-free statement from a previous insurer entitles you to a discount. Local auto insurance rates other than third party liability are high and vary according to the driver's age and safety record. Collision and comprehensive insurance is also available locally, but the rates are higher than U.S. firms.

Although some improvements are under way, many roads and streets (with the exception of a few major highways) are narrow, full of potholes, and poorly maintained. Wear and tear on cars is rapid and narrow roads are often congested; small cars are recommended. Four-wheel-drive sport utility vehicles are also very popular, especially for those who enjoy exploring the dirt roads and secluded beaches of the island.

The typical Trinidadian driving style may surprise newcomers. Some drivers are aggressive and have little reluctance about straddling the center of the road. Driving with high beams on at night is fairly common. Taxis stop suddenly to pick up or discharge passengers. Newcomers quickly learn to drive defensively at all times but find that driving on the left is not as hard as it appears.

Local

Private cars and taxis are the primary means of local transport, but buses cover limited routes which concentrate on connecting Port-of-Spain with nearby towns and villages. The country no longer has a railway system.

Taxi stands are located in several areas of Port-of-Spain, including hotels and the airport. Taxis can also be summoned by telephone or hailed on the street. Travel by taxi on a daily basis is expensive; ask the fare beforehand, as taxis are not metered. Taxis are not identified by signs, or by uniform painting, but by the first letter "H" on the license plate. Route taxis or maxi-taxis (minibuses) are restricted to special routes. They display a sign in the windshield, but the color coding designates their area. Passengers are picked up and let off along the route. Fares are reasonable and many local residents rely on maxi-taxis for transportation.

Car rentals are higher than in the U.S. and usually require a large cash deposit or credit card. A typical compact car averages US$45 a day when available, but long term rates are lower.

Trinidad has no school bus system. The lack of organized school transportation further congests the morning rush hour.

Regional

Popular regional destinations include Caracas, San Juan, Miami, Barbados, Grenada, and other islands. Air connections are reasonably good to all of these places. Regional airlines, British West Indian Airways (BWIA), Liat and American Airlines offer regular service from Port of Spain.

There are hourly 20-minute flights daily between Trinidad (Piarco Airport) and Tobago (Crown Point Airport). The fare is currently US$48 round trip. Airport taxi fares on both islands are standard and are displayed at each terminal. Establish the fare before hiring a taxi.

A ferry also operates between Trinidad and Tobago. The round trip fare is US$8 and US$10 for economy and tourist class tickets and US$20 for an average sized car (cost is based on car's weight). A cabin costs an additional US$26 and must be booked early. The trip takes 5 1/2 hours from Port of Spain to Tobago, but only 5 hours return because of the favorable current. Car rentals in Tobago cost about US$45 a day; reserve in advance in Port of Spain.

Communications

Telephone and Telegraph

A modern telephone system has been installed throughout the island. Trinidad and Tobago follows the North American Dialing Plan and uses the international area code 1-868.

You can dial international calls to the United States direct from home or office by simply dialing 1, the area code, and number. Worldwide connections are good, but costs are well above U.S. discount rates. Credit card billing to the U.S. saves money on longer calls, but costs more for short calls due to operator assistance. As of June 1997, calls to Washington, D.C., is approximately US$1.00 per minute, if charged to a TT number.

TSTT International Cable Service offers worldwide telegram delivery, but incoming service has not always been reliable.

Internet services are available in Trinidad through private vendors or TSTT.

Mail

International airmail from the U.S. is received about five times a week and takes from 3 to 10 days, depending on the point of origin. Airmail from Trinidad to the U.S. costs approximately US400 for a standard letter. There are reports, however, of lost or stolen mail, especially items such as magazines, catalogs and packages.

Radio and TV

Trinidad has fourteen local radio stations, three on AM and the balance FM, which offer almost exclusively international pop and local music. There is almost no classical, jazz, rock or world music programming. World news is broadcast regularly, but U.S. news coverage is limited.

Cable TV service is available through several companies providing about 40 or more channels, mostly from the U.S., including some network stations. The one government-owned TV station operates separate programs on two channels. Both transmit in color. Programs are mainly imported series, most of them from the U.S. Some locally produced shows as well as news programs are shown. A video cassette recorder (VCR) is useful for additional entertainment, with video stores located throughout Trinidad. Tapes, often of only fair quality, rent for approximately US $2 each per week.

Trinidad and Tobago is on the U.S. scanning and frequency system, so TV sets manufactured for use in the U.S. will work in Trinidad without adaptation. Ship TVs, stereos, VCRs, radios, etc., from the U.S. as they are more expensive in Trinidad. Service and parts for the better known models can be obtained locally and repair work is relatively inexpensive.

Newspapers, Magazines, and Technical Journals

Three morning newspapers and several weeklies are published locally. The papers subscribe to the Caribbean News Agency (CANA), AP, etc. All give coverage to overseas news highlights, but in-depth international reporting is inadequate. The quality of the journalism varies widely.

U.S. daily newspapers are not currently available in Trinidad, except on the Internet on a limited and delayed basis at some hotels. The current Latin American editions of Time and Newsweek are available, at close to U.S. prices, at newsstands and bookstores. Popular American magazines, such as Good Housekeeping, Vogue, Glamour and House Beautiful are also available, but are often at least a month old and more expensive. Subscribe to magazines in the U.S. and have them mailed via pouch.

Port of Spain has various bookstores, stocked with books and paperbacks published locally, and in the U.K. and the U.S. However, they are not comparable in selection to U.S. bookstores and prices are considerable higher. The Port of Spain City Library has a large selection of British and American classics and popular novels.

Health and Medicine

Medical Facilities

Trinidad and Tobago has a relatively large number of competent general practitioners and specialists who have trained in the U.K., U.S., and Canada. Some doctors practice in private clinics, but most maintain private offices located throughout the country.

Government-operated clinics are open to those who cannot afford private care. The Mount Hope Medical Sciences Complex is fitted with state-of-the-art equipment but, like other government hospitals which have well-trained staff, conditions often do not meet U.S. standards. Private clinics also offer good-quality care; such as the St. Clair Medical Centre.

In a major medical emergency, when medical evacuation is not feasible, the St. Clair Medical Clinic has been designated the facility for use. Doctors are in attendance around the clock, and life-support equipment is available. Medical care in Trinidad and Tobago is adequate for routine procedures, but the U.S. is generally preferable for specialized treatment.

Most Americans and other foreigners use local dentists trained in the U.K., U.S. or Canada. Orthodontic care is available, as are eye specialists. Eyeglass frames are imported and expensive, but locally ground lenses are relatively cheaper. Overall, the cost of medical, hospital, and dental care is much lower than in the U.S.

Prescription drugs, medicines and remedies available locally are mostly British and U.S. products. A full range of items is available from well-stocked pharmacies, but some brands may be unfamiliar. Prices are also generally higher than in the U.S. Bring a supply of any medical items you use regularly, including contact lens supplies, prescription drugs, over-the-counter remedies, first aid supplies, and cosmetics. Many items can be ordered later by pouch.

Community Health

Community sanitation in residential areas is good. Garbage is collected three times a week in most neighborhoods and garden clippings are collected weekly. Port of Spain and its suburbs are connected to a central sewage disposal system; outlying areas rely on septic tanks.

Water, for the most part, is potable. Certain residential areas (particularly elevated ones) are subjected to water shortages, however, most of these residences have water storage tanks.

Food purchased from street vendors and small restaurants can be of mixed quality. Qualified food handlers display a "food handler's badge." Fruits and vegetables are generally safe after being washed.

Preventive Measures

Epidemics are rare in Trinidad and Tobago. However, gastroenteritis in children continues to be a problem, particularly in the rural areas. South American cholera generally does not reach Trinidad and Tobago, but precautions such as vigilant hand-washing and avoidance of food and drink from street vendors are advisable. Mosquito-borne dengue fever has increased in frequency in recent years. Yellow fever outbreaks occur roughly every ten years.

Newcomers may suffer from heat rash due to the high temperature and humidity. The weather may also affect those who suffer from hay fever, bronchial asthma, and fungal infections, and prolong other infections. Mosquitoes, sand flies and chiggers can cause discomfort outdoors.

Typhoid, gamma globulin, and yellow fever inoculations are not required for travelers coming from the U.S. to enter Trinidad and Tobago, but they are recommended for those who plan to travel to South America. Immunization can be obtained locally.

NOTES FOR TRAVELERS

Passage, Customs & Duties

Two daily flights from Miami to Port of Spain are available on American Airlines. In addition, non-American carriers provide regular service to Port of Spain from the U.S., Canada, Venezuela, and the U.K. as well as interisland service. Reservations may be difficult to obtain during certain seasons, especially Christmas and Carnival.

A passport is required of U.S. citizens for entry to Trinidad and Tobago. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for stays of 90 days or less. Work permits are required for certain types of compensated and non-compensated employment, including missionary work. For further information concerning entry, employment and customs requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago, 1708 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, telephone (202) 467-6490 or the consulates of Trinidad and Tobago in Miami at (305) 374-2199 or New York City at (212) 682-7272, or by email atembassyttgo@erols.com

Americans living in or visiting Trinidad and Tobago are encouraged to register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and obtain updated information on travel and security. The U.S. Embassy is located at 15 Queen's Park West in Port-of-Spain, telephone 1-868-622-6371, Consular Section fax 1-868-628-5462. Hours of operation are 7:30 a.m.-12:00 noon, Monday-Friday, except U.S. and Trinidad and Tobago holidays.

Pets

All pets imported into Trinidad and Tobago except birds, are subject without exception to a six-month quarantine.

The animal must have a health certificate from a U.S. Government veterinarian, stating vaccinations received, disease history, etc. The animal must be confined in an escape-proof cage. (Dogs must have a collar and leash).

The owner must also provide all the food, two feeding bowls and a padlock with two keys for the bin in which the food will be kept and locked-the owner keeps one key.

Birds are not quarantined, but must have a similar permit and Health Certificate, along with a Species Certificate showing that the species may be imported.

Currency, Banking, and Weights and Measures

The local currency is referred to as the Trinidad and Tobago dollar, TT dollar or just "TT". Effective April 13, 1993, the Government of Trinidad & Tobago announced the floating of the TT dollar. As of September 1999, the exchange rate was approximately TT$6.30 to US$1. Coins and bills have the same denomination as U.S. money, but the bills are issued in different colors.

All weights and measures were converted to the metric system in early 1982. However, you will find that both systems are used.

LOCAL HOLIDAYS

Jan. 1 …New Year's Day

Mar. 30…Spiritual Baptist Liberation Shouter Day

Mar/Apr. … Good Friday^*

Mar/Apr. … Easter^*

Mar/Apr. … Easter Monday^*

May 30…Indian Arrival Day

May/June…Corpus Christi^*

June 19 …Labor Day

Aug. 1…Emancipation Day

Aug. 31…Independence Day

Dec. 25 …Christmas Day

Dec. 26 …Boxing Day

^*variable

RECOMMENDED READING

These titles are provided as a general indication of the material published on this country.

History and General

Ahye, Molly. Golden Heritage: The Dance in Trinidad and Tobago. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad: Moonan Printers Ltd.

Anthony, Michael. The Making of Port of Spain. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Key Caribbean Pub., 1978.

Black, Jan K. and others. The Area Handbook for Trinidad andTobago. American University Press: Washington, DC, 1976.

Brathwaite, Lloyd. Social Stratification in Trinidad: A Preliminary Analysis. Mona, Kingston: USER, U.W L., 1975. Carmichael, Gertrude. History of the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Fernhill: New York, 1961.

Christopher, C.A. Nationhood 18: A Progress Review of Trinidad and Tobago in 18 years of Nationhood. Trinidad and Tobago: Enform Publications, 1980.

De Verteuil, Fr. Anthony. The Years Before. Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean Ltd., 1975.

Deosaran, Ramesh. Eric Williams, the Man, His Ideas, and His Politics (A Study of Political Power). Signum Publishing Co. Ltd., 1981.

Edwards, S. Hylton. Lengthening Shadows: Birth and Revolt of the Trinidad Army. Trinidad and Tobago: Inprint Caribbean Ltd., 1975.

Fraser, Lionel Mordaunt. History of Trinidad. London: Cass 1971.

Naipaul, V. S. Loss of El Dorado. Knopf. 1970.

Naipaul, V.S. The Middle Passage. Penguin Books, Ltd.: 1962.

O'Connor, P.E.T. Some Trinidad Yesterdays. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean Ltd., 1975.

Ryan, Selwyn D. Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago. University of Toronto: 1972.

Sudama, Trevor. Of Society and Politics. Miscellaneous Commentaries on Trinidad and Tobago. Siparia, Trinidad: Sookhai's Printery, 1979.

Williams, Eric. From Columbus to Castor. Deutsch: London, 1970.

Williams, Eric. History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago. Transatlantic: New York, 1970.

Geography and Description First Geography of Trinidad and Tobago. Cambridge University Press: 1968.

The Caribbean Handbook 1984-1985. Edited by Clayton Goodwin. St. John's, Antigua, W l.: Ft. International, Head Office: P.O. Box 1032.

Herklots, G.A/C. Birds of Trinidad and Tobago. William Collins and sons, Ltd.: London, 1965.

Zubert, Christian. Trinidad and Tobago. Editions Delroisse: Boulogne, France.

Fiction

Lovelace, Earl. The Dragon Can't Dance. Logman Group Ltd.: 1979.

Lovelace, Earl. Salt.

Michener, James. The Caribbean.

Naipaul, V. S. A House for Mr. Biswas. McGraw-Hill: 1962.

Naipaul, V. S. Miguel Street. Vanguard: 1980.

Stewart, John. Last Schooldays. Deutsch: London 1971.

Walcott, Derek. Fortunate Traveller. Farrar, Straus, Giroux Inc.: 1982.

Walcott, Derek. Another Life. Cape: London, 1972

Trinidad and Tobago

PROFILE
PEOPLE AND HISTORY
GOVERNMENT
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
ECONOMY
FOREIGN RELATIONS
U.S.-TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO RELATIONS
TRAVEL

Compiled from the January 2008 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes.

Official Name:

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

PROFILE

Geography

Area: 5,128 sq. km. (1,980 sq. mi.), about the size of Delaware. Trinidad—4,828 sq. km. (1,864 sq. mi). Tobago—300 sq. km. (116 sq. mi).

Cities: Capital—Port of Spain (metropolitan pop. 310,000). Other cities—San Fernando, Chaguanas, Arima, Scarborough (Tobago).

Terrain: Plains and low mountains.

Climate: Tropical; principal rainy season is June through December.

People

Nationality: Noun and adjective—Trinidadian(s) and Tobagonian(s). (Note: A popular combination name for Trinidadians and Tobagonians is Trinbagonians.)

Population: (2007 est.) 1,303,188.

Annual growth rate: 0.4%.

Ethnic groups: (2000) East Indian 40.0%, African 37.5%, mixed 20.5%, European 0.6%, Chinese 0.3%, other/ not stated 1.1%.

Religions: (2000) Roman Catholic 26.0%, Hindu 22.5%, Anglican 7.8%, Pentecostal 6.8%, Baptist 7.2%, other Christian 5.8%, Muslim 5.8%, Seventh Day Adventist 4%, other 10.8%, unspecified 1.4%, none 1.9%.

Languages: English.

Education: Years compulsory—8. Literacy—98.6%.

Health: Infant mortality rate: (2005 est.)—25.81/1,000. Life expectancy (2006 est.)—66 yrs. male; 68 yrs. female.

Work force: (615,400 in 2007 est.) Trade and services 44.1%, construction 16.8%, government 20.1%, manufacturing 10.2%, agriculture/sugar 3.9%, oil/gas 3.8%, utilities 1.1%.

Government

Type: Parliamentary democracy.

Independence: August 31, 1962.

Constitution: September 24, 1976.

Government branches: Executive—president (chief of state), prime minister (head of government), cabinet. Legislative—bicameral parliament. Judicial—independent court system; highest court of appeal is Privy Council (London).

Political subdivisions: Nine regional corporations, two city corporations, three borough corporations, one ward (Trinidad); Tobago House of Assembly.

Political parties: People's National Movement (PNM); United National Congress (UNC); Congress of the People (COP); other minor parties, including the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR).

Suffrage: Universal at 18.

Economy (2007 est.)

GDP: U.S. $20.9 billion (current prices).

Annual growth rate: 5.5% (2007 est.), 12.2% (2006 preliminary).

Per capita income: U.S. $16,041.

Natural resources: Oil and natural gas, timber, fish. Petroleum (crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals) 44.3% of GDP.

Financial services: 13.5% of GDP.

Distribution including restaurants: 14% of GDP.

Manufacturing: (food and beverages, assembly, chemicals, printing) 7.2% of GDP: (excludes oil refining and petrochemical industries).

Construction and Quarrying: 7.4% of GDP.

Transport/storage/communication: 6.6% of GDP.

Government: 4.6% of GDP.

Education, cultural community services: 2% of GDP.

Electricity and water: 1.3% of GDP.

Agriculture: (sugar, poultry, other meat, vegetables, citrus) 0.4% of GDP.

Hotels and guesthouses: 0.2% of GDP.

