COLES, Robert (Martin) 1929-

PERSONAL: Born October 12, 1929, in Boston, MA; son of Philip Winston (an engineer) and Sandra (Young) Coles; married Jane Hallowell (a teacher), July 4, 1960; children: Robert Emmet, Daniel Agee, Michael Hallowell. Education: Harvard University, A.B., 1950; Columbia University, M.D., 1954. Politics: Independent. Religion: Episcopalian. Hobbies and other interests: Tennis, skiing.

ADDRESSES: Home—81 Carr Rd., P.O. Box 674, Concord, MA 01742. Offıce—Harvard University Health Services, 75 Mount Auburn St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

CAREER: University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, intern at university clinics, 1954-55; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, resident in psychiatry, 1955-56; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, resident in psychiatry, 1956-57; Judge Baker Guidance Center—Children's Hospital, Roxbury, MA, resident, 1957-58; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, clinical assistant in psychiatry at Medical School, 1960-62, research psychiatrist, beginning 1963, lecturer in general education, beginning 1966, professor of psychiatry and medical humanities, beginning 1978, and James Agee Professor of Social Ethics. Massachusetts General Hospital, member of alcoholism clinic staff, 1957-58; Metropolitan State Hospital, Boston, supervisor in children's unit, 1957-58; Judge Baker Guidance Center—Children's Hospital, fellow in child psychiatry, 1960-61; Lancaster Industrial School for Girls, Lancaster, MA, psychiatric consultant, 1960-62; Massachusetts General Hospital, member of psychiatric staff, 1960-62; Southern Regional Council, Atlanta, GA, research psychiatrist, 1961-63. University of Pittsburgh, Horace Mann Lecturer, 1969; Duke University, visiting professor of history and founding member of board of directors of Center for Documentary Studies. Robert F. Kennedy Memorial, member of board of trustees; member of board of Field Foundation, Institute of Current World Affairs, Reading Is Fundamental, American Freedom from Hunger Foundation, National Rural Housing Coalition, Twentieth Century Fund, National Sharecroppers Fund, Lyndhurst Foundation, and National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor; consultant to Ford Foundation and Appalachian Volunteers. Military service: U.S. Air Force, 1958-60, including assignment as chief of neuropsychiatric service, Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS.

MEMBER: American Psychiatric Association, American Orthopsychiatric Association, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (fellow), Phi Beta Kappa, Harvard Club (New York and Boston).

AWARDS, HONORS: Atlantic grant, 1965, in support of work on Children of Crisis: A Study in Courage and Fear; National Educational Television award, 1966, for individual contribution to outstanding programming; Family Life Book Award, Child Study Association of America, Ralph Waldo Emerson Award, Phi Beta Kappa, Anisfeld-Wolf Award in Race Relations, Saturday Review, Four Freedoms Award, B'nai B'rith, and Parents' Magazine Medal, all 1968, all forChildren of Crisis; Hofheimer Prize for research, American Psychiatric Association, 1968; Pulitzer Prize, 1973, for Volumes 2 and 3 of Children of Crisis; McAlpin Award, National Association of Mental Health, 1973; Weatherford Prize, Berea College and Council of Southern Maintains, 1973; Lillian Smith Award, Southern Regional Council, 1973; MacArthur fellowship, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 1981-86; Sarah Josepha Hale Award, Friends of the Richard Library (Newport, NH), 1986; Dale Richmond Award, American Academy of Pediatrics, 1998.

WRITINGS:

Children of Crisis, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), Volume 1: A Study in Courage and Fear, 1967, Volume 2: Migrants, Sharecroppers, Mountaineers, 1971, Volume 3: The South Goes North, 1971, Volume 4: Eskimos, Chicanos, Indians, 1978, Volume 5: Privileged Ones: The Well-Off and the Rich in America, 1978.

Dead End School, illustrated by Norman Rockwell, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1968.

Still Hungry in America, introduction by Edward M. Kennedy, World Publishing (New York, NY), 1969.

The Grass Pipe (juvenile), Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1969.

The Image Is You, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1969.

(With Maria W. Piers) The Wages of Neglect, Quadrangle (Chicago, IL), 1969.

