Kingsolver, Barbara 1955–

PERSONAL:

Born April 8, 1955, in Annapolis, MD; daughter of Wendell R. (a physician) and Virginia (a homemaker) Kingsolver; married Joseph Hoffmann (a chemist), April 15, 1985 (divorced); married Steven L. Hopp; children: (first marriage) Camille; (second marriage) Lily. Education: DePauw University, B.A. (magna cum laude), 1977; University of Arizona, M.S., 1981, and additional graduate study. Politics: "Human rights activist." Religion: "Pantheist." Hobbies and other interests: Music, hiking, gardening, parenthood.

ADDRESSES:

Home—VA. Agent—Frances Goldin, 57 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003.

CAREER:

University of Arizona, Tucson, research assistant in department of physiology, 1977-79, technical writer in office of arid lands studies, 1981-85; freelance journalist, 1985-87; writer, 1987—.

MEMBER:

Amnesty International, National Writers Union, National TV Turnoff, Environmental Defense, PEN West, Phi Beta Kappa, Heifer International, Green Empowerment.

AWARDS, HONORS:

Feature-writing award, Arizona Press Club, 1986; American Library Association awards, 1988, for The Bean Trees, and 1990, for Homeland; citation of accomplishment from United Nations National Council of Women, 1989; PEN fiction prize and Edward Abbey Ecofiction Award, both 1991, both for Animal Dreams; Woodrow Wilson Foundation/Lila Wallace fellow, 1992-93; D.Litt., DePauw University, 1994; Book Sense Book of the Year Award, 2000, for The Poisonwood Bible; National Humanities Medal, 2000; Book Sense Book of the Year Award and James Beard Foundation Award, both 2008, both for Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life; recipient of honorary degrees from Centre College, 2007, and Duke University, 2008.

WRITINGS:

The Bean Trees (novel), HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1988, new edition with related readings, EMC/Paradigm (St. Paul, MN), 2004.

Homeland and Other Stories (includes "Homeland," "Islands on the Moon," "Quality Time," "Covered Bridges," "Rose-Johnny," and "Why I Am a Danger to the Public"), HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1989.

Holding the Line: Women in the Great Arizona Mine Strike of 1983 (nonfiction), ILR Press (Ithaca, NY), 1989, with new introduction, 1996.

Animal Dreams (novel), HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1990.

Another America/Otra America (poetry), Seal Press (Seal Beach, CA), 1992, 2nd expanded edition, 1998.

Pigs in Heaven (novel), HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1993.

High Tide in Tucson: Essays from Now or Never, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1995.

The Poisonwood Bible (novel), HarperFlamingo (New York, NY), 1998.

(Author of foreword) Joseph Barbato and Lisa Weinerman Horak, editors, Off the Beaten Path: Stories of Place, Nature Conservancy (Arlington, VA), 1998.

Prodigal Summer, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 2000.

(Editor, with Katrina Kenison, and author of introduction) The Best American Short Stories, 2001, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 2001.

Small Wonder (essays), illustrated by Paul Mirocha, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 2002.

Last Stand: America's Virgin Lands (nonfiction), photographs by Annie Griffiths Belt, National Geographic Society (Washington, DC), 2002.

(Author of foreword) Norman Wirzba, editor, The Essential Agrarian Reader, University Press of Kentucky (Lexington, KY), 2003.

Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, HarperCollins Publishers (New York, NY), 2007.