PEOPLE AND HISTORY

Columbus landed on and named Trinidad in 1498, and Spaniards settled the island a century later. Spanish colonizers largely wiped out the original inhabitants—Arawak and Carib Indians—and the survivors were gradually assimilated. Although it attracted French, free black, and other non-Spanish settlers, Trinidad remained under Spanish rule until the British captured it in 1797. During the colonial period, Trinidad's economy relied on large sugar and cocoa plantations. Tobago's development was similar to other plantation islands in the Lesser Antilles and quite different from Trinidad.

During the colonial period, French, Dutch, and British forces fought over possession of Tobago, and the island changed hands 22 times—more often than any other West Indies island. Britain took final possession of Tobago in 1803. The two islands of Trinidad and Tobago were incorporated into a single colony in 1888. Trinidad and Tobago achieved full independence in 1962 and joined the British Commonwealth. Trinidad and Tobago became a republic in 1976.

The people of Trinidad and Tobago are mainly of African or East Indian descent. Virtually all speak English. Small percentages also speak Hindi, French patois, and several other dialects. Trinidad has two major folk traditions: Creole and East Indian. Creole is a mixture of African elements with Spanish, French, and English colonial culture. Trinidad's East Indian culture came to the island beginning May 30, 1845 with the arrival of indentured servants brought to fill a labor shortage created by the emancipation of the African slaves in 1838. Most remained on the land, and they still dominate the agricultural sector, but many have become prominent in business and the professions. East Indians have retained much of their own way of life, including Hindu and Muslim religious festivals and practices.

GOVERNMENT

Trinidad and Tobago is a unitary state, with a parliamentary democracy modeled after that of Great Britain. Although completely independent, Trinidad and Tobago acknowledged the British monarch as the figurehead chief of state from 1962 until 1976. In 1976 the country adopted a republican Constitution, replacing Queen Elizabeth with a president elected by Parliament. The general direction and control of the government rests with the cabinet, led by a prime minister and answerable to the bicameral Parliament.

The members of the House of Representatives are elected to terms of at least 5 years. Elections may be called earlier by the president at the request of the prime minister or after a vote of no confidence in the House of Representatives. Parliamentary elections took place on November 5, 2007; the number of seats contested in the House of Representatives in that vote increased from 36 to 41.

The Senate's 31 members are appointed by the president: 16 on the advice of the prime minister, 6 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 9 independents selected by the president from among outstanding members of the community. Elected councils administer the nine regional, two city, and three borough corporations on Trinidad. Since 1980 the Tobago House of Assembly has governed Tobago with limited responsibility for local matters.

The country's highest court is the Court of Appeal, whose chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and leader of the opposition. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London decides final appeal on some matters. Member states of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) selected Trinidad as the headquarters site for the new Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), which is intended eventually to replace the Privy Council for all CARICOM states. The CCJ heard its first case in August 2005. Despite having its seat in Port of Spain, the CCJ has not yet supplanted the Privy Council for Trinidad and Tobago due to a legislative dispute over constitutional reform.

Principal Government Officials

Last Updated: 2/1/2008

President: George Maxwell RICHARDS

Prime Minister: Patrick MANNING

Min. of Agriculture, Land, & Marine Resources: Arnold PIGGOTT

Min. of Community Development & Culture: Marlene MCDONALD

Min. of Education: Esther LE GENDRE

Min. of Energy & Energy Industries: Conrad ENILL

Min. of Finance: Karen TESHEIRA-NUNEZ

Min. of Foreign Affairs: Paula GOPEE-SCOON

Min. of Health: Jerry NARACE

Min. of Labor & Small & Micro-Enterprise Development: Rennie DUMAS

Min. of Legal Affairs: Peter TAYLOR

Min. of Local Government: Hazel MANNING

Min. of National Security & Rehabilitation: Martin JOSEPH

Min. of Planning, Housing, & Development: Emily GAYNORDICK-FORDE

Min. of Public Admin.: Kennedy SWARTSINGH

Min. of Public Information: Neil PARSANLAL

Min. of Public Utilities & the Environment: Mustapha ABDUL-HAMID

Min. of Science, Technology, & Tertiary Education: Christine KANGALOO

Min. of Social Development: Amery BROWN

Min. of Sports & Youth Affairs: Gary HUNT

Min. of Trade & Industry: Keith ROWLEY

Min. of Tourism: Joseph ROSS

Min. of Works & Transport: Colm IMBERT

Min. in the Ministry of Finance: Mariano BROWNE

Min. in the Office of the Prime Min.: Lenny SAITH

Attorney General: Bridgette ANNISETTE-GEORGE

Governor, Central Bank: Ewart WILIAMS

Ambassador to the US: Marina Annette VALERE

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York: Philip Reuben Arnott SEALY

The embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is located at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 (tel. 202-467-6490; fax. 202-785-3130).

POLITICAL CONDITIONS

The first political party in Trinidad and Tobago with a continuing organization and program—the People's National Movement (PNM) —emerged in 1956 under Dr. Eric Williams, who became Prime Minister upon independence and remained in that position until his death in 1981. Politics have generally run along ethnic lines, with Afro-Trinidadians supporting the PNM and Indo-Trinidadians supporting various Indian-majority parties, such as the United National Congress (UNC). Most political parties, however, have sought to broaden their appeal and their candidate lists for the November elections reflect this.

The PNM remained in power following the death of Dr. Williams, but its 30-year rule ended in 1986 when the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), a “rainbow party” aimed at Trinidadians of both African and Indian descent, won a landslide victory by capturing 33 of 36 seats. Tobago's A.N.R. Robinson, the NAR political leader, became Prime Minister. The NAR began to break down when the Indian component with-drew in 1988. Basdeo Panday, leader of the old United Labor Front (ULF), formed the new opposition with the UNC.

In July 1990, the Jamaat al Muslimeen, an extremist Black Muslim group with an unresolved grievance against the government over land claims, tried to overthrow the NAR government. The group held the prime minister and members of parliament hostage for 5 days while rioting and looting shook Port of Spain. After a long standoff with the police and military, Jamaat leader Yasin Abu Bakr and his followers surrendered to Trinidad and Tobago authorities. In 1992 the Court of Appeal upheld the validity of a government

amnesty given to the Jamaat members during the hostage crisis. Abu Bakr and 113 other Jamaat members were jailed for two years while other courts debated the amnesty's validity. All 114 members were eventually released after a ruling by the U.K. Privy Council.

In 1991 elections, the NAR lost control of the government to the PNM, led by Patrick Manning who became prime minister. The Panday-led UNC finished second and replaced the NAR as chief opposition party. In 1995 Manning called for elections, in which the PNM and UNC both won 17 seats and the NAR won two seats. The UNC allied with the NAR and formed the new government, with Panday becoming prime minister—the first prime minister of East Indian descent. Although elections held in 2000 returned the UNC to power, the UNC government fell in 2001 with the defection of three of its parliamentarians, and the subsequent elections resulted in an even 18-18 split between the UNC and the PNM. President A.N.R. Robinson bypassed his former party colleague Panday by inviting PNM leader Manning to form a government, but the inability to break the tie delayed Parliament from meeting. Manning called elections in 2002, after which the PNM formed the next government with a 20-16 majority.

Elections were held again on November 5, 2007, with the PNM winning 26 seats and the UNC securing the remaining 15; the recently-formed Congress of the People party (COP) won no seats. Prime Minister Manning took his oath of office on November 7 to begin another 5-year term. All three major parties are committed to free market economic policies and increased foreign investment. Trinidad and Tobago has remained cooperative with the United States in the regional fight against narcotics trafficking and on other issues.

ECONOMY

The twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago continues to experience real GDP growth as a result of economic reforms, tight monetary policy, fiscal responsibility, and high oil prices. In 2006 the country experienced a real GDP growth rate of 12.2%. This was expected to level off to 5.5% in 2007. The PNM-led government continues its sound macro-economic policies. Long-term growth looks promising, as Trinidad and Tobago further develops its oil and gas resources and the industries dependent on natural gas, including petrochemicals, fertilizers, iron/steel and aluminum. Additional growth potential also exists in financial services, telecommunications and trans-port. Strong growth in Trinidad and Tobago over the past few years has led to trade surpluses, even with high import levels due to industrial expansion and increased consumer demand. The debt service ratio was 2.8% in 2006, up from 1.8% in 2005. In 2006, unemployment fell to 5% down from 6.7% in 2005. In the first quarter of 2007, unemployment was at 6.5%. Headline inflation peaked at 10% (year-on-year) in October 2006, then moderated to 7.9% as of August 2007. Food price inflation slowed to 16.7% (year-on-year) in August 2007, down from 22% in October 2006. After raising its interest rates eight times in 2006, the Central Bank has maintained the rate at 8.0% since September 2006. There are no currency or capital controls and the Central Bank maintains the TT dollar in a lightly managed, stable float against the U.S. dollar. From October 2006 to March 2007, the exchange rate experienced some fluctuation between TT$6.3122 and TT$6.3288 to US $1. The rate as of October 9, 2007, was TT$6.3335 to US$1.

Trinidad and Tobago has made a transition from an oil-based economy to one based on natural gas. In 2006, natural gas production averaged 4000 million standard cubic feet per day (mmscf/d), compared with 3200 mmscf/d in 2005. The petrochemical sector, including plants producing methanol, ammonia, urea, and natural gas liquids, has continued to grow in line with natural gas production, which continues to expand and should meet the needs of new industrial plants coming on stream over the next few years, including iron, aluminum, ethylene and propylene. In December 2005, the Atlantic LNG fourth production module or “train” for liquefied natural gas (LNG) began production. Train 4 has increased Atlantic LNG's overall output capacity by almost 50% and is among the largest LNG trains in the world at 5.2 million tons/year of LNG. Trinidad and Tobago is the fifth-largest exporter of LNG in the world and the single largest supplier of LNG to the U.S., supplying two-thirds of all LNG imported into the U.S. As a result of Atlantic LNG Train 4, the energy sector experienced 21.4% growth in 2006 and accounted for nearly 47% of GDP at that year's end.

Growth in the non-energy sector was projected to increase slightly, from 6.6% in 2006 to 6.7% in 2007. The manufacturing sector was estimated to be growing by 8.0% in 2007, down from 9.4% in 2006. The food, beverage and tobacco industry is expected to expand at a rate of 13.4%, up from 8.4% in 2006. This is due to improved performance in meat, poultry, and fish (19%); tobacco (32%); alcoholic beverages (25%); and non-alcoholic beverages (15%). In 2007, slower growth was also expected in other industries, with chemicals and nonmetallic minerals expected to slow to 6.4% in 2007 from 12.3% in 2006, and assembly type and related industries slowing to 5.1% growth in 2007 from 10.1% in 2006. Improved growth was expected from the remaining industries, i.e., wood and related products (4.5%); printing and publishing (7.7%); textile, garments, and foot-wear (0.6%); and miscellaneous manufacturing (11.9%). Services sector growth was expected to reach 5.2% in 2007, up from 4.3% in 2006, led by construction sector growth resulting from Trinidad and Tobago Government investment in housing and infrastructure and the commencement of new infrastructure projects such as the highway interchange. A marginal increase of 0.3% was projected for the domestic agriculture sector. The government is seeking to diversify the economy to reduce dependence on the energy sector and to achieve self-sustaining growth. The diversification strategy focuses on seven key industries: yachting; fish and fish processing; merchant marine; music and entertainment; film; food and beverage; and printing and packaging. A national research and development fund will be established to stimulate innovation and investment in a new technology park, currently under construction.

Trinidad and Tobago has an open investment climate. Since 1992, almost all investment barriers have been eliminated. The government continues to welcome foreign investors. The government has a double taxation agreement, a bilateral investment treaty and an intellectual property rights agreement with the United States. The stock of U.S. direct investment in Trinidad and Tobago was $3.85 billion as of 2006. Total foreign direct investment inflows over the last five years amounted to approximately US$6 billion. Among recent and ongoing investment projects are several involving U.S. firms: ISG Trinidad started operations in November 2004 in a plant that has the capacity to produce 500,000 metric tons annually of hot briquetted iron. In December 2006 Nucor began producing direct reduced iron for shipment to the U.S. at its plant in Trinidad, which has a production capacity of 2.0 million tons per year. Two aluminum smelter plants are also planned, one of them to be owned by Alcoa. The first major business-class hotel to be opened in several years bears the Marriott Courtyard brand. A Hyatt-managed hotel was scheduled to open in late 2007, part of a multimillion-dollar waterfront development project in Port of Spain.

Trinidad and Tobago's infrastructure is adequate by regional standards. Expansion of the Crown Point airport on Tobago is being planned, which follows opening of the Piarco terminal on Trinidad in 2000. There is an extensive network of paved roads. Traffic is a worsening problem throughout Trinidad, as the road network is not well suited to the rising volume of vehicles and only a rudimentary mass transport system exists as an alternative. Utilities are fairly reliable in cities, but some rural areas suffer from power failures, water shortages in the dry season, and flooding in the rainy season due to inadequate drainage. Infrastructure improvement is one of the government's budget priorities, especially rehabilitating rural roads and bridges, rural electrification, flood control, and improved drainage and sewerage. The government has awarded a contract for the preliminary design of a light rail system which is projected to be completed in five to six years.

Telephone service is modern and fairly reliable, although significantly more costly to consumers than comparable U.S. service, including for wireline, wireless, and broadband services. Change began in the wireless market when the new Telecommunications Authority invited two firms to offer competition to state-owned monopoly incumbent TSTT (co-owned by Cable & Wireless). Two wireless providers, bmobile and Digicel, are already operational, while a third licensee, Laqtel, had not launched service as of October 2007. Two companies, Telestar Cable System Limited and Green Dot Limited, won an October 2007 Telecommunication Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (TATT) auction for radio spectrum to provide public Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) services. Improvements in service and price are likely as competition in the Internet services market increases in coming years.

FOREIGN RELATIONS

As the most industrialized and second-largest country in the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts and has advocated for a greater measure of political security and integration. CARICOM members are working to establish a Single Market and Economy (CSME). In early 2006, Trinidad and Tobago, in conjunction with the larger CARI-COM nations, inaugurated the CARI-COM Single Market, a precursor to the full CSME. As a first step toward greater security integration, Trinidad and Tobago and the other members of CARICOM collaborated with the U.S. on an Advance Passenger Information System in preparation for the 2007 Cricket World Cup tournament, which took place in nine Caribbean venues in March and April 2007.

Trinidad and Tobago is active in the Summit of the Americas (SOA) process of the Organization of American States (OAS). It recently hosted hemisphere-wide ministerial meetings on energy (2004) and education (2005), as well as an OAS meeting on terrorism and security (also 2005). It also hosted a negotiating session in 2003 for the OAS Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), and aspires to hosting an eventual FTAA secretariat. It will host the SOA summit in 2009.

Trinidad and Tobago is a democracy that maintains close relations with its Caribbean neighbors and major North American and European trading partners. After its 1962 independence, Trinidad and Tobago joined the UN and the Commonwealth. In 1967, it became the first Commonwealth country to join the OAS. In 1995, Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the Association of Caribbean States and has become the headquarters location for this 25-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and cooperation among its members.

U.S.-TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO RELATIONS

The United States and Trinidad and Tobago enjoy cordial relations. U.S. interests here and throughout the hemisphere focus on increasing investment and trade, and ensuring more stable supplies of energy. They also include enhancing Trinidad and Tobago's political and social stability and positive regional role through assistance in drug interdiction, health issues, and legal affairs. The U.S. embassy was established in Port of Spain in 1962, replacing the former consulate general.

International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Foreign Military Financing (FMF) programs were suspended in 2003 under the terms of the American Service Members Protection Act (ASPA), because Trinidad and Tobago, a member of the International Criminal Court, had not concluded a bilateral non-surrender or “Article 98” agreement with the United States. However, when the Congress de-linked IMET funding from the Article 98 sanctions, a nominal allocation of $45,000 in IMET was reinstated for late 2007. Currently, the main source of financial assistance provided to the defense force is through State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement funds, Traditional Commander's Activities funds, the State Partnership Program (with Delaware), and IMET. Assistance to Trinidad and Tobago from U.S. military, law enforcement authorities, and in the area of health issues remains important to the bilateral relationship and to accomplishing U.S. policy objectives.

The U.S. Government also provides technical assistance to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago through a number of existing agreements. The Department of Homeland Security has a Customs Advisory Team working with the Ministry of Finance to update its procedures. Similarly, the Treasury Department had an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) advising team that worked with the Board of Inland Revenue modernizing its tax administration; this long-running project ended in October 2007. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a part of the Department of Health and Human Services, collaborates with the Trinidad-based Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) and other regional partners to provide technical assistance and financial support for HIV/ AIDS-related epidemiology surveillance and public health training in the region.

U.S. commercial ties with Trinidad and Tobago have always been strong and have grown substantially in the last several years due to economic liberalization. U.S. firms have invested more than a billion dollars in recent years—mostly in the petrochemical, oil/gas, and iron/steel sectors. Many of America's largest corporations have commercial links with Trinidad and Tobago, and more than 30 U.S. firms have offices and operations in the country. Trinidad and Tobago is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). The U.S. embassy actively fosters bilateral business ties and provides a number of commercial services to potential investors and traders. A double-taxation agreement has existed since the early 1970s. A tax information exchange agreement was signed in 1989, and a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and an Intellectual Property Rights agreement were signed in 1994. The BIT entered into force in 1996. Other agreements include Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance treaties, which have been in force since 1999. An agreement on Maritime Cooperation was signed in 1996.