Uprooted Children: The Early Lives of Migrant Farmers, University of Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, PA), 1970.

(With Joseph H. Brenner and Dermot Meagher) Drugs and Youth: Medical, Psychiatric, and Legal Facts, Liveright (New York, NY), 1970.

Erik H. Erikson: The Growth of His Work, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1970.

The Middle Americans, photographs by Jon Erikson, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1971.

(With Daniel Berrigan) The Geography of Faith, Beacon Press (Boston, MA), 1971, expanded edition, Skylight Paths Publishing (Woodstock, VT), 2001.

Saving Face, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1972.

(Editor, with Jerome Kagan) Twelve to Sixteen: Early Adolescence (essays), Norton (New York, NY), 1972.

Farewell to the South, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1972.

A Spectacle unto World, Viking (New York, NY), 1973.

Riding Free, Atlantic-Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1973.

The Old Ones of New Mexico, University of New Mexico Press (Albuquerque, NM), 1973.

Doris Ulmann: The Darkness and the Light, Aperture (Millerton, NY), 1974.

The Buses Roll, Norton (New York, NY), 1974.

Irony in the Mind's Life: Essays on Novels by James Agee, Elizabeth Bowen, and George Eliot, University Press of Virginia (Charlottesville, VA), 1974.

Headsparks, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1975.

William Carlos Williams: The Knack of Survival in America, Rutgers University Press (New Brunswick, NJ), 1975.

The Mind's Fate: Ways of Seeing Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1975.

A Festering Sweetness: Poems of American People, University of Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, PA), 1978.

(With wife, Jane Hallowell Coles) Women of Crisis, Delacorte (New York, NY), Volume 1: Lives of Struggle and Hope, 1978, Volume 2: Lives of Work and Dreams, 1980.

The Last and First Eskimos, New York Graphic Society (Boston, MA), 1978.

Walker Percy: An American Search, Atlantic-Little, Brown (Little, Brown), 1978.

Flannery O'Conner's South, Louisiana State University Press (Baton Rouge, LA), 1980.

Dorothea Lange: Photographs of a Lifetime, Aperture (Millerton, NY), 1982.

(Editor) William Carlos Williams, The Doctor Stories, New Directions (New York, NY), 1984.

(With Geoffrey Stokes) Sex and the American Teenager, Harper (New York, NY), 1985.

The Moral Life of Children, Atlantic Monthly Press (Boston, MA), 1986.

The Political Life of Children, Atlantic Monthly Press (Boston, MA), 1986.

Simone Weil: A Modern Pilgrimage, Addison-Wesley (Reading, MA), 1987.

Dorothy Day: A Radical Devotion, Addison-Wesley (Reading, MA), 1987.

Harvard Diary: Reflection on the Sacred and the Secular, Crossroads (Los Angeles, CA), 1988.

The Red Wheelbarrow: Selected Literary Essays, University of Iowa Press (Iowa City, IA), 1988.

Times of Surrender: Selected Essays, University of Iowa Press (Iowa City, IA), 1988.

Learning by Example: Stories and the Moral Imagination, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1989.

Rumors of Separate Worlds (poetry), University of Iowa Press (Iowa City, IA), 1989.

The Call of Stories: Teaching and the Moral Imagination, 1989.

The Spiritual Life of Children, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1990.

Their Eyes Meeting the World: The Drawings and Paintings of Children, edited by Margaret Sartor, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1992.

Anna Freud: The Dream of Psychoanalysis, Addison-Wesley (Reading, MA), 1992.

Conversations with Robert Coles, edited by Jay Woodruff and Sarah Carew Woodruff, University Press of Mississippi (Jackson, MS), 1992.

A Robert Coles Omnibus, University of Iowa Press (Iowa City, IA), 1993.

The Call of Service: A Witness to Idealism, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1993.

The Story of Ruby Bridges, illustrated by George Cephas Ford, Scholastic, Inc. (New York, NY), 1995.

The Ongoing Journey: Awakening Spiritual Life in At-Risk Youth, Boys Town Press (Boys Town, NE), 1995.

The Mind's Fate: A Psychiatrist Looks at His Profession, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1995.