Contributor to anthologies, including New Stories from the South: The Year's Best, 1988, edited by S. Ravenel, Algonquin Books (Chapel Hill, NC), 1988; New Writers of the Purple Sage: An Anthology of Recent Western Writing, edited by Russell Martin, Penguin (New York, NY), 1992; Peace Prayers: Meditations, Affirmations, Invocations, Poems, and Prayers for Peace, edited by Carrie Leadingham, Joann E. Moschella, and Hilary M. Vartanian, HarperSanFrancisco (San Francisco, CA), 1992; Women Respond to Men's Movement: A Feminist Collection, edited by Kay Leigh Hagan, Pandora (San Francisco, CA), 1992; Dreamers and Desperadoes: Contemporary Short Fiction of the American West, edited by Craig Lesley, Laurel (New York, NY), 1993; The Single Mother's Companion: Essays and Stories by Women, edited by Marsha R. Leslie, Seal Press (Seattle, WA), 1994; Mid-life Confidential: The Rock Bottom Remainders, edited by Dave Marsh, Viking (New York, NY), 1994; Journeys, edited by PEN-Faulkner Foundation, Quill & Bush (Rockville, MD), 1994; Heart of the Land: Essays on Last Great Places, edited by Joseph Barbato, Pantheon (New York, NY), 1994; I Should Have Stayed Home: The Worst Trips of Great Writers, edited by Roger Rapoport and Marguerita Castanera, Book Passage Press (Berkeley, CA), 1994; Mothers: Twenty Stories of Contemporary Motherhood, edited by Katrina Kenison, Farrar Straus & Giroux (New York, NY), 1996; I've Always Meant to Tell You: Letters to Our Mothers, edited by Constance Warlow, Pocket Books (New York, NY), 1997; Intimate Nature: The Bond between Women and Animals, edited by Linda Hogan, D. Metzger, and B. Peterson, Ballantine (New York, NY), 1998; Literature and Society: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction, Pamela J. Annas and Robert C. Rosen, Prentice Hall (Upper Saddle River, NJ), 2000; Three Minutes or Less: Life Lessons from America's Greatest Writers, by Pen/Faulkner Foundation, Bloomsbury Publishing (London, England), 2000; Western Women's Reader: The Remarkable Writings of Women Who Shaped the American West, Spanning 300 Years, edited by Lillian Schlissel and Catherine Lavender, HarperPerrenial (New York, NY), 2000; My Favorite Fantasy Story, edited by Martin H. Greenberg, Daw Books Inc. (New York, NY), 2000; Child Honoring: How to Turn This World Around, edited by Raffi Cavoukian and Sharna Olfman, Praeger (Westport, CN), 2006; Home Ground: Language for an American Landscape, edited by Barry Lopez and Debra Gwartney, Trinity University Press (San Antonio, TX), 2006; After the Bell: Contemporary American Prose about School, edited by Maggie Anderson and David Hassler, University of Iowa Press (Iowa City, IA), 2007; and Wendell Berry: Life and Work, edited by Jason Peters, University Press of Kentucky (Lexington, KY), 2007. Contributor of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry to numerous periodicals, including Calyx, Cosmopolitan, Heresies, Mademoiselle, McCall's, New Mexico Humanities Review, Redbook, Sojourner, Tucson Weekly, Virginia Quarterly Review, Progressive, and Smithsonian. Reviewer for the New York Times Book Review and the Los Angeles Times Book Review.

ADAPTATIONS:

Most of Kingsolver's novels have been adapted as audiobooks.

SIDELIGHTS:

Best-selling author Barbara Kingsolver infuses her writings with a strong sense of family, relationships, and community. Kingsolver draws her characters from middle America—the shop owners, the unemployed, the displaced, the homeless, the mothers and children struggling to survive—and depicts how, by banding together, these seemingly forgotten people can thrive. As a firm believer in human dignity and worth, Kingsolver fills her works with themes of inspiration, love, strength, and endurance. Many critics have applauded her tenderness toward her characters and praise her insight into human nature, political repression, and ecological imperatives. In the New York Times, Janet Maslin cited Kingsolver for her "sweet, ennobling enthusiasm for every natural phenomenon" as well as for an "overarching wisdom and passion."

Kingsolver's first novel, The Bean Trees, was published to an enthusiastic critical reception in 1988. The novel focuses on the relationships among a group of women and is narrated by Taylor Greer, a young, strong-willed Kentucky woman who leaves her homeland in search of a better life. During her westward travel, Taylor unexpectedly becomes the caretaker of a withdrawn two-year-old Cherokee girl named Turtle. Eventually the two settle in Arizona, where they find "an odd but dedicated ‘family’ in Tucson," the author once explained. Included in this clan are Lou Ann Ruiz, a dejected mother whose husband has just left her, and Mattie, a warmhearted widow who runs the Jesus Is Lord Used Tires company. According to the author, "a new comprehension of responsibility" motivates Taylor to help Mattie shelter refugees from politically turbulent Central America.