There are large numbers of U.S. citizens and permanent residents of Trinidadian origin living in the United States (mostly in New York and Florida), which keeps cultural ties strong. About 20,000 U.S. citizens visit Trinidad and Tobago on vacation or for business every year, and more than 4,600 American citizens are residents.

Principal U.S. Embassy Officials

Last Updated: 2/19/2008

PORT OF SPAIN (E) 15 Queen's Park WEST, (868) 622-6371-6, Fax (868) 822-5905, INMARSAT Tel (8816) 3143 9021, Workweek: Mon-Fri, 7:30 am-4:30 pm, Website: http://trinidad.usembassy.gov.

Other Contact Information

U.S. Department of Commerce
International Trade Administration
Trade Information Center
14th and Constitution, NW
Washington, DC 20230
Tel: 1-800-USA-TRADE
http://www.export.gov/exportbasics/ticredirect.asp

American Chamber of Commerce of Trinidad and Tobago
62 Maraval Road, Port of Spain
Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Tel: (868) 622-4466, 622-0340 and
628-2508
Fax: (868) 628-9428
E-mail: inbox@amchamtt.com
http://www.amchamtt.com

TRAVEL

Consular Information Sheet

April 13, 2007

Country Description: Trinidad and Tobago is a developing nation in the Caribbean composed of two islands. The islands gained independence from the British in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean, largely as a result of petroleum and natural gas industries. Tourist travel is mostly to the smaller of the two sister islands, Tobago. Tourist facilities are widely available.

Entry Requirements: A valid passport is required of U.S. citizens for entry to Trinidad and Tobago. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for tourism or business-related visits of 90 days or less. Work permits are required for compensated and some non-compensated employment, including missionary work. Visas may be required for travel for purposes other than business or tourism. For further information concerning entry, employment and customs requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago, 1708 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20036, telephone (202) 467-6490, email embttgo@erols.com, or the Trinidad and Tobago Consulates in Miami or New York City. Visit the Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago's website at http://ttem-bassy.cjb.net.

Safety and Security: American citizens traveling to or residing in Trinidad and Tobago should avoid large crowds and demonstrations. While non-violent demonstrations occur on occasion, widespread civil disorder is not typical.The downtown area of Port of Spain experienced four bombings in 2005.While no similar incidents have occurred since that time, the perpetrator(s) have not been arrested and their identities and motive remain unknown.Americans living or visiting Port of Spain are advised to exercise caution, especially in crowded urban areas. For the latest security information, Americans traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department's Internet web site where the current Travel Warnings and Travel Alerts, including the Worldwide Caution Travel Alert, can be found. Up-to-date information on safety and security can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S., or for callers outside the U.S. and Canada, a regular toll-line at 1-202-501-4444.

Crime: Incidents of violent crime have been steadily on the rise on both islands. Visitors to Trinidad and Tobago should exercise caution and good judgment, as in any large urban area, particularly when traveling after dark from Trinidad's Piarco Airport. There have been incidents involving armed robbers trailing arriving passengers from the airport and then accosting them outside the gates of their residences. Areas to avoid in Trinidad include Laventille, Morvant, Sea Lots, South Belmont, scenic rest stops, walking across the Queen's Park Savannah, and down-town Port of Spain (after dark), as tourists are particularly vulnerable to pick pocketing and armed assaults in these locations. Holiday periods, especially Christmas and Carnival, often see an increase in criminal activity.

Violent crimes, including assault, kidnapping for ransom, sexual assault and murder, have involved foreign residents and tourists, including U.S. citizens. The perpetrators of many these crimes have not been arrested.

Burglaries of private residences are common. Robbery is a risk, particularly in urban areas and especially near ATMs and shopping malls. Visitors should avoid wearing expensive jewelry or displaying large amounts of money in public. One victim was targeted for driving an expensive new car. In some cases, robberies of Americans have turned violent and resulted in injuries after the victim resisted handing over valuables.

In Tobago, the media have reported an increase in the incidence of violent crimes. While local authorities have announced increased measures to fight crime, the U.S. Embassy advises that when making reservations at private accommodations, visitors should ensure that 24-hour security is provided. There have been reports of home invasions in the Mt. Irvine area, and robberies occurring on isolated beaches in Tobago. Visitors to Tobago should ensure that all villas or private homes have adequate security measures.

Visitors to Trinidad and Tobago are also advised to be cautious when visiting isolated beaches or scenic overlooks where robberies can occur. In particular, we advise against visiting the Ft. George scenic overlook in Port of Spain because of lack of security and a number of recent armed robberies at that site. Tourists at La Brea Pitch Lake in South Trinidad were targets of criminals in 2004 and 2005. Visitors should not walk alone or in unfamiliar areas. Valuables left unattended on beaches and in other public places are vulnerable to theft. Visitors should avoid neighborhoods known for high crime rates. When in doubt, consult the establishment where you are staying to identify areas to be avoided.

Taxis available at the major hotels or through pre-arranged pick-ups with reputable companies are generally safe and reliable. The U.S. Embassy urges caution in the use of the small buses or vans in Trinidad, known as “Maxi Taxis” (full-size inter-city buses are usually safe). Unmarked shared taxis authorized to pick up passengers will have the letter ‘H’ as the first letter on their license plates. Some shared taxis and maxi taxis have been linked to petty crime and serious traffic accidents. Valuables including travel documents should not be left unattended in parked cars, especially in parking lots, as several thefts have been reported.

Information for Victims of Crime: The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. If you are the victim of a crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, please contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for assistance. The Embassy/Consulate staff can, for example, assist you to find appropriate medical care, contact family members or friends and explain how funds could be transferred. Although the investigation and prosecution of the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities, consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney if needed.

Medical Facilities and Health Information: We strongly recommend that you obtain comprehensive travel and medical insurance before traveling. Medical care is limited compared to that in the United States. Care at public health facilities is significantly below U.S. standards for treatment of serious injuries and illness, with limited access to supplies and medications. While care at some private facilities is better than at most public health facilities, patients may be expected to prove their ability to pay before assistance is given, even in emergency situations. Patients requiring blood transfusions are expected to arrange for at least the same amount to be donated on their behalf. Physicians and nurses may go on strike, causing serious strain on both public and private medical resources. Ambulance service is extremely limited both in the quality of emergency care and in the availability of vehicles in many parts of the country.

Information on vaccinations and other health precautions, such as safe food and water precautions and insect bite protection, may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's hotline for international travelers at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747) or via the CDC's internet site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel. For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad consult the World Health Organization's (WHO) web-site at http://www.who.int/en. Further health information for travelers is available at http://www.who.int/ith.

Medical Insurance: The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company prior to traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and whether it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation.

Traffic Safety and Road Conditions: While in a foreign country, U.S. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. The information below concerning Trinidad and Tobago is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance.

Traffic moves on the left in Trinidad and Tobago. Most vehicles are right-hand drive, but left-hand drive vehicles are permitted. Rental cars are available, and are generally right-hand drive. A U.S. driver's license and/or an International Driving Permit are valid for up to 90 days after arrival. Seatbelts are required for drivers and front seat passengers, and cars may be pulled over and drivers fined for not wearing seatbelts. Older cars are not required to be equipped with rear seatbelts; many taxis, being older cars, thus lack rear seatbelts. There are no particular requirements for child safety seats.

Trinidad has several good four-lane highways and one controlled-access highway. However, road quality decreases quickly on secondary roads. Rural roads are narrow and often have deep drainage ditches on either side. Some are in poor repair, and are frequently congested. Night travel should be avoided other than on major highways. Roadside assistance exists, but is extremely limited and subject to lengthy delays. The Ministry of Works and Transport is responsible for road conditions and safety in the country. Emergency ambulance services exist but may take prolonged amounts of time to reach the site of an accident and may not provide service in rural areas.

Trinidadian drivers often use hand signals to indicate turning, stopping, or slowing, which do not necessarily correspond to hand signals used in the United States. Trinidadian drivers are generally courteous, but can be flexible with the rules of the road. For example, cars traveling north on a two way street may cross into the southbound lane to stop and let passengers out. Visitors need to be attentive and alert. Intoxicated drivers on the road are a particular concern on the weekends, especially after dark when many locals are going to or returning from social events. Drivers should take extra precaution on narrow and windy roads leading in and out of beaches and small towns in Trinidad and Tobago. As always, defensive driving is strongly encouraged.

The country has an extensive system of taxis, maxi-taxis (vans) and some larger buses. Although the larger inter-city buses are generally safe, the maxi-taxis have been linked to many road accidents and some instances of crime. Fares should be agreed upon in advance. Taxis will often stop at any point along the road to pick up or discharge passengers, often with little or no warning.

Visit the website of the country's national tourist office www.visittnt.com. The Ministry of Works and Transport is the national authority responsible for road safety.

Aviation Safety Oversight: The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has assessed the Government of Trinidad and Tobago as being in compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards for oversight of Trinidad and Tobago's air carrier operations. For more information, travelers may visit the FAA's website at http://www.faa.gov.

Marine Safety and Oversight: Visitors arriving in Trinidad and Tobago aboard a private vessel must register any firearms with local customs authorities. Failure to declare firearms or making false customs declarations is a serious offense. U.S. citizens have been jailed and fined for possession of unlicensed firearms and ammunition, attempting to export ammunition, making false customs declarations and not declaring their firearms.

There is a small community of private boat owners who stay in Trinidad temporarily during the hurricane season. There have been several incidents within the past few months in which vessels were boarded and the occupants were assaulted and robbed. Sailors should report any incidents to the Coast Guard and local police, and are encouraged to check with the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard and yacht facility managers for current information.

Special Circumstances: Trinidad and Tobago is prone to occasional, moderate earthquakes. Tobago has suffered extensive damage by only two hurricanes since 1963. In 2004, parts of Tobago were severely affected by flooding and mudslides from Hurricane Ivan and several other major storms that followed soon thereafter. General information about natural disaster preparedness is available via the Internet from the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) website.

Criminal Penalties: While in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to that country's laws and regulations, which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offences. Persons violating Trinidad and Tobago's laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested or imprisoned. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Trinidad and Tobago are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Suspected offenders may be jailed until the trial date, which can be months or even years after the arrest.

Many of the US citizens incarcerated in Trinidad and Tobago were caught attempting to take suitcases or packages containing drugs out of the country. Even if the package or suitcase is being carried for someone else, the traveler is liable for its contents. Engaging in sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime, prosecutable in the United States. Americans should also be aware that cursing and use of foul language in public is a criminal offense in Trinidad and Tobago, subject to arrest and fines. Several Americans have been arrested recently for this offense. While the penalty for public cursing is usually a fine, it can cause considerable disruption in travel plans due to the realities of an arrest and requirement to appear at hearings, and even incarceration if bail cannot be posted. Travelers are also cautioned against wearing military or camouflage clothing in public, as it is against local laws to do so, unless they are in Trinidad and Tobago on official military business. We have had reports of local immigration and customs officials detaining children wearing camouflage outfits and confiscating the clothing.

Children's Issues: For information on international adoption of children and international parental child abduction, see the Office of Children's Issues website at http://travel.state.gov/family.

Registration and Embassy Locations: Americans living or traveling in Trinidad and Tobago are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate through the State Department's travel registration website and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Trinidad and Tobago. Americans without Internet access may register directly with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy or Consulate to contact them in case of emergency. The U.S. Embassy is located 15 Queen's Park West, telephone 868-622-6371, Consular Section fax 868-822-5555, web site http://trinidad.usembassy.gov/american_citizen_registration2.html. Hours of operation are 7:30 AM-12:00 PM, and 1:00 PM through 4:00 PM Monday—Friday, except U.S. and Trinidad and Tobago national holidays. For additional information please visit our website at http://trinidad.usembassy.gov or email your inquiries at acspos@state.gov.

International Adoption

August 2006

The information in this section has been edited from a report of the State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs, Office of Overseas Citizens Services. For more information, please read the International Adoption section of this book and review current reports online at http://travel.state.gov/family.

Disclaimer: The information in this flyer relating to the legal requirements of specific foreign countries is based on public sources and current understanding. Questions involving foreign and U.S. immigration laws and legal interpretation should be addressed respectively to qualified foreign or U.S. legal counsel.

There are two ways of gaining custody of a child from Trinidad and Tobago obtaining an adoption order or legal guardianship.

Adoption Order: The first option is to go through the adoption process and obtain an adoption order. If the prospective adoptive parent(s) is a resident of Trinidad and Tobago, then the Adoption Board acts as the lead agency in the adoption process. If the prospective adoptive parent(s) are not residents of Trinidad and Tobago, they must contact an adoption agency that handles intercountry adoption. Since intercountry adoptions are adjudicated through the High Court and not the Adoption Board, prospective adoptive parents are advised to contact an attorney since these are done through the High Court and not handled by the Adoption Board.

An adoption order issued by the Court carries different rights to the adopting parents than Guardianship/custody Order, in the latter cases, the birth parents still retain parental rights. With an Adoption Order the birth parents are required to relinquish their rights.

Legal Guardianship: The second option is to seek legal guardianship of a child from the courts in Trinidad and Tobago for the purpose of adopting the child in the United States. While considerably less burdensome than seeking a formal adoption in Trinidad and Tobago, prospective parents need to keep in mind that legal guardianship is not as secure as an adoption order. Legal guardianship does not provide full parental rights to the adopting party. Legal guardianship is also vulnerable to revocation by the courts if the biological parents or other relatives subsequently petition the courts for a change of guardianship.

Patterns of Immigration: Please review current reports online at http://travel.state.gov/family.

Adoption Authority: To obtain an Adoption Order in Trinidad and Tobago, prospective adoptive parents must contact the Adoption Board, which is the only organization authorized to process the application and make recommendations to the courts for legal adoptions.

Adoption Board
55-57 St. Vincent Street
Port of Spain, Trinidad
Telephone: (868) 627-4447

The Adoption Board is not responsible for legal guardianship cases. To seek legal guardianship, the prospective guardians need to contact the Clerk of the Peace through the courts in Trinidad and Tobago.

Probation Office
3rdFloor ANSA House
Corner of Queen and Henry Streets
Port of Spain, Trinidad
Telephone: (868) 623-8180

Eligibility Requirements for Adoptive Parents: The government of Trinidad and Tobago allows married couples and single women to adopt. Single men may not adopt. The adoptive parent(s) must be at least 25 years old and 21 years older than the child they are adopting. A married couple or unmarried individuals, either male or female, are allowed to gain legal guardianship.

Please note that the guardian must be at least 25 years old and there is no specification as to an age difference between the guardian and the child. First preference is given to citizens/nationals of Trinidad and Tobago to adopt a child.

Residency Requirements: Applicant(s) for adoption orders should be residents of Trinidad and Tobago and must have residential status proof from Trinidadian immigration authority in order to establish residency. Foreigners may apply to the High Court for an Adoption Order for a child born in Trinidad, Orders are granted in certain limited circumstances as outlined in Adoption of Children Act 2000.

Time Frame: Adoption Orders take more than six months due to the Adoption Board's six-month probation period. Securing legal guardianship can take anywhere from one week to several months depending on the cooperation of the parties and the time availability of the courts.

Adoption Agencies and Attorneys: Laws in Trinidad and Tobago make it illegal for any local persons or local agencies other than the Adoption Board and or the Courts to facilitate adoptions. Where persons have a guardianship Order, they may still apply for adoption of the child through an international adoption agency, but the Guardianship Order should also include that the child be sent abroad for adoption. For adoption where the prospective adoptive parents are not residing in Trinidad, an application must be made to the High Court for an adoption order. Local attorneys may be contacted to interpret local adoption laws.

Adoption Fees: Adoption in Trinidad and Tobago is free. Payment to anyone, other than an attorney for their legal services, is illegal.

Adoption Procedures: The local adoption process begins with the prospective adoptive parent(s) filing a formal application that can be obtained only from the Adoption Board. Prospective adoptive parents will have to appear in person in order to obtain these forms. However, if an order is applied for through the Courts, the attorney drafts the legal documents after taking instruction from their clients and submitting medical reports to the Adoption Board. The Board may request additional documents depending on the circumstances of each case. Prospective adoptive parents will be made aware of additional requirements when they attend the initial interview with the Board. Once the process is initiated, the Board identifies children eligible for adoption. Children are typically are referred to the Boar by children's homes and institutions. The Adoption Board confirms consent of the birth parent(s) or current guardian(s) to relinquish custody of the child. The Adoption Board will then grant temporary custody to the prospective adoptive parents. If the child is orphaned due to the death of the birth parent(s), the official death certificate of the parent(s) must be provided. Meanwhile, the Welfare Officers in Trinidad and Tobago complete a home study report to ensure that the adoption will be beneficial to the child. The Adoption Board then reviews all the information and decides whether a probationary period can be granted to the prospective parents. The probationary period is a minimum of six months and is a requirement that must be completed in Trinidad and Tobago in order to bring the case before the courts. The Adoption Board may extend the probationary period if it feels more time is needed in the trial period. During this period the Adoption Board keeps a close supervision of the child and monitors the child's reactions to the new family. At any point during the probationary period, the Adoption Board may terminate the temporary custody if it feels that the child is in a harmful situation. Upon the completion of the probationary period, whether by notice of the Adoption Board or by its expiration, the prospective adoptive parents may apply to the court for an adoption order to finalize the adoption. Once the Court grants an adoption order, the process is finalized.