(Compiler and author of foreword) In God's House: Children's Drawings, Eerdmans (Grand Rapids, MI), 1996.

Doing Documentary Work, Oxford University Press (New York, NY), 1997.

(With Robert E. Coles, Daniel A. Coles, and Michael H. Coles) The Youngest Parents: Teenage Pregnancy as It Shapes Lives, photographs by Jocelyn Lee and John Moses, Norton (New York, NY), 1997.

(With Nicholas Nixon) School, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1998.

Old and on Their Own, photographs by Alex Harris, Center for Documentary Studies (Durham, NC), 1997.

The Moral Intelligence of Children, Random House (New York, NY), 1997, reprinted as The Moral Intelligence of Children: How to Raise a Moral Child, Plume (New York, NY), 1998.

The Secular Mind, Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ), 1999.

(Editor, with Randy Testa and Michael Coles) Growing Up Poor: A Literary Anthology, New Press (New York, NY), 2000.

(Editor) The Erik Erikson Reader, Norton (New York, NY), 2000.

Lives of Moral Leadership, Random House (New York, NY), 2000.

(Editor, with Randy Testa) A Life in Medicine: A Literary Anthology, New Press (New York, NY), 2002.

When They Were Young: A Photographic Retrospective of Childhood from the Library of Congress, Kales Press (Carlsbad, CA), 2002.

Contributor to numerous books, including Psychiatry in American Life, edited by Charles Rolo, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1963; Youth: Change and Challenge, edited by Erik H. Erikson, Basic Books (New York, NY), 1963; The Negro American, edited by Talcott Parsons and Kenneth Clark, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1966; Science and Psychoanalysis, Volume 9, edited by Jules Masserman, Grune & Stratton (New York, NY), 1966; and In the Street: Chalk Drawings and Messages, New York City, 1938-1948, by Helen Levitt, Duke University Press (Durham, NC), 1987. Contributor more than 1,000 articles, essays, and reviews to periodicals and professional journals, including Atlantic Monthly, New Yorker, New Republic, New York Review of Books, Partisan Review, Harper's, Saturday Review, Yale Review, American Journal of Psychiatry, and Commonweal. Coeditor, Double Take; contributing editor, New Republic, beginning 1966; member of editorial board, American Scholar, beginning 1968, Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 1969-70, and Child Psychiatry and Human Development, beginning 1969.

SIDELIGHTS: Robert Coles has spent his professional life exploring and illuminating the inner world of children. His numerous works on child psychology include the Pulitzer Prize-winning series Children in Crisis, a study of childhood development under stressful circumstances. Coles was trained as a psychiatrist, but he tempers his scientific conclusions with humanism, recognizing and celebrating the individual within the group or the trend.

A native of the Boston area, Coles attended college at Harvard University. As an undergraduate he came under the influence of several notable scholars, chief among them physician-poet William Carlos Williams.

The association with Williams proved momentous for Coles; in a 1989 interview with CA, Coles declared Williams' influence: "[I became] so involved with him that my own interests began to echo his." Just as Williams had, Coles decided to train as a doctor. He received his medical education at Columbia University, specializing in child psychiatry, and the studies he undertook in the early 1960s began to reflect his thorough grounding in literature and the humanities. New York Times Book Review correspondent Helen Bevington wrote that Coles "reminds one of Williams, with the same moral imagination, the kindness and compassion—though without the truculent manner, the toughness, the profanity, the anger, the scorn of intellectuals that marked the man he came to revere." Bevington continued: "The main lesson Williams the doctor taught [Coles] was always to listen to his patient, not only listen to his story but confide to him one's own, since only through stories can one person fully enter another's life. Slowly . . . Dr. Coles learned to let the patient be the teacher, without hurrying to a diagnosis."

As an author, Coles allows his subjects to tell their own stories and listens to them over many years as their circumstances change. In the New York Times Book Review, Neil Postman observed that Coles "is to the stories that children have to tell what Homer was to the tale of the Trojan War. . . . He is at his best when he is listening to children talk, recording their talk and then transforming their talk into a kind of narrative poetry." Coles' books, Postman added, are "a major contribution to our understanding of how children become socialized. . . . But these books, like the 'Iliad,' are not about conclusions. They are about the myths, prejudices, worries and observations from which children generate their opinions and loyalties."