Critics responded enthusiastically to The Bean Trees, noting the novel's sensitivity, humor, and lyricism. The Bean Trees "is as richly connected as a fine poem, but reads like realism," commented Jack Butler in New York Times Book Review. "From the very first page, Kingsolver's characters tug at the heart and soul," Karen Fitzgerald noted in Ms., adding that "it is the growing strength of their relationships … that gives the novel its energy and appeal." And Margaret Randall in Women's Review of Books called The Bean Trees "a story propelled by a marvelous ear, a fast-moving humor and the powerful undercurrent of human struggle."

Favorable critical reviews also attended Kingsolver's next work, Homeland and Other Stories. Comprised of twelve short stories, the book includes stirring tales of individuals—mainly women—who struggle to find homes for themselves. Reviewers especially praised the title story, which reveals an aged Indian woman's disillusionment when she sees that her beloved Cherokee homeland has been transformed into a tourist trap. Another tale, "Islands on the Moon," shows how a mother and daughter—both single and pregnant—reconcile after years of estrangement. Among the distinctive characters that fill the remaining stories in the collection are a reformed thief striving for an honest living, a resilient union activist, a middle-class wife engaging in a secret affair, and a poor girl who befriends an outcast. Critics applauded Kingsolver's poetic language, her realistic portrayals of human nature, and her genuinely engaging tales. "Of the twelve stories in this first collection," remarked Russell Banks in New York Times Book Review, "all are interesting and most are extraordinarily fine." Chicago Tribune reviewer Bill Mahin called Kingsolver "an extraordinary storyteller."

While writing Homeland and Other Stories Kingsolver also completed Holding the Line: Women in the Great Arizona Mine Strike of 1983, a nonfiction book tracing the role of women during the Phelps Dodge Copper Company labor conflict. A year later, she returned to fiction with Animal Dreams, a novel that follows the growth of Codi Noline, an insecure woman who returns to her agricultural hometown of Grace, Arizona, after a fourteen-year absence. Characters' personal conflicts coupled with political struggles form the core of the novel. Codi finds her native community less than ideal: she faces grief, bigotry, disease, and environmental pollution and, through letters from her activist sister, learns of the political brutalities of Central America. Critics called the novel compassionate, humorous, and inspiring and praised Kingsolver's ability to mix commentary on political, social, racial, and personal turmoil. "Animal Dreams belongs to a new fiction of relationship, aesthetically rich and of great political and spiritual significance and power," wrote Ursula Le Guin in Washington Post Book World. "This is a sweet book, full of bitter pain; a beautiful weaving of the light and the dark." Animal Dreams is "a complex, passionate, bravely challenging book," maintained Melissa Pritchard in Chicago's Tribune Books, the critic going on to call Kingsolver "a writer of rare ambition and unequivocal talent."

In 1993, Kingsolver published Pigs in Heaven, a sequel to The Bean Trees that takes place three years after Taylor illegally adopts Turtle. In a strange turn of events, Turtle sees a man fall into the spillway of the Hoover Dam during a family vacation. Because of Turtle's insistence, Taylor sees to it that the man is rescued. The two become local heroes and are invited to appear on the Oprah Winfrey Show. This newfound fame turns out to have unexpected consequences, however, as Cherokee lawyer Annawake Fourkiller sees the show and decides to investigate Taylor's adoption of Turtle. Threatened with losing her daughter, Taylor flees Arizona, beginning a difficult journey of economic struggle and emotional turbulence. Eventually, Taylor's mother Alice joins the pair in their flight, bringing her own wry perspective on life and undergoing her own personal journey.

Travis Silcox, writing in Belles Lettres, noted that, "despite its action, the novel suffers from a midpoint flatness." However, he praised Kingsolver's talent for characterization, adding that her "supporting characters enrich the story." Karen Karbo wrote in the New York Times Book Review that Kingsolver's grip on the material she is writing is both skillful and satisfying: "As the novel progresses, she somehow manages to maintain her political views without sacrificing the complexity of her characters' predicaments." Karbo concluded that Kingsolver is "possessed of an extravagantly gifted narrative voice, she blends a fierce and abiding moral vision with benevolent, concise humor. Her medicine is meant for the head, the heart and the soul—and it goes down dangerously, blissfully, easily."