To gain legal guardianship, the prospective guardians should contact the Clerk of the Peace in their district. The Clerk of the Peace will arrange for the prospective guardian to fill out the necessary forms and will set a court date. The Probation Office, which works with and takes instructions from the court, will also require proof that the prospective guardians are deemed fit (International Social Services certification is acceptable) and investigate the appropriateness of the change in guardianship. All the information will be presented before the Magistrate and the court will make a final decision based on the recommendations from the Probation Office.

Required Documents for an Adoption Order:

• Original certified birth certificates of the prospective adoptive parents and child; Certificate of successful immunization record of child issued by the Ministry of Health;
• Result of blood test of the prospective adoptive parents and child;
• Result of chest x-ray of the prospective adoptive parents and child;
• Medical fitness examination conducted in Trinidad and Tobago for the prospective adoptive parents;
• Original certified copy of the prospective adoptive parents’ marriage certificate (if applicable);
• Original certified death registration of the child's birth parents (if applicable) or consent from the child's birth parents. If the birth parents are alive, they must relinquish rights;
• Photographs in color—one full length and one head and shoulders of applicant(s);
• Other general forms given by the Adoption Board. Prospective adoptive parents should contact the Adoption Board for more information.

Required Documents for Legal Guardianship: Current valid photo ID of prospective guardian(s) and original or certified copy of birth certificate of applicants and the child.

Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago
1708 Massachusetts Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202-467-6490

Trinidad and Tobago also maintains Consulates General in Miami and New York City.

U.S. Immigration Requirements: Prospective adoptive parents are strongly encouraged to consult USCIS publication M-249, The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adoptive Children, as well as the Department of State publication, International Adoptions.

Please see the International Adoption section of this book for more details and review current reports online at http://travel.state.gov/family.

U.S. Embassy
15 Queen's Park West (PO Box 752)
Port of Spain, Trinidad
Tel: 868-622-6371 through 6

Additional Information: Specific questions about adoption in Trinidad and Tobago may be addressed to the U.S. Embassy in Port-of-Spain. General questions regarding intercountry adoption may be addressed to the Office of Children's Issues, U.S.Department of State, CA/OCS/CI, SA-29, 4th Floor, 2201 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818, toll-free Tel: 1-888-407-4747.

International Parental Child Abduction

February 2008

The information in this section has been edited from a report of the State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs, Office of Overseas Citizens Services.

For more information, please read the International Child Abduction section of this book and review current reports online at http://travel.state.gov/family.

Disclaimer: The information in this flyer relating to the legal requirements of specific foreign countries is provided for general information only. Questions involving interpretation of specific foreign laws should be addressed to foreign legal counsel.

General Information: Trinidad and Tobago is a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, but the treaty has not yet entered into force between the United States and Trinidad and Tobago. Therefore, the Convention cannot be used as a remedy to recover a child abducted from the United States to Trinidad and Tobago or to gain access (visitation) to such a child; however, local authorities may be willing to implement Hague precepts in individual cases pending final entry into force. American citizens who travel to Trinidad and Tobago place themselves under the jurisdiction of local courts. American citizens planning a trip to Trinidad and Tobago with dual national children should bear this in mind.

Custody Disputes: Relevant laws in Trinidadian courts base custodianship decisions on the best interests of the child.

Enforcement of Foreign Judgments: Custody orders and judgments of foreign courts are not enforceable in Trinidad and Tobago if they potentially contradict or violate local laws and practices. Courts do not yet enforce U.S. court decrees ordering a parent in Trinidad and Tobago to pay child support.

Visitation Rights: In cases where one parent has been granted custody of a child, the other parent is usually granted visitation rights. If a custodial parent fails to allow visitation, the non-custodial parent may appeal to the court.

Dual Nationality: Dual nationality is recognized under Trinidadian law. Children born anywhere in the world to parents from Trinidad and Tobago automatically acquire Trinidadian citizenship.

Travel Restrictions: No exit visas are required to leave Trinidad and Tobago. However, a parent without any custody order may face legal difficulties if he or she attempts to take a child out of Trinidad and Tobago against the will of the other parent. Immigration officials at the airport or seaport, if informed of the dispute, may not allow the child to exit.

Criminal Remedies: For information on possible criminal remedies, please contact your local law enforcement authorities or the nearest office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Information is also available on the Internet at the web site of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) at http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.

Persons who wish to pursue a child custody claim in a Trinidadian court should retain an attorney in Trinidad and Tobago. The U.S. Embassy in Trinidad and Tobago maintains a list of attorneys willing to represent American clients.

For further information on international parental child abduction, contact the Office of Children's Issues, U.S. Department of State at 1-888-407-4747 or visit its web site on the Internet at http://travel.state.gov/family. You may also direct inquiries to: Office of Children's Issues, U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4811; Phone: (202) 736-9090; Fax: (202) 312-9743.

Trinidad and Tobago

Compiled from the August 2006 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes.

Official Name:
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

PROFILE

PEOPLE AND HISTORY

GOVERNMENT

POLITICAL CONDITIONS

ECONOMY

FOREIGN RELATIONS

U.S.-TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO RELATIONS

TRAVEL

PROFILE

Geography

Area: 5,128 sq. km. (1,980 sq. mi.), about 1.5 times the size of Rhode Island. Trinidad—4,828 sq. km. (1,864 sq. mi). Tobago—300 sq. km. (116 sq. mi).

Cities: Capital—Port of Spain (metropolitan pop. 310,000). Other cities—San Fernando, Chaguanas, Arima, Scarborough.

Terrain: Plains and low mountains.

Climate: Tropical; principal rainy season is June through December.

People

Nationality: Noun and adjective-Trinidadian(s) and Tobagonian(s).

Population: (July 2006 est.) 1,065,842.

Annual growth rate: -0.87%.

Ethnic groups: (2000) East Indian 40.0%, African 37.5%, mixed 20.5%, European 0.6%, Chinese 0.3%, other/not stated 1.1%.

Religions: (2000) Roman Catholic 26.0%, Hindu 22.5%, Anglican 7.8%, Pentecostal 6.8%, Baptist 7.2%, other Christian 5.8%, Muslim 5.8%, Seventh Day Adventist 4%, other 10.8%, unspecified 1.4%, none 1.9%.

Language: English.

Education: Years compulsory—8. Literacy—98.6%.

Health: Infant mortality rate (1999 est.)—18.6/1,000. Life expectancy (2006 est.)—66 yrs. male; 68 yrs. female.

Work force: (613,000 in 2004) Trade and services 53.4%, construction 16.4%, government 10.3%, manufacturing 10.0%, agriculture/sugar 4.9%, oil/gas 3.2%, utilities 1.4%.

Government

Type: Parliamentary democracy.

Independence: August 31, 1962.

Present constitution: September 24, 1976.

Government branches: Executive—president (chief of state), prime minister (head of government), cabinet. Legislative—bicameral parliament. Judicial—independent court system; highest court of appeal is Privy Council (London).

Political subdivisions: Nine regional corporations, two city corporations, three borough corporations, one ward (Trinidad); Tobago House of Assembly.

Political parties: People’s National Movement (PNM), United National Congress (UNC), National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR).

Suffrage: Universal at 18.

Economy (2005 est.)

GDP: U.S. $18.01 billion (purchasing power parity); U.S. $13.02 billion (official exchange rate).

Annual growth rate: 7% (real).

Per capita income: U.S. $16,700.

Natural resources: Oil and natural gas, timber, fish. Petroleum (crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals) 40.1% of GDP.

Financial services: 13.1% of GDP.

Distribution including restaurants: 12.6% of GDP.

Manufacturing: (food and beverages, assembly, chemicals, printing) 6.8% of GDP.

Construction: 6.0% of GDP.

Transport/storage/communication: 8.4% of GDP.

Government: 5.6% of GDP.

Education, cultural community services: 2.2% of GDP.

Electricity and water: 1.6% of GDP.

Agriculture: (sugar, poultry, other meat, vegetables, citrus) 0.8% of GDP.

Hotels and guesthouses: 0.3% of GDP.

PEOPLE AND HISTORY

Columbus landed on and named Trinidad in 1498, and Spaniards settled the island a century later. Spanish colonizers largely wiped out the original inhabitants—Arawak and Carib Indians—and the survivors were gradually assimilated. Although it attracted French, free black, and other non-Spanish settlers, Trinidad remained under Spanish rule until the British captured it in 1797. During the colonial period, Trinidad’s economy relied on large sugar and cocoa plantations. Tobago’s development was similar to other plantation islands in the Lesser Antilles and quite different from Trinidad. During the colonial period, French, Dutch, and British forces fought over possession of Tobago, and the island changed hands 22 times—more often than any other West Indies island. Britain took final possession of Tobago in 1803. The two islands of Trinidad and Tobago were incorporated into a single colony in 1888. Trinidad and Tobago achieved full independence in 1962 and joined the British Commonwealth.

The people of Trinidad and Tobago are mainly of African or East Indian descent. Virtually all speak English. Small percentages also speak Hindi, French patois, and several other dialects. Trinidad has two major folk traditions: Creole and East Indian. Creole is a mixture of African elements with Spanish, French, and English colonial culture. Trinidad’s East Indian culture came to the island with indentured servants brought to fill a labor shortage created by the emancipation of the African slaves in 1833. Most remained on the land, and they still dominate the agricultural sector, but many have become prominent in business and the professions. East Indians have retained much of their own way of life, including Hindu and Muslim religious festivals and practices.

GOVERNMENT

Trinidad and Tobago is a unitary state, with a parliamentary democracy modeled after that of Great Britain. Although completely independent, Trinidad and Tobago acknowledged the British monarch as the figurehead chief of state from 1962 until 1976. In 1976 the country adopted a republican Constitution, replacing Queen Elizabeth with a president elected by Parliament. The general direction and control of the government rests with the cabinet, led by a prime minister and answerable to the bicameral Parliament.

The 36 members of the House of Representatives are elected to terms of at least 5 years. Elections may be called earlier by the president at the request of the prime minister or after a vote of no confidence in the House of Representatives. The Senate’s 31 members are appointed by the president: sixteen on the advice of the prime minister, six on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and nine independents selected by the president from among outstanding members of the community. Elected councils administer the nine regional, two city, and three borough corporations on Trinidad. Since 1980 the Tobago House of Assembly has governed Tobago.

The country’s highest court is the Court of Appeal, whose chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and leader of the opposition. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London decides final appeal on some matters. Member states of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) selected Trinidad as the headquarters site for the new Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), which is intended eventually to replace the Privy Council for all CARICOM states. The CCJ heard its first case in August 2005. Despite having its seat in Port of Spain, the CCJ has not yet supplanted the Privy Council for Trinidad and Tobago due to a legislative dispute over constitutional reform.

Principal Government Officials

Last Updated: 12/7/2006

President: George Maxwell RICHARDS

Prime Minister: Patrick MANNING

Min. of Agriculture, Land, & Marine Resources: Jarette NARINE

Min. of Community Development & Culture: Joan YUILLE-WILLIAMS

Min. of Education: Hazel MANNING

Min. of Energy & Energy Industries: Lenny SAITH

Min. of Finance: Patrick MANNING

Min. of Foreign Affairs: Arnold PIGGOTT

Min. of Health: John RAHAEL

Min. of Housing: Anthony ROBERTS

Min. of Labor & Small & Micro-Enterprise Development: Danny MONTANO

Min. of Legal Affairs & Consumer Affairs: Christine KANGALOO

Min. of Local Government: Rennie DUMAS

Min. of National Security: Martin JOSEPH

Min. of Public Administration & Information: Lenny SAITH

Min. of Public Utilities & the Environment: Penelope BECKLES

Min. of Science, Technology, & Tertiary Education: Mustapha ABDULHAMID

Min. of Social Development, Social Services Delivery, & Gender Affairs: Anthony ROBERTS

Min. of Sports & Youth Affairs: Roger BOYNES

Min. of Trade & Industry: Kenneth VALLEY

Min. of Tourism: Howard Chin LEE

Min. of Works & Transport: Colm IMBERT

Min. in the Ministry of Finance: Conrad ENILL

Min. in the Ministry of Finance: Christine SAHADEO

Min. in the Ministry of Finance: Kenneth VALLEY

Attorney General: John JEREMIE

Governor, Central Bank: Ewart WILIAMS

Ambassador to the US: Marina Annette VALERE

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York: Philip Reuben Arnott SEALY

The embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is located at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 (tel. 202-467-6490; fax. 202-785-3130).

POLITICAL CONDITIONS

The first political party in Trinidad and Tobago with a continuing organization and program—the People’s National Movement (PNM)—emerged in 1956 under Dr. Eric Williams, who became Prime Minister upon independence and remained in that position until his death in 1981. Politics have generally run along ethnic lines, with Afro-Trinidadians supporting the PNM and Indo-Trinidadians supporting various Indian-majority parties, such as the United National Congress (UNC). Most political parties, however, have sought to broaden their purview.

The PNM remained in power following the death of Dr. Williams, but its 30-year rule ended in 1986 when the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), a rainbow party aimed at Trinidadians of both African and Indian descent, won a landslide victory by capturing 33 of 36 seats. Tobago’s A.N.R. Robinson, the NAR political leader, became Prime Minister. The NAR began to break down when the Indian component withdrew in 1988. Basdeo Panday, leader of the old United Labor Front (ULF), formed the new opposition with the UNC.

In July 1990, the Jamaat al Muslimeen, an extremist Black Muslim group with an unresolved grievance against the government over land claims, tried to overthrow the NAR government. The group held the prime minister and members of parliament hostage for 5 days while rioting and looting shook Port of Spain. After a long standoff with the police and military, Jamaat leader Yasin Abu Bakr and his followers surrendered to Trinidad and Tobago authorities. In 1992 the Court of Appeal upheld the validity of a government amnesty given to the Jamaat members during the hostage crisis. Abu Bakr and 113 other Jamaat members were jailed for two years while other courts debated the amnesty’s validity. All 114 members were eventually released after a ruling by the U.K. Privy Council.

In 1991 elections, the NAR lost control of the government to the PNM, led by Patrick Manning who became prime minister. The Panday-led UNC finished second and replaced the NAR as chief opposition party. In 1995 Manning called for elections, in which the PNM and UNC both won 17 seats and the NAR won two seats. The UNC allied with the NAR and

formed the new government, with Panday becoming prime minister—the first prime minister of East Indian descent. Although elections held in 2000 returned the UNC to power, the UNC government fell in 2001 with the defection of three of its parliamentarians, and the subsequent elections resulted in an even 18-18 split between the UNC and the PNM. President A.N.R. Robinson ironically bypassed his former party colleague Panday by inviting PNM leader Manning to form a government, but the inability to break the tie delayed Parliament from meeting. Manning called elections in 2002, following which the PNM formed the next government with a 20-16 majority. The next elections must be held by 2007, and both parties have spent part of 2006 attempting to prepare for those polls. Manning shows every indication of intending to continue in office. Panday was forced to step down as leader of the opposition in 2006 after his conviction for failing to file a complete declaration of assets to the Integrity Committee. There is speculation that Panday might make way for new leadership to emerge within the UNC by removing himself from electoral politics in the next cycle.

Both parties are committed to free market economic policies and increased foreign investment. Trinidad and Tobago has remained cooperative with the United States in the regional fight against narcotics trafficking and on other issues.

ECONOMY

The twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago continues to experience real GDP growth as a result of economic reforms, tight monetary policy, fiscal responsibility, and high oil prices. In 2005 the country experienced a real GDP growth rate of 7%, which followed 6.5% growth in 2004. The PNM-led government continues its sound macroeconomic policies. Long-term growth looks promising, as Trinidad and Tobago further develops its oil and gas resources and the industries dependent on natural gas, including petrochemicals, fertilizers, iron/steel and aluminum. Additional growth potential also exists in financial services, telecommunications and transport. Strong growth in Trinidad and Tobago over the past few years has led to trade surpluses, even with high import levels due to industrial expansion and increased consumer demand. The debt service ratio, 15.4% in 1997, fell to as low as 3.7% in 2001 and was a moderate 4.7% in 2004. In 2005, unemployment fell to 6.7% down from 8.4% in 2004. Inflation, however, has worsened with prices spiraling at a rate of 7.2% in 2005, as opposed to 5.6% in 2004. Food prices rose at a rate of 22% in 2005. As of August 2006, the central bank has raised interest rates six times for the year, compared to four times in 2005. There are no currency or capital controls and the central bank maintains the TT dollar in a lightly managed, stable float against the U.S. dollar. The exchange rate as of August 8, 2006, was TT $6.28 to U.S. $1, but has reached as high as TT $6.34 in mid-July 2006.

Trinidad and Tobago has made a transition from an oil-based economy to one based on natural gas. In 2005, natural gas production averaged 3.2 trillion cubic feet per day (tcf/d), compared with 2.9 tcf/d in 2004. The petrochemical sector, including plants producing methanol, ammonia, urea, and natural gas liquids, has continued to grow in line with natural gas production, which continues to expand and should meet the needs of new industrial plants coming on stream in the next few years. In December 2005, the Atlantic LNG fourth production module or “train” for liquefied natural gas (LNG) began production. Train 4 will increase Atlantic LNG overall output by almost 50% and will be the largest LNG train in the world at 5.2 million tons/year of LNG. Trinidad and Tobago is the fifth-largest exporter of LNG in the world and the single largest supplier of LNG to the U.S., supplying between 70-75% of all LNG imported into the U.S. Overall, the petroleum sector grew by 10.5% in 2004, the third straight year of double-digit growth.