Talking about the Children of Crisis series, Coles explained to CA in 1989: "My task was to be a mediator of sorts between two worlds—a translator, I've been called, correctly, and also maybe a storyteller. Instead of being the social science theorist or the psychoanalytic clinician, I think I became the one who listens to what is happening in the lives of people, listens to their stories as they're told, and then relates those stories to others as best he can as a writer. . . . the primary intent of the Children of Crisis series—and of two more recent books that I consider part of that series, The Moral Life of Children and The Political Life of Children—is to convey to the ordinary reader some sense of the way children think and feel by conveying the stories they have to tell." Coles credited his wife as a major force shaping his perspectives and procedures used in researching of the series' initial book, A Study in Courage and Fear, and thus influencing subsequent books: "I think the whole effort would have fallen flat on its face if my wife hadn't taken on as a project to wean me away from a certain kind of professional decorum, if not arrogance. . . . she got me to relax and take off my necktie and sit on the floor with people, to eat with them and watch television with them and become part of their lives. . . . I was simply trying to be amidst events and let them in their own ways teach me and perhaps give me a kind of language for apprehending them"

Coles's monumental Children of Crisis, series evolved from events the author witnessed while present in the deep South in the early 1960s during the first tense moments of integration. He was astounded by the courage some black children showed as they entered integrated schools through crowds of jeering, hostile adults. Volume 1 of Children in Crisis, titled A Study in Courage and Fear, documents the feelings of these black youngsters as they face threats and insults. The work was cited as a sensitive portrayal of the effects of discrimination on its youngest victims. Coles followed this study with similar ones on migrant workers, Eskimos and Indians, Appalachian children, and children of the wealthy.

Coles's work on the Children of Crisis series and other studies in child psychology earned him a prestigious MacArthur fellowship in 1981. The fellowship provided a monthly stipend that allowed Coles to undertake his research on an international basis. In 1986 he released two books, The Political Life of Children and The Moral Life of Children, that drew on interviews in South Africa, Brazil, Northern Ireland, Poland, Southeast Asia, Nicaragua, French-speaking Canada, and a number of American locales. In her review of both works, Washington Post Book World contributor Katherine Paterson wrote: "Children tend not to say what we want to hear when we want to hear it, but, to the patient, perceptive adult who takes them seriously, their words are eloquent, disturbing, transforming. Most of us are not good listeners, but the moral and political life of our nation would take a giant leap forward if we were to pay close attention to this man who is."

The MacArthur fellowship also allowed Coles to pursue other interests, including biographies of Catholic altruists Dorothy Day and Simone Weil, essays, book reviews, lectures, and literary criticism. National Review contributor Thomas Molnar noted that in his essays Coles "leaves the reader with the impression of a decent and religious man with common-sensical views."

Coles's fascination with the human spirit, particularly that ability to transcend self-interest and act for the sole benefit of others, prompted his later work, The Call of Service: A Witness to Idealism. Examining what he terms man's "moral hunger" and "the phenomenology of service" that is its outward manifestation, Coles describes his personal experiences with the numerous individuals he has met and come to know over the years: from Vista workers, to personal heroes William Carlos Williams and Dorothy Day, to his own parents. As such, The Call of Service is also memoir, revealing what it is to be a middle-class American attempting to eliminate the inequalities that permeate U.S. society through countless hours spent teaching and gaining understanding of others. Coles "tries to understand the volunteers," commented Tribune Books commentator James North—"to investigate what combination of religion, ethics, even patriotism . . . motivates these people to donate their time and energy, sometimes for years on end." Francine du Plessix Gray noted in a New York Times Book Review appraisal that The Call of Service "is flawed by Dr. Coles' habitual reliance on oral history [and] by the drabness of his interviewees' responses." However, E. J. Dionne Jr. reported in the Washington Post Book World that "by allowing so many to speak of their experiences, Coles slowly and quietly explodes almost any preconceptions readers might have about what motivates idealists."

Coles's presentation of children's speech has been an issue for more than one critic. In a 1989 CA interview, Cole commented on his philosophy and practice in reproducing children's speech for his books: "I listen to particular children sometimes for as long as five or six years, to the recurrent themes and topics that they bring up; and I keep recording, either with a tape recorder or in notes, what they have to say. Then my job becomes one of pulling together many conversations and remarks into a rather limited presentation in the pages of what becomes a book. It's a distillation and a condensation, a 'reading' of a particular life through an examination of the spoken words—and of the pictures drawn or painted. . . . What a novelist does is try to highlight a certain moment. That's what I try to do too, so I pick those remarks of the children that I think are most convincing, or illustrative of certain themes, or dramatic or provocative. . . . I'm trying to be as suggestive as I can in the selections I come up with so that the reader can glimpse something about some kind of essence in a particular child, something of a quintessential psychological and moral and even spiritual 'reality' in that child."

In addition to writing both nonfiction and several volumes of poetry, Coles has worked as a professor of psychiatry and medical humanities at Harvard University, where his curriculum includes literature classes for students of medicine, law, and architecture.

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

BOOKS

Coles, Robert, The Call of Service: A Witness to Idealism, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1993.

Coles, Robert The Mind's Fate: A Psychiatrist Looks at His Profession, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1995.

Hilligoss, Susan, Robert Coles, Twayne (New York, NY), 1997.

Newsmakers 1995, Issue 1, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1995.

Woodruff, Jay, and Sarah Carew Woodruff, editors, Conversations with Robert Coles, University Press of Mississippi (Jackson, MS), 1992.

PERIODICALS

American Journal of Psychiatry, November, 1999, review of The Moral Intelligence of Children, p. 1827.

American Spectator, March, 1989.

Art News, March, 1993.

Booklist, April 15, 1985; November 15, 1985; January 15, 1986; March 15, 1989; January 1, 1990; November 15, 1990; November 1, 1992; January 15, 1995; November 15, 1996; April 1, 1999, Mary Carroll, review of The Secular Mind, p. 1368; February 1, 2000, Mary Carroll, review of The Erik Erikson Reader, p. 998; August, 2000, Mary Carroll, review of Lives of Moral Leadership, p. 2078; February 15, 2001, Mary Carroll, review of Growing Up Poor: A Literary Anthology, p. 1089; June 1, 2002, William Beatty, review of A Life in Medicine: A Literary Anthology, p. 1668.

Boston Review, February, 1986.

California Lawyer, July, 2001, Martin Aronson, review of Lives of Moral Leadership, p. 56.

Chicago Tribune, April 24, 1979; May 13, 1986; March 24, 1989.

Choice, November, 1986; December, 1986; November, 1987; February, 1988; June, 1991; December, 1999, review of The Secular Mind, p. 737.

Christian Century, February 27, 1991; December 1, 1993; September 22, 1999, Steven M. Tipton, review of The Secular Mind, p. 912.

Christian Science Monitor, May 2, 1968; February 12, 1991; February 4, 1993; December 9, 1993; April 8, 1999, Ron Charles, review of The Secular Mind, p. 18.

Commentary, September, 1990.

Commonweal, March 13, 1987; November 6, 1987; March 9, 1990; March 8, 1991.

Contemporary Psychology, October, 2000, review of The Secular Mind, p. 502.

Cross Currents, fall, 2000, James R. Kelly, review of The Secular Mind, p. 405.

First Things: Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, August, 1999, review of The Secular Mind, p. 76.

Harvard Business Review, November, 2001, Diane L. Coutu, "The Inner Life of Executive Kids: A Conversation with Child Psychologist Robert Coles," p. 63.

JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, October 9, 2002, Tony Miksanek, review of A Life in Medicine, p. 1783.

Globe and Mail (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), July 24, 1999, review of The Secular Mind, p. D14.

Journal of Church and State, winter, 2001, Laju M. Balani, review of The Secular Mind, p. 140.

Kirkus Reviews, July 15, 1993; November 15, 1996; February 15, 1997; March 1, 1999, review of The Secular Mind, p. 345.