The non-energy sector grew at a slower pace in 2004. Output in this sector increased by a modest 2.9% in 2004 compared to 3.8% in 2003 with the impetus coming from the manufacturing and services sectors. The rate of growth in the manufacturing sector was 6.6% in 2004, thanks to the food, beverages and tobacco, and assembly-type industries. The services sector grew by 2.9%, led by construction. Construction sector growth was due mainly to Trinidad and Tobago Government investment in housing and infrastructure, and ongoing projects in the energy sector. Performance in the agriculture sector has been weak and declined by 20.2% in 2004. The decline in output resulted largely from the shrinking and restructuring of the sugar industry. Recognizing the role that energy plays in the economic life of Trinidad and Tobago, where it was the source last year of 37% of governmental revenues, the government is seeking to diversify the economy to reduce dependence on the energy sector and to achieve self-sustaining growth. The diversification strategy focuses on six main sectors: traditional manufacturing; a new technology-based industrial sector; tourism; financial services; agriculture; and small business.

The investment climate is good. Since 1992, almost all investment barriers have been eliminated. The government continues to welcome foreign investors. The government has a double taxation agreement, a bilateral investment treaty and an intellectual property rights agreement with the United States. U.S. investment in Trinidad and Tobago exceeds a billion dollars. Total foreign direct investment has averaged $700 million annually over the last decade. Among recent and ongoing investment projects are several involving U.S. firms: ISG Trinidad started operations in November 2004 in a plant that has the capacity to produce 500,000 metric tons annually of hot briquetted iron. Nucor has received approval from the Trinidad and Tobago Government to set up a plant to produce up to 1.5 million tons annually of direct reduced iron. Two aluminum smelter plants are also planned, one of them to be owned by ALCOA. The first major business-class hotel to be opened in several years bears the Marriott Courtyard brand. Hyatt has announced plans to manage a property at the multimillion-dollar port development project in Port of Spain.

Trinidad and Tobago’s infrastructure is adequate by regional standards. Expansion of the Crown Point airport on Tobago is being planned, which follows opening of the Piarco terminal on Trinidad in 2000. There is an extensive network of paved roads. Traffic is a worsening problem throughout Trinidad, as the road network is not well suited to the volume of vehicles, and no mass transport system exists as an alternative. Utilities are fairly reliable in cities, but some rural areas suffer from water shortages, power failures, and inadequate drainage. Infrastructure improvement is one of the government’s budget priorities, especially rehabilitating rural roads and bridges, rural electrification, flood control, and improved drainage and sewerage. A multi-year plan for light rail transport has been announced.

Telephone service is modern and reliable, although significantly more costly to consumers than comparable U.S. service, including for wireline, wireless, and broadband services. Change began in the wireless market when the new Telecommunications Authority invited two firms to offer competition to state-owned monopoly incumbent TSTT (co-owned by Cable & Wireless). Two wireless providers, Bmobile and Digicel are already operational and a third, Laqtel, expects to launch by the end of 2006. Long distance, cable, and Internet services have not yet been deregulated, but the government has indicated that it will do so in those markets as well, beginning with cable TV. Internet has come into widespread use, but broadband services are limited to a few upscale residential areas, although some wireless “hot spots” have emerged. Improvements in service and price are likely as TSTT prepares itself to meet competition for Internet services in coming years.

FOREIGN RELATIONS

As the most industrialized and second-largest country in the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. CARICOM members are working to establish a Single Market and Economy (CSME). In early 2006, Trinidad and Tobago, in conjunction with the larger CARICOM nations, inaugurated the CARICOM Single Market, a precursor to the full CSME.

Trinidad and Tobago is active in the Summit of the Americas process of the Organization of American States (OAS). It recently hosted hemisphere-wide ministerial meetings on energy (2004) and education (2005), as well as an OAS meeting on terrorism and security (also 2005). It also hosted a negotiating session in 2003 for the OAS Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), and aspires to hosting an eventual FTAA secretariat. Trinidad and Tobago is a democracy that maintains close relations with its Caribbean neighbors and major North American and European trading partners. After its 1962 independence, Trinidad and Tobago joined the UN and the Commonwealth. In 1967, it became the first Commonwealth country to join the OAS. In 1995, Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the Association of Caribbean States and has become the headquarters location for this 25-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its members.

U.S.-TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO RELATIONS

The United States and Trinidad and Tobago enjoy cordial relations. U.S. interests here and throughout the hemisphere focus on increasing investment and trade, and securing more stable supplies of energy. They also include enhancing Trinidad and Tobago’s political and social stability and positive regional role through assistance in drug interdiction, health issues, and legal affairs. The U.S. embassy was established in Port of Spain in 1962, replacing the former consulate general.

In 1999, bilateral assistance from all sources to Trinidad and Tobago amounted to more than $3 million, mostly Department of State grants, counter-narcotics assistance, International Military Education and Training (IMET) funds, and Foreign Military Financing (FMF) funds. IMET and FMF programs were suspended in July 2003 under the terms of the American Service Members Protection Act (ASPA), because Trinidad and Tobago, a member of the International Criminal Court, has not concluded a bilateral non-surrender or “Article 98” agreement with the United States.

Currently, the main source of financial assistance provided to the defense force is through International Narcotics Law Enforcement and Traditional Commander’s Activities funds. Assistance to Trinidad and Tobago from U.S. military, law enforcement authorities, and in the area of health issues remains important to the bilateral relationship and to accomplishing U.S. policy objectives.

The U.S. Government also provides technical assistance to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago through a number of existing agreements. The Department of Homeland Security has a Customs Advisory Team working with the Ministry of Finance to update its procedures. Similarly, the Treasury Department has an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) advising team that works with the Board of Inland Revenue modernizing its tax administration. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a part of the Department of Health and Human Services, has a regional office here that works with the Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) and other regional partners to provide prevention, care and treatment in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean.

U.S. commercial ties with Trinidad and Tobago have always been strong and have grown substantially in the last several years due to economic liberalization. U.S. firms have invested more than a billion dollars in recent years—mostly in the petrochemical, oil/gas, and iron/steel sectors.

Many of America’s largest corporations have commercial links with Trinidad and Tobago, and more than 30 U.S. firms have offices and operations in the country. Trinidad and Tobago is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI).

The U.S. embassy actively fosters bilateral business ties and provides a number of commercial services to potential investors and traders. A double-taxation agreement has existed since the early 1970s. A tax information exchange agreement was signed in 1989, and a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and an Intellectual Property Rights agreement were signed in 1994. The BIT entered into force in 1996. Other agreements include Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance treaties, which have been in force since 1999. An agreement on Maritime Cooperation was signed in 1996.

There are large numbers of U.S. citizens and permanent residents of Trinidadian origin living in the United States (mostly in New York and Florida), which keeps cultural ties strong. About 20,000 U.S. citizens visit Trinidad and Tobago on vacation or for business every year, and more than 4,600 American citizens are residents.

Principal U.S. Embassy Officials

PORT OF SPAIN (E) Address: 15 Queen’s Park West; Phone: (868) 622-6371-6; Fax: (868) 822-5905; INMARSAT Tel: (8816) 3143 9021; Work-week: Mon-Fri, 7:30 am-4:30 pm; Website: http://usembassy.state.gov/ Trinidad.

Last Updated: 1/31/2007

Other Contact Information

U.S. Department of Commerce
International Trade
Administration
Trade Information Center
14th and Constitution, NW
Washington, DC 20230
Tel: 1-800-USA-TRADE
http://www.trade.gov/td/tic/

American Chamber of Commerce of Trinidad and Tobago
62 Maraval Road, Woodbrook
Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Tel: (868) 622-4466, 622-0340
and 628-2508
Fax: (868) 628-9428
E-mail: inbox@amchamtt.com
http://www.amchamtt.com/

TRAVEL

Consular Information Sheet : October 16, 2006

Country Description: Trinidad and Tobago is a developing nation in the Caribbean composed of two islands. The islands gained independence from the British in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean, largely as a result of petroleum and natural gas industries. Tourist travel is mostly to the smaller of the two sister islands, Tobago. Tourist facilities are widely available.

Entry/Exit Requirements: The U.S. Government will begin to phase in new passport requirements for U.S. citizens traveling in the Western Hemisphere. By December 31, 2007, all U.S. citizens will be expected to depart and enter the United States on a valid passport or other authorized document establishing identity and U.S. citizenship. The Department of State strongly encourages travelers to obtain passports well in advance of any planned travel. Routine passport applications by mail take up to six weeks to be issued. For further information, visit the State Department’s Consular website.

A passport is required of U.S. citizens for entry to Trinidad and Tobago. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for tourism or business-related visits of 90 days or less. Work permits are required for compensated and some non-compensated employment, including missionary work. Visas may be required for travel for purposes other than business or tourism. For further information concerning entry, employment and customs requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago, 1708 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20036, telephone (202) 467-6490, email embttgo@erols.com, or the Trinidad and Tobago Consulates in Miami or New York City. Visit the Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago’s website at http://trinidad.usembasy.gov.

Safety and Security: American citizens traveling to or residing in Trinidad and Tobago should avoid large crowds and demonstrations. Non-violent demonstrations occur on occasion, but widespread civil disorder is not typical. The downtown area of Port of Spain experienced four bombings between August 2005 and November 2005. The first of these bombings injured 14 people, 2 critically. While no bombings have occurred since November, the perpetrator(s) have not been arrested and the identity and motive of the bomber(s) remains unknown. Travelers should be aware that indiscriminate terrorist attacks could occur in places frequented by tourists. Americans living or visiting Port of Spain are advised to exercise caution, especially when in crowded urban areas.

For the latest security information, Americans traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department’s Internet website where the current Travel Warnings and Public Announcements, including the Worldwide Caution Public Announcement, can be found. Up-to-date information on safety and security can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S., or for callers outside the U.S. and Canada, a regular toll-line at 1-202-501-4444. These numbers are available from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).

Crime: Incidents of violent crime have been steadily on the rise on both islands. Visitors should exercise caution and good judgment, as in any large urban area, when visiting Trinidad and Tobago, particularly when traveling from Trinidad’s Piarco Airport, especially after dark. There have been incidents involving armed robbers trailing arriving passengers from the airport and then accosting them outside the gates of their residences. Areas to avoid in Trinidad include Laventille, South Belmont, scenic rest stops, walking across the Queen’s Park Savannah, downtown Port of Spain (after dark), as these are areas where Americans remain particularly vulnerable to pick pocketing and armed assaults. Holiday periods, especially Christmas and Carnival, often see an increase in crime.

Violent crimes, including assault and kidnapping for ransom and murder, have involved foreign residents and tourists, including U.S. citizens. Two U.S. citizens were kidnapped during the first half of 2005. One was released with a gunshot to the leg, and the remains of the other were found in a forest outside of Port of Spain in January 2006. In 2006 a young American citizen child was the victim of a brutal sexual assault and murder. An arrest in that case was made and a prosecution is underway. There have also been a stabbing and several shootings involving American citizen victims during 2005 and 2006. The perpetrators of these crimes have not yet been arrested or prosecuted.

Burglaries of private residences are common. Robbery is a risk, particularly in urban areas and especially near ATMs and shopping malls. Visitors should avoid wearing expensive jewelry or displaying large amounts of money in public. One victim was targeted for driving an expensive new car. In some cases, robberies of Americans have turned violent and resulted in injuries after the victim resisted handing over valuables.

In Tobago, the media have reported an increase in the incidence of violent crimes, including murder, rape, and home robberies. In July 2005, a 14 year-old American female was murdered in her apartment in the seaside village of Charlotteville. Some of these attacks have targeted private villas. In January 2005, a German national was shot dead at his home and in April 2005; a British national was shot during a robbery at home. While local authorities have announced increased measures to fight crime, the U.S. Embassy advises that when making reservations at private accommodations, visitors should ensure that 24-hour security is provided.

Visitors to Trinidad and Tobago are also advised to be cautious when visiting isolated beaches or scenic overlooks where robberies can occur. In particular, we advise against visiting the Ft. George scenic overlook in Port of Spain because of lack of security and a number of recent armed robberies at that site. Tourists at La Brea Pitch Lake in South Trinidad were targets of criminals in 2004 and 2005. Visitors should not walk alone or in unfamiliar areas. Valuables left unattended on beaches and in other public places are vulnerable to theft. Visitors should avoid neighborhoods known for high crime rates. When in doubt, consult the establishment where you are staying to identify areas to be avoided.

Taxis available at the major hotels or through prearranged pick-ups with reputable companies are generally safe and reliable. The U.S. Embassy urges caution in the use of the small buses or vans in Trinidad, known as “Maxi Taxis” (full-size inter-city buses are usually safe). Unmarked shared taxis authorized to pick up passengers will have the letter “H’ as the first letter on their license plates. Some shared taxis and maxi taxis have been linked to petty crime and serious traffic accidents. Valuables including travel documents should not be left unattended in parked cars, especially in parking lots, as several thefts have been reported.

Information for Victims of Crime: The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. If you are the victim of a crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, please contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for assistance. The Embassy/Consulate staff can, for example, assist you to find appropriate medical care, contact family members or friends and explain how funds could be transferred. Although the investigation and prosecution of the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities, consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney if needed.

Medical Facilities and Health Information: We strongly recommend that you obtain comprehensive travel and medical insurance before traveling. Medical care is limited compared to that in the United States. Care at public health facilities is significantly below U.S. standards for treatment of serious injuries and illness, with limited access to supplies and medications. While care at some private facilities is better than at most public health facilities, patients may be expected to prove their ability to pay before assistance is given, even in emergency situations. Patients requiring blood transfusions are expected to arrange for at least the same amount to be donated on their behalf. Physicians and nurses may go on strike, causing serious strain on both public and private medical resources. Ambulance service is extremely limited both in the quality of emergency care and in the availability of vehicles in many parts of the country. Information on vaccinations and other health precautions, such as safe food and water precautions and insect bite protection, may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s hotline for international travelers at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747) or via the CDC’s internet site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel. For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad consult the World Health Organization’s (WHO) website at http://www.who.int/en. Further health information for travelers is available at http://www.who.int/ith.

Medical Insurance: The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company prior to traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and whether it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation.

Traffic Safety and Road Conditions: While in a foreign country, U.S. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. The information below concerning Trinidad and Tobago is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance.

Traffic moves on the left in Trinidad and Tobago. Most vehicles are right-hand drive, but left-hand drive vehicles are permitted. Rental cars are available, and are generally right-hand drive. A U.S. driver’s license and/or an International Driving Permit are valid for up to 90 days after arrival. Seatbelts are required for drivers and front seat passengers, and cars may be pulled over and drivers fined for not wearing seatbelts. Older cars are not required to be equipped with rear seatbelts; many taxis, being older cars, thus lack rear seatbelts. There are no particular requirements for child safety seats.

Trinidad has several good four-lane highways and one controlled-access highway. However, road quality decreases quickly on secondary roads. Rural roads are narrow and often have deep drainage ditches on either side. Some are in poor repair, and are frequently congested. Night travel should be avoided other than on major highways. Roadside assistance exists, but is extremely limited and subject to lengthy delays. The Ministry of Works and Transport is responsible for road conditions and safety in the country. Emergency ambulance services exist but may take prolonged amounts of time to reach the site of an accident and may not provide service in rural areas.

Trinidadian drivers often use hand signals to indicate turning, stopping, or slowing, which do not necessarily correspond to hand signals used in the United States. Trinidadian drivers are generally courteous, but can be flexible with the rules of the road. For example, cars traveling north on a two way street may cross into the southbound lane to stop and let passengers out. Visitors need to be attentive and alert. Intoxicated drivers on the road are a particular concern on the weekends, especially after dark when many locals are going to or returning from social events. Drivers should take extra precaution on narrow and windy roads leading in and out of beaches and small towns in Trinidad and Tobago. As always, defensive driving is strongly encouraged.

The country has an extensive system of taxis, maxi-taxis (vans) and some larger buses. Although the larger inter-city buses are generally safe, the maxi-taxis have been linked to many road accidents and some instances of crime. Fares should be agreed upon in advance. Taxis will often stop at any point along the road to pick up or discharge passengers, often with little or no warning.

Visit the website of the country’s national tourist office http://www.visittnt.com. The Ministry of Works and Transport is the national authority responsible for road safety.

Aviation Safety Oversight: The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has assessed the Government of Trinidad and Tobago’s Civil Aviation Authority as being in compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards for oversight of Trinidad and Tobago’s air carrier operations. For more information, travelers may visit the FAA’s website at http://www.faa.gov.

Special Circumstances: Trinidad and Tobago is prone to occasional, moderate earthquakes—one in October 2000 measured 5.8 on the Richter scale and another in December 2004 measured 5.4. Trinidad has never been directly hit by a major hurricane, although there was recently a close call with Hurricane Ivan in 2004, and Tobago has suffered extensive damage by only two hurricanes since 1963. Parts of Tobago were severely affected by flooding and mudslides from Hurricane Ivan and several other major storms that followed soon thereafter. General information about natural disaster preparedness is available via the Internet from the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) website.

Criminal Penalties: While in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to that country’s laws and regulations, which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offences. Persons violating Trinidad and Tobago’s laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested or imprisoned. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Trinidad and Tobago are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Suspected offenders may be jailed until the trial date, which can be months or even years after the arrest.