Library Journal, January 1, 1972; March 1, 1978; January, 2003, Kathleen Collins, review of When They Were Young: A Photographic Retrospective of Childhood from the Library of Congress, p. 99.

Los Angeles Times, June 20, 1985.

Los Angeles Times Book Review, February 9, 1986; September 13, 1987; October 3, 1993.

Maclean's, March 17, 1986.

National Catholic Reporter, February 7, 2001, Colman McCarthy, review of Lives of Moral Leadership, p. 16.

National Review, June 2, 1989, article by Thomas Molnar.

New Advocate, spring, 2001, review of The Story of Ruby Bridges, p. 168.

New England Journal of Medicine, November 7, 2002, Edward J. Huth, review of A Life in Medicine, p. 1539.

New Republic, August 31, 1987.

New Yorker, February 10, 1986; January 7, 1991.

New York Review of Books, March 9, 1972.

New York Times, January 10, 1979; October 20, 1984.

New York Times Book Review, June 11, 1978; January 19, 1986, article by Neil Postman; September 6, 1987; January 3, 1988; December 25, 1988; February 26, 1989, article by Helen Bevington; April 30, 1989; November 25, 1990; June 9, 1991; October 6, 1991; May 10, 1992; December 13, 1992; November 21, 1993, Francine du Plessix Gray, review of The Call of Service: A Witness to Idealism, p. 9; February 12, 1995; September 10, 1995; July 25, 1999, Reynolds Price, review of The Secular Mind, p. 18; November 19, 2000, James Carroll, review of Lives of Moral Leadership, p. 76.

People, December 24, 1990.

Publishers Weekly, March 29, 1985; December 20, 1985; May 1, 1987; May 15, 1987; March 18, 1988; July 15, 1988; October 21, 1988; January 20, 1989; February 3, 1989; September 15, 1989; October 26, 1990; November 16, 1990; January 4, 1991; September 27, 1991; November 29, 1991; January 20, 1992; September 21, 1992; July 12, 1993; December 19, 1994; July 10, 1995; July 29, 1996; November 18, 1996; February 1, 1999, review of The Secular Mind, p. 64; February, 2000, review of The Erik Erikson Reader, p. 190; August 28, 2000, review of Lives of Moral Leadership, p. 63; February 26, 2001, review of Growing Up Poor, p. 61.

Reference and Research Book News, August, 1999, review of The Secular Mind, p. 11.

Religious Studies Review, October, 1999, review of The Secular Mind, p. 378.

Saturday Review, November 21, 1970.

School Library Journal, August, 1988; March, 1995; June, 1996; December, 1986; June, 2001, Becky Ferrall, review of Growing Up Poor, p. 186.

Sewanee Review, October, 1989; April, 1995.

Social Service Review, March, 1999, Naomi B. Farber, review of The Youngest Parents: Teenage Pregnancy as It Shapes Lives, p. 122.

Theology Today, April, 2000, Walter Brueggemann, review of The Secular Mind, p. 120.

Time, February 14, 1972; July 15, 1974; March 17, 1986; January 21, 1991.

Times Literary Supplement, November 21, 1980; July 7, 1989.

Tribune Books (Chicago, IL), November 9, 1980; December 1, 1985; December 23, 1990; October 13, 1991; October 17, 1993, James North, review of The Call of Service.

USA Today, January 17, 1986.

USA Weekend, October 15-17, 1993.

U. S. News and World Report, December 3, 1990.

Village Voice, August 27, 1985; December 24, 1985..

Virginia Quarterly Review, autumn, 1986; spring, 1989; summer, 1990; summer, 1992; winter, 1994; autumn, 1999, review of The Secular Mind, p. 141.

Voice of Youth Advocates, June, 2001, review of Growing Up Poor, p. 143.

Wall Street Journal, November 15, 1993.

Washington Post, June 4, 1985.

Washington Post Book World, June 29, 1980; February 2, 1986, Katherine Paterson, review of The Political Life of Children and The Moral Life of Children, May 8, 1988; October 10, 1993, E. J. Dionne, Jr., review of The Call of Service; March 28, 1999, Bill Broadway, review of The Secular Mind, p. 4.*