Many of the U.S. citizens incarcerated in Trinidad and Tobago were caught attempting to take suitcases or packages containing drugs out of the country. Even if the package or suitcase is being carried for someone else, the traveler is liable for its contents. Engaging in sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime, prosecutable in the United States.

Americans should also be aware that cursing and use of foul language in public is a criminal offense in Trinidad and Tobago, subject to arrest and fines. Several Americans have been arrested recently for this offense. While the penalty for public cursing is usually a fine, it can cause considerable disruption in travel plans due to the realities of an arrest and requirement to appear at hearings, and even incarceration if bail cannot be posted.

Travelers are also cautioned against wearing military or camouflage clothing in public, as it is against local laws to do so, unless they are in Trinidad and Tobago on official military business. We have had reports of local immigration and customs officials detaining children wearing camouflage outfits and confiscating the clothing.

Children’s Issues: For information on international adoption of children and international parental child abduction, see the Office of Children’s Issues website at http://travel.state.gov/family/family_1732.html.

Registration/Embassy Location: Americans living or traveling in Trinidad and Tobago are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate through the State Department’s travel registration website and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Trinidad and Tobago. Americans without Internet access may register directly with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy or Consulate to contact them in case of emergency. The U.S. Embassy is located 15 Queen’s Park West, telephone 868-622-6371, Consular Section fax 868-628-9036, website http://trinidad.usembassy.gov/trinidad/citizen_services.html. Hours of operation are 7:30 AM—12:00 PM, and 1:00 PM through 4:00 PM Monday—Friday, except U.S. and Trinidad and Tobago national holidays. For additional information please visit our website at http://trinidad.usembassy.gov or email your inquiries at acspos@state.gov.

International Adoption : July 2006

The information below has been edited from a report of the State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs, Office of Overseas Citizens Services. For more information, please read the International Adoption section of this book and review current reports online at www.travel.state.gov/family.

Disclaimer: The information in this flyer relating to the legal requirements of specific foreign countries is based on public sources and current understanding. Questions involving foreign and U.S. immigration laws and legal interpretation should be addressed respectively to qualified foreign or U.S. legal counsel.

Please Note: There are two ways of gaining custody of a child from Trinidad and Tobago obtaining an adoption Order or legal guardianship.

Adoption Order: The first option is to go through the adoption process and obtain an adoption Order. If the prospective adoptive parent(s) is a resident of Trinidad and Tobago, then the Adoption Board acts as the lead agency in the adoption process. If the prospective adoptive parent(s) are not residents of Trinidad and Tobago, they must contact an adoption agency that handles intercountry adoption. Since intercountry adoptions are adjudicated through the High Court and not the Adoption Board, prospective adoptive parents are advised to contact an attorney since these are done through the High Court and not handled by the Adoption Board.

An adoption Order issued by the Court carries different rights to the adopting parents than Guardianship/custody Order, in the latter cases, the birth parents still retain parental rights. With an Adoption Order the birth parents are required to relinquish their rights.

Legal Guardianship: The second option is to seek legal guardianship of a child from the courts in Trinidad and Tobago for the purpose of adopting the child in the United States. While considerably less burdensome than seeking a formal adoption in Trinidad and Tobago, prospective parents need to keep in mind that legal guardianship is not as secure as an adoption order. Legal guardianship does not provide full parental rights to the adopting party. Legal guardianship is also vulnerable to revocation by the courts if the biological parents or other relatives subsequently petition the courts for a change of guardianship.

Patterns of Immigration: Please review current reports online at www.travel.state.gov/family.

Adoption Authority: To obtain an Adoption Order in Trinidad and Tobago, prospective adoptive parents must contact the Adoption Board, which is the only organization authorized to process the application and make recommendations to the courts for legal adoptions.

Adoption Board
55-57 St. Vincent Street
Port of Spain, Trinidad
Telephone: (868) 627-4447

The Adoption Board is not responsible for legal guardianship cases. To seek legal guardianship, the prospective guardians need to contact the Clerk of the Peace through the courts in Trinidad and Tobago.

Probation Office
3rdFloor ANSA House
Corner of Queen and Henry Streets
Port of Spain, Trinidad
Telephone: (868) 623-8180

Eligibility Requirements for Adoptive Parents: The government of Trinidad and Tobago allows married couples and single women to adopt. Single men may not adopt. The adoptive parent(s) must be at least 25 years old and 21 years older than the child they are adopting. A married couple or unmarried individuals, either male or female, are allowed to gain legal guardianship. Please note that the guardian must be at least 25 years old and there is no specification as to an age difference between the guardian and the child. First preference is given to citizens/nationals of Trinidad and Tobago to adopt a child.

Residency Requirements: Applicant(s) for adoption Orders should be residents of Trinidad and Tobago and must have residential status proof from Trinidadian immigration authority in order to establish residency. Foreigners may apply to the High Court for an Adoption Order for a child born in Trinidad, Orders are granted in certain limited circumstances as outlined in Adoption of Children Act 2000 (http://www.ttparliament.org/bills/acts/2000/a2000-67.pdf).

Time Frame: Adoption Orders take more than six months due to the Adoption Board’s six-month probation period. Securing legal guardianship can take anywhere from one week to several months.

Adoption Agencies and Attorneys: Laws in Trinidad and Tobago make it illegal for any local persons or local agencies other than the Adoption Board and or the Courts to facilitate adoptions. Where persons have a guardianship Order, they may still apply for adoption of the child through an international adoption agency, but the Guardianship Order should also include that the child be sent abroad for adoption. For adoption where the prospective adoptive parents are not residing in Trinidad, an application must be made to the High Court for an adoption Order. Local attorneys may be contacted to interpret local adoption laws.

Adoption Fees: Adoption in Trinidad and Tobago is free. Payment to anyone, other than an attorney for their legal services, is illegal.

Adoption Order Procedures: The local adoption process begins with the prospective adoptive parent(s) filing a formal application that can be obtained only from the Adoption Board. Prospective adoptive parents will have to appear in person in order to obtain these forms. However, if an Order is applied for through the Courts, the attorney drafts the legal documents after taking instruction from their clients and submitting medical reports to the Adoption Board. The Board may request additional documents depending on the circumstances of each case. Prospective adoptive parents will be made aware of additional requirements when they attend the initial interview with the Board. Once the process is initiated, the Board identifies children eligible for adoption. Children are typically are referred to the Boar by children’s homes and institutions. The Adoption Board confirms consent of the birth parent(s) or current guardian(s) to relinquish custody of the child. The Adoption Board will then grant temporary custody to the prospective adoptive parents. If the child is orphaned due to the death of the birth parent(s), the official death certificate of the parent(s) must be provided. Meanwhile, the Welfare Officers in Trinidad and Tobago complete a home study report to ensure that the adoption will be beneficial to the child. The Adoption Board then reviews all the information and decides whether a probationary period can be granted to the prospective parents. The probationary period is a minimum of six months and is a requirement that must be completed in Trinidad and Tobago in order to bring the case before the courts. The Adoption Board may extend the probationary period if it feels more time is needed in the trial period. During this period the Adoption Board keeps a close supervision of the child and monitors the child’s reactions to the new family. At any point during the probation-ary period, the Adoption Board may terminate the temporary custody if it feels that the child is in a harmful situation. Upon the completion of the probationary period, whether by notice of the Adoption Board or by its expiration, the prospective adoptive parents may apply to the court for an adoption order to finalize the adoption. Once the Court grants an adoption Order, the process is finalized.

Legal Guardianship Procedures: To gain legal guardianship, the prospective guardians should contact the Clerk of the Peace in their district. The Clerk of the Peace will arrange for the prospective guardian to fill out the necessary forms and will set a court date. The Probation Office, which works with and takes instructions from the court, will also require proof that the prospective guardians are deemed fit (International Social Services certification is acceptable) and investigate the appropriateness of the change in guardianship. All the information will be presented before the Magistrate and the court will make a final decision based on the recommendations from the Probation Office.

Adoption Order Documentary Requirements:

• Original certified birth certificates of the prospective adoptive parents and child;
• Certificate of successful immunization record of child issued by the Ministry of Health. This is obtained from the medical clinics that provide immunization shots to the public. This card details all immunization records for individuals;
• Result of blood test of the prospective adoptive parents and child;
• Result of chest x-ray of the prospective adoptive parents and child;
• Medical fitness examination conducted in Trinidad and Tobago for the prospective adoptive parents;
• Original certified copy of the prospective adoptive parents’ marriage certificate (if applicable);
• Original certified death registration of the child’s birth parents (if applicable) or consent from the child’s birth parents. If the birth parents are alive, they must relinquish rights;
• Photographs in color—one full length and one head and shoulders of applicant(s).

Other general forms given by the Adoption Board. Prospective adoptive parents should contact the Adoption Board for more information.

Legal Guardianship Documentary Requirements:

• Current valid photo ID of prospective guardian(s);
• Original or certified copy of birth certificate of applicants and the child.

Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago
1708 Massachusetts Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202-467-6490

Trinidad and Tobago also maintains Consulates General in Miami and New York City.

U.S. Immigration Requirements: Prospective adoptive parents are strongly encouraged to consult USCIS publication M-249, The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adopting Children, as well as the Department of State publication, International Adoptions. Please see the International Adoption section of this book for more details and review current reports online at www.travel.state.gov/family.

U.S. Embassy in Trinidad and Tobago:
15 Queen’s Park West (PO Box 752)
Port of Spain, Trinidad
Tel: 868-622-6371 through 6

Additional Information: Specific questions about adoption in Trinidad and Tobago may be addressed to the U.S. Embassy in Port-of-Spain. General questions regarding intercountry adoption may be addressed to the Office of Children’s Issues, U.S. Department of State, CA/OCS/CI, SA-29, 4th Floor, 2201 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818, toll-free Tel: 1-888-407-4747.

International Parental Child Abduction : February 2007

The information below has been edited from the report of the State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs, Office of Overseas Citizens Services. For more information, please read the International Child Abduction section of this book and review current reports online at www.travel.state.gov.

Disclaimer: The information in this flyer relating to the legal requirements of specific foreign countries is provided for general information only. Questions involving interpretation of specific foreign laws should be addressed to foreign legal counsel.

Custody Disputes: Relevant laws in Trinidadian courts base custodianship decisions on the best interests of the child.

Enforcement of Foreign Judgements: Custody orders and judgments of foreign courts are not enforceable in Trinidad and Tobago if they potentially contradict or violate local laws and practices. Courts do not yet enforce U.S. court decrees ordering a parent in Trinidad and Tobago to pay child support.

Visitation Rights: In cases where one parent has been granted custody of a child, the other parent is usually granted visitation rights. If a custodial parent fails to allow visitation, the non-custodial parent may appeal to the court.

Dual Nationality: Dual nationality is recognized under Trinidadian law. Children born anywhere in the world to parents from Trinidad and Tobago automatically acquire Trinidadian citizenship.

Travel Restrictions: No exit visas are required to leave Trinidad and Tobago. However, a parent without any custody order may face legal difficulties if he or she attempts to take a child out of Trinidad and Tobago against the will of the other parent. Immigration officials at the airport or seaport, if informed of the dispute, may not allow the child to exit.

Criminal Remedies: For information on possible criminal remedies, please contact your local law enforcement authorities or the nearest office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Information is also available on the Internet at the website of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) at http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.

Persons who wish to pursue a child custody claim in a Trinidadian court should retain an attorney in Trinidad and Tobago. The U.S. Embassy in Trinidad and Tobago maintains a list of attorneys willing to represent American clients. A copy of this list may be obtained by requesting one from the Embassy at:

U.S. Embassy Port-of-Spain
Consular Section
15 Queen’s Park West
P O Box 752
Port-of-Spain
Trinidad
Telephone: [868] 622-6371
Fax: [868] 628-9036
Note: Please dial as a U.S. long
distance number
Web site:http://www.usembassy.state.gov

Questions involving Trinidadian law should be addressed to a Trinidadian attorney or to the Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago in the United States at:

Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago
1708 Massachusetts Ave., N. W.
Washington, DC 20036
Telephone: (202) 467-6490

For further information on international parental child abduction, contact the Office of Children’s Issues, U.S. Department of State at 1-888-407-4747 or visit its website on the Internet at http://travel.state.gov. You may also direct inquiries to: Office of Children’s Issues; U.S. Department of State; Washington, DC 20520-4811; Phone: (202) 736-9090; Fax: (202) 312-9743.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Compiled from the August 2005 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes.

Official Name:
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

PROFILE

Geography

Area:

5,128 sq. km. (1,980 sq. mi.), about 1.5 times the size of Rhode Island. Trinidad—4,828 sq. km. (1,864 sq. mi). Tobago—300 sq. km. (116 sq. mi).

Cities:

Capital—Port of Spain (metropolitan pop. 310,000). Other cities—San Fernando, Chaguanas, Arima, Scarborough.

Terrain:

Plains and low mountains.

Climate:

Tropical; principal rainy season is June through December.

People

Nationality:

Noun and adjective—Trinidadian(s) and Tobagonian(s).

Population (2004 est.):

1.3 million.

Annual growth rate:

0.6%.

Ethnic groups (2000):

East Indian 40.0%, African 37.5%, mixed 20.5%, European 0.6%, Chinese 0.3%, other/not stated 1.1%.

Religions (2000):

Roman Catholic 26.0%, Hindu 22.5%, Protestant 24.6% (Anglican 7.8%, Pentecostal 6.8%, Baptist 1.8%, Methodist 0.8%); Islam 5.8%; Shouter Baptist 5.4%; other Christian 10.7%.

Language:

English.

Education:

Years compulsory—8. Literacy—98%.

Health (1999 est.):

Infant mortality rate—18.6/1,000. Life expectancy—68 yrs. male; 73 yrs. female.

Work force (613,000 in 2004):

Trade and services 53.4%, construction 16.4%, government 10.3%, manufacturing 10.0%, agriculture/sugar 4.9%, oil/gas 3.2%, utilities 1.4%.

Government

Type:

Parliamentary democracy.

Independence:

August 31, 1962.

Present constitution:

September 24, 1976.

Branches:

Executive—president (chief of state), prime minister (head of government), cabinet. Legislative—bicameral parliament. Judicial—independent court system; highest court of appeal is Privy Council (London).

Subdivisions:

Nine regions, two cities, three boroughs (Trinidad); Tobago House of Assembly.

Political parties:

People's National Movement (PNM), United National Congress (UNC), National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR).

Suffrage:

Universal at 18.

Economy (2004 est.)

GDP:

U.S. $11.6 billion (nominal).

Annual growth rate:

6.2% (real).

Per capita income:

U.S. $8,923.

Natural resources:

Oil and natural gas, timber, fish.

Petroleum (crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals):

40.1% of GDP.

Financial services:

13.1% of GDP.

Distribution including restaurants:

12.6% of GDP.

Manufacturing (food and beverages, assembly, chemicals, printing):

6.8% of GDP.

Construction:

6.0% of GDP.

Transport/storage/communication:

8.4% of GDP.

Government:

5.6% of GDP.

Education, cultural community services:

2.2% of GDP.

Electricity and water:

1.6% of GDP.

Agriculture (sugar, poultry, other meat, vegetables, citrus):

0.8% of GDP.

Hotels and guesthouses:

0.3% of GDP.

PEOPLE AND HISTORY

Columbus landed on and named Trinidad in 1498, and Spaniards settled the island a century later. Spanish colonizers largely wiped out the original inhabitants—Arawak and Carib Indians—and the survivors were gradually assimilated. Although it attracted French, free black, and other non-Spanish settlers, Trinidad remained under Spanish rule until the British captured it in 1797. During the colonial period, Trinidad's economy relied on large sugar and cocoa plantations. Tobago's development was similar to other plantation islands in the Lesser Antilles and quite different from Trinidad. During the colonial period, French, Dutch, and British forces fought over possession of Tobago, and the island changed hands 22 times—more often than any other West Indies island. Britain took final possession of Tobago in 1803. The two islands of Trinidad and Tobago were incorporated into a single colony in 1888. Trinidad and Tobago achieved full independence in 1962 and joined the British Commonwealth.

The people of Trinidad and Tobago are mainly of African or East Indian descent. Virtually all speak English. Small percentages also speak Hindi, French patois, and several other dialects. Trinidad has two major folk traditions: Creole and East Indian. Creole is a mixture of African elements with Spanish, French, and English colonial culture. Trinidad's East Indian culture came to the island with indentured servants brought to fill a labor shortage created by the emancipation of the African slaves in 1833. Most remained on the land, and they still dominate the agricultural sector, but many have become prominent in business and the professions. East Indians have retained much of their own way of life, including Hindu and Muslim religious festivals and practices.

GOVERNMENT

Trinidad and Tobago is a unitary state, with a parliamentary democracy modeled after that of Great Britain. Although completely independent, Trinidad and Tobago acknowledged the British monarch as the figurehead chief of state from 1962 until 1976. In 1976 the country adopted a republican Constitution, replacing Queen Elizabeth with a president elected by Parliament. The general direction and control of the government rests with the cabinet, led by a prime minister and answerable to the bicameral Parliament.

The 36 members of the House of Representatives are elected to terms of at least 5 years. Elections may be called earlier by the president at the request of the prime minister or after a vote of no confidence in the House of Representatives. The Senate's 31 members are appointed by the president: sixteen on the advice of the prime minister, six on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and nine independents selected by the president from among outstanding members of the community. Elected councils administer the nine regional, two city, and three borough corporations on Trinidad. Since 1980 the Tobago House of Assembly has governed Tobago.

The country's highest court is the Court of Appeal, whose chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and leader of the opposition. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London decides final appeal on some matters. Member states of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) selected Trinidad as the headquarters site for the new Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), which is intended eventually to replace the Privy Council for all CARICOM states. The CCJ heard its first case in August 2005. Despite having its seat in Port of Spain, the CCJ has not yet supplanted the Privy Council for Trinidad and Tobago due to a legislative dispute over constitutional reform.

Principal Government Officials

Last Updated: 10/20/2005

President: George Maxwell RICHARDS
Prime Minister: Patrick MANNING
Min. of Agriculture, Land, & Marine Resources: Jarette NARINE
Min. of Community Development & Culture: Joan YUILLE-WILLIAMS
Min. of Education: Hazel MANNING
Min. of Energy & Energy Industries: Eric WILLIAMS
Min. of Finance: Patrick MANNING
Min. of Foreign Affairs: Knowlson GIFT
Min. of Health: John RAHAEL
Min. of Housing: Anthony ROBERTS
Min. of Labor & Small & Micro-Enterprise Development: Danny MONTANO
Min. of Legal Affairs & Consumer Affairs: Christine KANGALOO
Min. of Local Government: Rennie DUMAS
Min. of National Security & Rehabilitation: Martin JOSEPH
Min. of Public Administration & Information: Lenny SAITH
Min. of Public Utilities & the Environment: Penelope BECKLES
Min. of Science, Technology, & Tertiary Education: Mustapha ABDULHAMID
Min. of Social Development, Social Services Delivery, & Gender Affairs: Anthony ROBERTS
Min. of Sports & Youth Affairs: Roger BOYNES
Min. of Trade & Industry: Kenneth VALLEY
Min. of Tourism: Howard Chin LEE
Min. of Works & Transport: Colm IMBERT
Min. in the Ministry of Finance: Conrad ENILL
Min. in the Ministry of Finance: Christine SAHADEO
Min. in the Ministry of Finance: Kenneth VALLEY
Attorney General: John JEREMIE
Governor, Central Bank: Ewart WILIAMS
Ambassador to the US: Marina Annette VALERE
Permanent Representative to the UN, New York: Philip Reuben Arnott SEALY

The embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is located at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 (tel. 202-467-6490; fax. 202-785-3130).

POLITICAL CONDITIONS

The first political party in Trinidad and Tobago with a continuing organization and program—the People's National Movement (PNM)—emerged in 1956 under Dr. Eric Williams, who became Prime Minister upon independence and remained in that position until his death in 1981. Politics have generally run along ethnic lines, with Afro-Trinidadians supporting the PNM and Indo-Trinidadians supporting various Indian-majority parties, such as the United National Congress (UNC). Most political parties, however, have sought to broaden their purview.

The PNM remained in power following the death of Dr. Williams, but its 30-year rule ended in 1986 when the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), a rainbow party aimed at Trinidadians of both African and Indian descent, won a landslide victory by capturing 33 of 36 seats. Tobago's A.N.R. Robinson, the NAR political leader, became Prime Minister. The NAR began to break down when the Indian component withdrew in 1988. Basdeo Panday, leader of the old United Labor Front (ULF), formed the new opposition with the UNC.

In July 1990, the Jamaat al Muslimeen, an extremist Black Muslim group with an unresolved grievance against the government over land claims, tried to overthrow the NAR government. The group held the prime minister and members of parliament hostage for 5 days while rioting and looting shook Port of Spain. After a long standoff with the police and military, Jamaat leader Yasin Abu Bakr and his followers surrendered to Trinidad and Tobago authorities. In 1992 the Court of Appeal upheld the validity of a government amnesty given to the Jamaat members during the hostage crisis. Abu Bakr and 113 other Jamaat members were jailed for two years while other courts debated the amnesty's validity. All 114 members were eventually released after a ruling by the U.K. Privy Council.

In 1991 elections, the NAR lost control of the government to the PNM, led by Patrick Manning who became prime minister. The Panday-led UNC finished second and replaced the NAR as chief opposition party. In 1995 Manning called for elections, in which the PNM and UNC both won 17 seats and the NAR won two seats. The UNC allied with the NAR and formed the new government, with Panday becoming prime minister—the first prime minister of East Indian descent. Although elections held in 2000 returned the UNC to

power, the UNC government fell in 2001 with the defection of three of its parliamentarians, and the subsequent elections resulted in an even 18-18 split between the UNC and the PNM. President A.N.R. Robinson ironically bypassed his former party colleague Panday by inviting PNM leader Manning to form a government, but the inability to break the tie delayed Parliament from meeting. Manning called elections in 2002, following which the PNM formed the next government with a 20-16 majority. The next elections must be held by 2007, and both parties have spent part of 2005 attempting to prepare for those polls. Latest speculation is whether Panday, facing trial for alleged corruption during his tenure as prime minister, will be replaced in October as UNC leader to allow a new generation to take over. Manning shows every indication of intending to continue in office.

Both parties are committed to free market economic policies and increased foreign investment. Trinidad and Tobago has remained cooperative with the United States in the regional fight against narcotics trafficking and on other issues.

ECONOMY

The twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago continues to experience real GDP growth as a result of economic reforms, tight monetary policy and fiscal responsibility, and high oil prices. In 2004 the country experienced a real GDP growth rate of 6.2%, which followed 13.2% growth in 2003. The PNM-led government has continued the sound macroeconomic policies of the previous UNC government. Long-term growth looks promising, as Trinidad and Tobago further develops its oil and gas resources and the industries dependent on natural gas, including petrochemicals, fertilizers, iron/steel and aluminum. Additional growth potential also exists in financial services, telecommunications and transport. Strong growth in Trinidad and Tobago over the past few years has led to trade surpluses, even with high import levels due to industrial expansion and increased consumer demand. The debt service ratio, 15.4% in 1997, fell to as low as 3.7% in 2001 and was a moderate 4.7% in 2004. Unemployment, which was 12.1% in 2001, had fallen to 8.4% by 2004. Inflation, however, has begun to worsen with prices rising at an annualized rate of 7.34% in March 2005, as opposed to 5.6% in December 2004. Food prices have been rising at a rate of over 20% in the first half of 2005, and the Central Bank has raised interest rates twice in 2005 after no action for several years. There are no currency or capital controls and the central bank maintains the TT dollar in a lightly managed, stable float against the U.S. dollar. The exchange rate in mid-2005 was about TT 6.22=U.S. $1.

Trinidad and Tobago has made a transition from an oil-based economy to one based on natural gas. In 2004, natural gas production averaged 2.9 trillion cubic feet per day (tcf/d), an increase of 12.9% from 2003. The petrochemical sector, including plants producing methanol, ammonia, urea, and natural gas liquids, has continued to grow in line with natural gas production, which continues to expand and should meet the needs of new industrial plants coming on stream in the next few years. The major development in 2005 will be the likely opening of the fourth production module or "train" for liquefied natural gas (LNG) at Atlantic LNG. Train 4 will increase Atlantic LNG overall output by almost 50% and will be the largest LNG train in the world at 5.2 million tons/year of LNG. Trinidad and Tobago is the 5th largest exporter of LNG in the world and the single largest supplier of LNG to the U.S., supplying between 70-75% of all LNG imported into the U.S. Overall, the petroleum sector grew by 10.5% in 2004, the third straight year of double-digit growth.

The non-energy sector grew at a slower pace in 2004. Output in this sector increased by a modest 2.9% in 2004 compared to 3.8% in 2003 with the impetus coming from the Manufacturing and Services sectors. The rate of growth in the Manufacturing sector was 6.6% in 2004, thanks to the Food, Beverages and Tobacco, and Assembly-Type industries. The Services sector grew by 2.9%, led by Construction. Construction sector growth was due mainly to Trinidad and Tobago Government investment in housing and infrastructure, and ongoing projects in the energy sector. Performance in the Agriculture sector has been weak and declined by 20.2% in 2004. The decline in output resulted largely from the shrinking and restructuring of the sugar industry. Recognizing the role that energy plays in the economic life of Trinidad and Tobago, where it was the source last year of 37% of governmental revenues, the government is seeking to diversify the economy to reduce dependence on the energy sector and to achieve self-sustaining growth. The diversification strategy focuses on six main sectors: traditional manufacturing; a new technology-based industrial sector; tourism; financial services; agriculture; and small business.

The investment climate is good. Since 1992, almost all investment barriers have been eliminated. The government continues to welcome foreign investors. The government has a double taxation agreement, a bilateral investment treaty and an intellectual property rights agreement with the United States. U.S. investment in Trinidad and Tobago exceeds a billion dollars. Total foreign direct investment has averaged $700 million annually over the last decade. Among recent and ongoing investment projects are several involving U.S. firms: ISG Trinidad started operations in November 2004 in a plant that has the capacity to produce 500,000 metric tons annually of hot briquetted iron. Nucor has received approval from the Trinidad and Tobago Government to set up a plant to produce up to 1.5 million tons annually of direct reduced iron. Two aluminum smelter plants are also planned, one of them to be owned by ALCOA. The first major business-class hotel to be opened in several years bears the Marriott Courtyard brand. Hyatt has announced plans to manage a property at the multimillion-dollar port development project in Port of Spain.

Trinidad and Tobago's infrastructure is adequate by regional standards. Expansion of the Crown Point airport on Tobago is being planned, which follows opening of the Piarco terminal on Trinidad in 2000. There is an extensive network of paved roads. Traffic is a worsening problem throughout Trinidad, as the road network is not well suited to the volume of vehicles, and no mass transport system exists as an alternative. Utilities are fairly reliable in cities, but some rural areas suffer from water shortages, power failures, and inadequate drainage. Infrastructure improvement is one of the government's budget priorities, especially rehabilitating rural roads and bridges, rural electrification, flood control and improved drainage and sewerage. A multi-year plan for light rail transport has been announced.

Telephone service is modern and reliable, although significantly more costly to consumers than comparable U.S. service, including for wireline, wireless and broadband services. Change began this year in the wireless market when the new Telecommunications Authority invited two firms to offer competition to state-owned monopoly incumbent TSTT (co-owned by Cable & Wireless). The new wireless providers, Digicel and Laqtel, are planning to provide service by 2006. Long distance, cable and Internet services have not yet been deregulated, but the government has indicated that it will do so in those markets as well, beginning with cable TV. Internet has come into widespread use, but broadband services are limited to a few upscale residential areas, although some wireless "hot spots" have emerged. Improvements in service and price are likely as TSTT prepares itself to meet competition for Internet services in coming years.

FOREIGN RELATIONS

As the most industrialized and second-largest country in the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. CARICOM members are working to establish a Single Market and Economy (CSME). Trinidad and Tobago and two other CARICOM members have made strides toward launching the first phases of CSME by 2006.

Trinidad and Tobago is active in the Summit of the Americas process of Organization of American States (OAS). It recently hosted hemisphere-wide ministerial meetings on energy (2004) and education (2005), as well as an OAS meeting on terrorism and security (also 2005). It also hosted a negotiating session in 2003 for the OAS Free Trade Area of the Americas, and aspires to hosting an eventual FTAA secretariat.

Trinidad and Tobago is a democracy that maintains close relations with its Caribbean neighbors and major North American and European trading partners. After its 1962 independence, Trinidad and Tobago joined the UN and the Commonwealth. In 1967, it became the first Commonwealth country to join the OAS. In 1995, Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the Association of Caribbean States and has become the headquarters location for this 25-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its members.

U.S.-TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO RELATIONS

The United States and Trinidad and Tobago enjoy cordial relations. U.S. interests here and throughout the hemisphere focus on increasing investment and trade, and securing more stable supplies of energy. They also include enhancing Trinidad and Tobago's political and social stability and positive regional role through assistance in drug interdiction, health issues, and legal affairs. The U.S. embassy was established in Port of Spain in 1962, replacing the former consulate general.

In 1999, bilateral assistance from all sources to Trinidad and Tobago amounted to more than $3 million, mostly Department of State grants, counter-narcotics assistance, International Military Education and Training (IMET) funds, and Foreign Military Financing (FMF) funds. IMET and FMF programs were suspended in July 2003 under the terms of the American Service members Protection Act (ASPA), because Trinidad and Tobago, a member of the International Criminal Court, has not concluded a bilateral non-surrender or "Article 98" agreement with the United States. Currently, the main source of financial assistance provided to the defense force is through International Narcotics Law Enforcement and Traditional Commander's Activities funds. Assistance to Trinidad and Tobago from U.S. military, law enforcement authorities, and in the area of health issues remains important to the bilateral relationship and to accomplishing U.S. policy objectives.

The U.S. Government also provides technical assistance to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago through a number of existing agreements. The Department of Homeland Security has a Customs Advisory Team working with the Ministry of Finance to update its procedures. Similarly, the Treasury Department has an IRS advising team that works with the Board of Inland Revenue modernizing its tax administration. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a part of the Department of Health and Human Services, has a regional office here that works with the Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) and other regional partners to provide prevention, care and treatment in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean.

U.S. commercial ties with Trinidad and Tobago have always been strong and have grown substantially in the last several years due to economic liberalization. U.S. firms have invested more than a billion dollars in recent years—mostly in the petrochemical, oil/gas, and iron/steel sectors. Many of America's largest corporations have commercial links with Trinidad and Tobago, and more than 30 U.S. firms have offices and operations in the country. Trinidad and Tobago is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). The U.S. embassy actively fosters bilateral business ties and provides a number of commercial services to potential investors and traders. A double-taxation agreement has existed since the early 1970s. A tax information exchange agreement was signed in 1989, and a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and an Intellectual Property Rights agreement were signed in 1994. The BIT entered into force in 1996. Other agreements include Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance treaties, which have been in force since 1999. An agreement on Maritime Cooperation was signed in 1996.

There are large numbers of U.S. citizens and permanent residents of Trinidadian origin living in the United States (mostly in New York and Florida), which keeps cultural ties strong. About 20,000 U.S. citizens visit Trinidad and Tobago on vacation or for business every year, and more than 4,600 American citizens are residents.

Principal U.S. Embassy Officials

PORT OF SPAIN (E) Address: 15 Queen's Park West; Phone: (868) 622-6371-6; Fax: (868) 628-5462; INMARSAT Tel: (8816) 3143 9021; Workweek: Mon-Fri, 7:30 am-4:30 pm; Website: usembassy.state.gov/trinidad.

Other Contact Information

U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Trade Information Center
14th and Constitution, NW
Washington, DC 20230
Tel: 1-800-USA-TRADE
http://www.trade.gov/td/tic/

American Chamber of Commerce of Trinidad and Tobago
#107 Long Circular Road, Maraval (until fall 2005—see below)

Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Tel: (868) 622-4466, 622-0340 and 628-2508
Fax: (868) 628-9428
E-mail: inbox@amchamtt.com
http://www.amchamtt.com/

Note: The American Chamber of Commerce office is moving to 62 Maraval Road in late 2005. Please check the web site for the latest information.

TRAVEL

Consular Information Sheet

August 9, 2005

Country Description:

Trinidad and Tobago is a developing nation in the Caribbean composed of two islands. The islands gained independence from the British in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean, largely as a result of petroleum and natural gas industries. Tourist travel is mostly to the smaller of the two sister islands, Tobago. Tourist facilities are widely available.

Entry/Exit Requirements:

The U.S. Government will begin to phase in new passport requirements for U.S. citizens traveling in the Western Hemisphere. By December 31, 2007, all U.S. citizens will be expected to depart and enter the United States on a valid passport or other authorized document establishing identity and U.S. citizenship. The Department of State strongly encourages travelers to obtain passports well in advance of any planned travel. Routine passport applications by mail take up to six weeks to be issued. For further information, go to the State Department's Consular
Website: http://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html.

A passport is required of U.S. citizens for entry to Trinidad and Tobago. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for tourism or business-related visits of 90 days or less. Work permits are required for compensated and some non-compensated employment, including missionary work. Visas may be required for travel for purposes other than business or tourism. For further information concerning entry, employment and customs requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago, 1708 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20036, telephone (202) 467-6490, email embttgo@erols.com, or the Trinidad and Tobago Consulates in Miami or New York City.

Safety and Security:

American citizens traveling to or residing in Trinidad and Tobago should avoid large crowds and demonstrations. Non-violent demonstrations occur on occasion, but widespread civil disorder is not considered a threat. The Downtown area of Port of Spain experienced three bombings in 2005. The first of these bombings injured 14 people, two critically. The identity and motives of the bomber(s) are unknown. The bombings occurred on the 10th or 11th of three consecutive months. Americans living in or visiting Port of Spain are advised to exercise extreme caution when in the Downtown area, particularly on or around those dates.

While there is no evidence that Americans or other foreigners have been specifically targeted as victims of the explosion or other violent crimes, travelers should be aware of the global risk of indiscriminate terrorist attacks that could target civilians, including places frequented by foreigners.

For the latest security information, Americans traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department's Internet web site at http://travel.state.gov where the current Travel Warnings and Public Announcements, including the Worldwide Caution Public Announcement, can be found.

Crime:

Incidents of violent crime are rising steadily on both islands. Visitors should exercise caution and good judgment, as in any large urban area, when visiting Trinidad and Tobago. The U.S. Embassy advises visitors to exercise caution when traveling from Trinidad's Piarco Airport, especially after dark, because of incidents involving armed robbers trailing arriving passengers from the airport and then accosting them outside the gates of their residences. Areas to avoid in Trinidad include Laventille, South Belmont, scenic rest stops, the Savannah (crossing the park), and downtown Port of Spain (after dark), as these are areas where Americans and other foreigners are particularly vulnerable to pick pocketing and armed assaults. Holiday periods, especially Christmas and Carnival, often see an increase in crime.

Violent crimes, including assault, kidnapping for ransom and murder, have involved foreign residents and tourists, including U.S. citizens. Two U.S. citizens were kidnapped during the first half of 2005. One American is still missing and the other American was released with a gun shot to the leg. Burglaries of private residences are common. Robbery is a risk, particularly in urban areas and especially near ATMs and shopping malls. Visitors should avoid wearing expensive jewelry or displaying large amounts of money in public. In some cases, robberies of Americans have turned violent and persons have been injured after the victim resisted handing over valuables.

In Tobago, the media have reported an increase in the incidence of violent crimes, including murder, rape, and home robberies. In July 2005, a 14 year-old American female was murdered in her apartment in the seaside village of Charlotteville. In January, a German national was shot dead at his home and in April, a British national was shot during a robbery at home. Some of these attacks have targeted private villas. While local authorities have announced increased measures to fight crime, the U.S. Embassy advises that when making reservations at private accommodations, visitors should ensure that 24-hour security is provided.

Visitors to Trinidad and Tobago are also advised to be cautious when visiting isolated beaches or scenic overlooks where robberies can occur. In particular, we advise against visiting the Ft. George scenic overlook in Port of Spain because of lack of security and a number of recent armed robberies at that site. Tourists at La Brea Pitch Lake in South Trinidad were targets of criminals in 2004 and 2005. Visitors should not walk alone or in unfamiliar areas. Valuables left unattended on beaches and in other public places are vulnerable to theft. Visitors should avoid neighborhoods known for high crime rates. When in doubt, consult the establishment where you are staying to identify areas to be avoided.

Taxis available at the major hotels or through pre-arranged pick-ups with reputable companies are generally safe and reliable. The U.S. Embassy urges caution in the use of the small buses or vans in Trinidad, known as "Maxi Taxis" (full-size inter-city buses are usually safe). Unmarked shared taxis authorized to pick up passengers will have the letter 'H' as the first letter on their license plates. Some shared taxis and maxi taxis have been linked to petty crime and serious traffic accidents. Valuables including travel documents should not be left unattended in parked cars, especially in parking lots as several thefts have been reported.

Information for Victims of Crime:

The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. If you are the victim of a crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, please contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for assistance. The Embassy/Consulate staff can, for example, assist you to find appropriate medical care, contact family members or friends and explain how funds could be transferred. Although the investigation and prosecution of the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities, consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney if needed.

Medical Facilities and Health Information:

We strongly recommend that you obtain comprehensive travel and medical insurance before traveling. Medical care is limited compared to that in the United States. Care at public health facilities is significantly below U.S. standards for treatment of serious injuries and illness, with limited access to supplies and medications. While care at some private facilities is better than at most public health facilities, patients may be expected to prove their ability to pay before assistance is given, even in emergency situations. Patients requiring blood transfusions are expected to arrange for at least the same amount to be donated on their behalf. Physicians and nurses may go on strike, causing serious strain on both public and private medical resources. Ambulance service is extremely limited both in the quality of emergency care and in the availability of vehicles in many parts of the country.

Information on vaccinations and other health precautions, such as safe food and water precautions and insect bite protection, may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's hotline for international travelers at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747) or via the CDC's Internet site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel. For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad consult the World Health Organization's (WHO) website at http://www.who.int/en. Further health information for travelers is available at http://www.who.int/ith.

Medical Insurance:

The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company prior to traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and whether it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation.

Traffic Safety and Road Conditions:

While in a foreign country, U.S. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. The information below concerning Trinidad and Tobago is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance.

Traffic moves on the left in Trinidad and Tobago. Most vehicles are right-hand drive, but left-hand drive vehicles are permitted. Rental cars are available, and are generally right-hand drive. A U.S. driver's license and/or an International Driving Permit are valid for up to 90 days after arrival. Seatbelts are required for drivers and front seat passengers, and cars may be pulled over and drivers fined for not wearing seatbelts. Older cars are not required to be equipped with rear seatbelts; many taxis, being older cars, thus lack rear seatbelts. There are no particular requirements for child safety seats.

Trinidad has several good four-lane highways and one controlled-access highway. However, road quality decreases quickly on secondary roads. Rural roads are narrow and often have deep drainage ditches on either side. Some are in poor repair, and are frequently congested. Night travel should be avoided other than on major highways. Roadside assistance exists, but is extremely limited and subject to lengthy delays. The Ministry of Works and Transport is responsible for road conditions and safety in the country.

Trinidadian drivers often use hand signals to indicate turning, stopping, or slowing, which do not necessarily correspond to hand signals used in the United States. Trinidadian drivers are generally courteous, often at unexpected times, but can be flexible with the rules of the road. For example, cars traveling north on a two way street may cross into the southbound lane to stop and let passengers out. Visitors need to be attentive and alert. Intoxicated drivers on the road are a particular concern on the weekends, especially after dark when many locals are going to or returning from social events. Drivers should take extra precaution on narrow and windy roads leading in and out of beaches and small towns in Trinidad and Tobago. As always, defensive driving is strongly encouraged.

The country has an extensive system of taxis, maxi-taxis (vans) and some larger buses. Although the larger inter-city buses are generally safe, the maxi-taxis have been linked to many road accidents and some instances of crime. Fares should be agreed upon in advance. Taxis will often stop at any point along the road to pick up or discharge passengers, often with little or no warning.

For specific information about Trinidad and Tobago, contact the Trinidad and Tobago tourist information office at 1-888-595-4tnt. Visit the website of the country's national tourist office http://www.visittnt.com. The Ministry of Works and Transport is the national authority responsible for road safety.

Aviation Safety Oversight:

The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has assessed the Government of Trinidad and Tobago as being in compliance with ICAO international aviation safety standards for the oversight of Trinidad and Tobago's air carrier operations.

Special Circumstances:

Trinidad and Tobago is prone to occasional, moderate earthquakes - one in October 2000 measured 5.8 on the Richter scale and another in December 2004 measured 5.4. Trinidad has never been hit by a major hurricane, although there was recently a close call with Hurricane Ivan in 2004, and Tobago has suffered extensive damage by only two hurricanes since 1963. More recently, parts of Tobago were severely affected by flooding and mudslides from Hurricane Ivan and another major storm that followed soon thereafter. General information about natural disaster preparedness is available via the Internet from the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) at http://www.fema.gov.

Criminal Penalties:

While in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to that country's laws and regulations, which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offences. Persons violating Trinidad and Tobago's laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested or imprisoned. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Trinidad and Tobago are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Suspected offenders may be jailed until the trial date, which can be months or even years after the arrest. Many of the US citizens incarcerated in Trinidad and Tobago were caught attempting to take suitcases or packages containing drugs out of the country. Even if the package or suitcase is being carried for someone else, the traveler is liable for its contents. Engaging in illicit sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime, prosecutable in the United States. Americans should also be aware that cursing and use of foul language in public is a criminal offense in Trinidad and Tobago, subject to arrest and fines. Several Americans have been arrested recently for this offense, causing considerable disruption in travel plans.

Children's Issues:

For information on international adoption of children and international parental child abduction, see the Office of Children's Issues website at http://www.travel.state.gov/family/family_1732.html.

Registration/Embassy Location:

Americans living or traveling in Trinidad and Tobago are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate through the State Department's travel registration website, https://travelregistration.state.gov, and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Trinidad and Tobago. Americans without Internet access may register directly with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy or Consulate to contact them in case of emergency. The U.S. Embassy is located at 15 Queen's Park West, telephone 868-622-6371, Consular Section fax 868-628-9036, web site http://trinidad.usembassy.gov/trinidad/citizen_services.html. Hours of operation are 7:30 AM-12:00 PM, and 1:00 PM through 4:00 PM Monday - Friday, except U.S. and Trinidad and Tobago national holidays.

International Adoption

August 2005

The information below has been edited from a report of the State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs, Office of Overseas Citizens Services. For more information, please read the International Adoption section of this book and review current reports online at www.travel.state.gov/family.

Disclaimer:

The information in this flyer relating to the legal requirements of specific foreign countries is based on public sources and our current understanding. Questions involving foreign and U.S. immigration laws and legal interpretation should be addressed respectively to qualified foreign or U.S. legal counsel.

Please Note:

There are two ways of adopting a child from Trinidad and Tobago. The first option is to go through the adoption process in Trinidad and Tobago. However, foreigners are prohibited from adopting Trinidadian children unless they are domiciled and residing in Trinidad and Tobago. The residency requirement complicates and lengthens the process, making it unrealistic for most U.S. citizens living in the U.S. to pursue this route.

The second option is to seek custody/legal guardianship of a child from the courts in Trinidad and Tobago for the purpose of adopting the child in the United States. While considerably less burdensome than seeking a formal adoption in Trinidad and Tobago, prospective parents need to keep in mind that custody/legal guardianship is not as secure as an adoption order. Custody or legal guardianship does NOT provide full parental rights given to adopting parents. Custody or legal guardianship is also vulnerable to revocation by the courts if the biological parents or other relatives subsequently petition the courts for change of custody/guardianship. For U.S. citizens residing in the U.S., however, obtaining legal custody/guardianship is the often the only viable option.

Patterns of Immigration of Adopted Orphans to the U.S.:

Recent U.S. immigrant visa statistics reflect the following pattern for visa issuance to orphans:

Fiscal Year: Number of Immigrant Visas Issued
FY 2004: 8
FY 2003: 6
FY 2002: 3
FY 2001: 0
FY 2000: 3

Adoption Authority in Trinidad and Tobago:

To adopt a child in Trinidad and Tobago, prospective adoptive parents must contact the Adoption Board. It is the only organization authorized to adjudicate the adoption application and make recommendations to the courts for legal adoptions.

Adoption Board
55-57 St Vincent Street
Port Of Spain, Trinidad
Telephone: 868-627-4447

The Adoption Board is not responsible for legal custody/guardianship cases. To seek legal custody/guardianship, the prospective custodians/guardians need to contact the Clerk of the Peace through the courts in Trinidad and Tobago.

Probation Office
3rd Floor ANSA House
Corner of Queen and Henry Streets
Port of Spain, Trinidad
Telephone: (868) 623-8180

Eligibility Requirements for Adoptive Parents:

Single parents are allowed to adopt or gain legal custody/guardianship in Trinidad and Tobago. The adoptive parents must be at least 25 years and 21 years older than the child they are adopting. To gain custody/legal guardianship the prospective custodian/guardian must be at least 21 years old.

Residential Requirements:

Foreigners may not adopt Trinidadian children unless they are domiciled and residing permanently in Trinidad. They must have residential status proof from immigration authority in order to establish residency. There are no laws restricting foreigners from being granted custody/legal guardianship.

Time Frame:

The local adoption process takes more than six months due to the Adoption Board's six-month probation period. Securing custody/legal guardianship can take anywhere from one week to several months.

Adoption Agencies and Attorneys:

Local laws make it illegal for any local persons or agencies other than the Adoption Board to facilitate adoptions. Local attorneys may be contacted to interpret local adoption laws.

Adoption Fees in Trinidad and Tobago:

Adoption in Trinidad is free. Payment to anyone, including the parents, is illegal.

Adoption Procedures:

The local adoption process begins with the prospective parents filing a formal application and submitting medical reports to the Adoption Board. Once the process is initiated, the Adoption Board confirms consent of the parents or current guardians to relinquish custody of the child. Meanwhile, the Welfare Officers complete a home study report to ensure that the adoption will be beneficial to the child. The Adoption Board reviews all the information and decides whether a probationary period can be granted to the prospective parents. The probationary period usually does not exceed six months and is a requirement that must be completed in order to bring the case before the courts. During this period the Adoption Board keeps a close supervision of the child and his/her reactions to the new family. At any point during the probationary period, the Adoption Board may terminate the temporary custody if they feel that the child is in a harmful situation. Upon the termination of the probationary period, whether by notice of the Adoption Board or by its expiration, the prospective parents may apply to the court for an adoption order to finalize the legal adoption.

Guardianship Procedures:

To gain legal custody/guardianship, the prospective custodians/guardians should contact the Clerk of the Peace in their district. The Clerk of the Peace will arrange for them to fill out the necessary forms and set a court date. The Probation Office will also require proof that the prospective parents are deemed fit to gain legal custody/guardianship (International Social Services certification is acceptable) and investigate the appropriateness of the change in custody/guardianship. All the information will be presented before the Magistrate and the court will make a final decision based on the recommendations from the Probation Office.

Immigrant Visa Requirement:

There are no special local controls on the exit of children from Trinidad and Tobago but immigrant visas are required for U.S. citizens intending to bring a child back to the United States, whether adopted in Trinidad and Tobago or departing Trinidad and Tobago to be adopted in the U.S. Obtaining an immigrant visa is a complicated process that cannot be accomplished in one day. The following website has some general guidance on applying for an immigrant visa: http://travel.state.gov/.

Documents Required for Adoption in Trinidad and Tobago:

• A certified copy of birth registration of applicants and child
• Certificate of successful immunization record of child
• Result of blood test of applicants and child
• Result of chest x-ray of applicants and child
• Certified copy of applicant's marriage certificate or a certified copy of decree absolute if either applicant is a divorcee or a certified copy of death registration of husband if applicant is a widow
• Certified copy of death registration of child's parents
• Photographs in color one full length and one head and shoulders
• Other general forms given by the Adoption Board.

Please contact the Consular section of the U.S. Embassy in Trinidad and Tobago at consularportofspain@state.gov or the Adoption Board for more information.

Authenticating U.S. Documents to be Used Abroad:

All U.S. documents submitted to the Trinidad and Tobago government/court must be authenticated. Documents issued by a federal agency must be authenticated by the U.S. Department of State Authentications Office, 518 23rd St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20520, (202) 647-5002. Please visit the U.S. Department of State Office of Authentications Web site at additional information about authentication procedures http://www.state.gov/m/a/auth/.

Trinidad and Tobago Embassy in the United States:

Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago
1708 Massachusetts Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202-467-6490

U.S. Immigration Requirements:

Please see the International Adoption section of this book for more details and review current reports online at travel.state.gov/family.

U.S. Embassy in Trinidad and Tobago:

15 Queen's Park West (PO Box 752)
Port-of-Spain, Trinidad
Tel: 809-622-6372 through 6

Additional Information:

Specific questions about adoption in Trinidad and Tobago may be addressed to the U.S. Embassy in Trinidad and Tobago. General questions regarding international adoption may be addressed to the Office of Children's Issues, U.S. Department of State, CA/OCS/CI, SA-29, 4th Floor, 2201 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818, toll-free Tel: 1-888-404-4747.

International Parental Child Abduction

January 2006

The information below has been edited from the report of the State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs, Office of Overseas Citizens Services. For more information, please read the International Child Abduction section of this book and review current reports online at travel.state.gov.

Disclaimer:

The information in this flyer relating to the legal requirements of specific foreign countries is based on public sources and our current understanding. Questions involving foreign and U.S. immigration laws and legal interpretation should be addressed respectively to qualified foreign or U.S. legal counsel.

General Information:

Trinidad and Tobago is a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, but the treaty has not yet entered into force between the United States and Trinidad and Tobago. Therefore, the Convention cannot be used as a remedy to recover a child abducted from the United States to Trinidad and Tobago or to gain access (visitation) to such a child; however, local authorities may be willing to implement Hague precepts in individual cases pending final entry into force. American citizens who travel to Trinidad and Tobago place themselves under the jurisdiction of local courts. American citizens planning a trip to Trinidad and Tobago with dual national children should bear this in mind.

Custody Disputes:

Relevant laws in Trinidadian courts base custodianship decisions on the best interests of the child.

Enforcement of Foreign Judgments:

Custody orders and judgments of foreign courts are not enforceable in Trinidad and Tobago if they potentially contradict or violate local laws and practices. Courts do not yet enforce U.S. court decrees ordering a parent in Trinidad and Tobago to pay child support.

Visitation Rights:

In cases where one parent has been granted custody of a child, the other parent is usually granted visitation rights. If a custodial parent fails to allow visitation, the non-custodial parent may appeal to the court.

Dual Nationality:

Dual nationality is recognized under Trinidadian law. Children born anywhere in the world to parents from Trinidad and Tobago automatically acquire Trinidadian citizenship.

Criminal Remedies:

For information on possible criminal remedies, please contact your local law enforcement authorities or the nearest office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Information is also available on the Internet at the web site of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) at http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.

For further information on international parental child abduction, contact the Office of Children's Issues at 202-736-7000, visit the State Department website on the Internet at http://travel.state.gov, or send a nine-by-twelve-inch, self-addressed envelope to: Office of Children's Issues, SA-29, U.S. Department of State, 2201 C Street, NW, Washington, DC 20520-2818; Phone: (202) 736-9090; Fax: (202) 312-9743.