While Kingsolver's early novels are typically intimate domestic dramas, 1998's The Poisonwood Bible is something quite different: a penetrating exploration of one American family's troubled sojourn in Africa. The novel's sweeping scope and its portrayal of African politics during the Cold War marked a thematic departure for the author. It also proved to be a best seller. In the wake of Kingsolver's success with The Poisonwood Bible, Nation contributor John Leonard heralded the writer as "at last our very own [Doris] Lessing and our very own [Nadine] Gordimer, and she is, as one of her characters said of another in an earlier novel, ‘beautiful beyond the speed of light.’"

With The Poisonwood Bible, Kingsolver established a prominent place in American letters. The epic tale introduces the Price family—father Nathan, an evangelical missionary, his wife Orleanna, and their four daughters. The story begins as the family arrives in the Congo—now Zaire—as missionaries, and events are related from the point of view of Orleanna and the four young girls. Quickly it becomes apparent that Nathan Price is a violent fanatic whose mispronunciation of the local language only serves to alienate the African villagers. The Price women struggle against starvation, sickness, and predatory ants while Nathan sinks further and further into zealous madness. His bumbling serves to indict American behavior in Africa in a microcosm, but Kingsolver also explores the violent American intervention in Congolese affairs during the Eisenhower era and the role that intervention played in destabilizing an emerging nation. According to Verlyn Klinkenborg in New York Times Book Review, The Poisonwood Bible is "a story about the loss of one faith and the discovery of another…. Ultimately a novel of character, a narrative shaped by keen-eyed women contemplating themselves and one another and a village whose familiarity it takes a tragedy to discover."

Kingsolver animates The Poisonwood Bible with recollections of time she herself spent in the Belgian Congo, several years later than the 1963 setting of her novel.

To quote Michiko Kakutani in New York Times, the "powerful … book is actually an old-fashioned nineteenth-century novel, a Hawthornian tale of sin and redemption and the ‘dark necessity’ of history." Kakutani added that the tale grapples with "social injustice, with the intersection of public events with private concerns and the competing claims of community and individual will." In Nation, Leonard likewise called The Poisonwood Bible "a magnificent fiction and a ferocious bill of indictment…. As in the keyed chords of a Baroque sonata, movements of the personal, the political, the historical and even the biological contrast and correspond. As in a Bach cantata, the choral stanza, the recitatives and the da capo arias harmonize. And a magical-realist forest sings itself to live forever."

Though the majority of reviewers applauded Kingsolver for her work in The Poisonwood Bible, there were a few dissenters. Christianity Today contributor Tim Stafford maintained that Kingsolver "offers a cartoonish story of idiot missionaries and shady CIA operatives destroying the delicate fabric of the Congo, like bulldozers scraping their way through the forest jungle." Critics who were not won over by the novel were rare, however. More reflective of the majority view, a Publishers Weekly critic described the book as "a compelling family saga, a sobering picture of the horrors of fanatic fundamentalism and an insightful view of an exploited country." In Booklist, Donna Seaman commended The Poisonwood Bible as an "extraordinarily dramatic and forthright novel … a measureless saga of hubris and deliverance." A Time reviewer felt that the author's female characters "carry a story that moves through its first half like a river in flood." And in Progressive, Ruth Conniff praised Kingsolver for "writing a moving book that makes [political] ideas both personal and timely. Kingsolver is a terrific fiction writer."

Prodigal Summer is similar to Kingsolver's earlier novels in its sense of place and its more intimate scope. Three story lines gradually converge as residents of southern Appalachia respond in various ways to the wealth of nature surrounding them. According to Jennifer Schuessler in New York Times Book Review, readers of Animal Dreams and The Bean Trees "will find themselves back on familiar, well-cleared ground of plucky heroines, liberal politics and vivid descriptions of the natural world."

The first of three segments of Prodigal Summer introduces Deanna Wolfe, a wildlife biologist who seeks to protect a clan of coyotes from a poacher who eventually becomes her lover. Another segment is devoted to the predicament of Lusa Maluf Landowski Widener, a Palestinian-Jewish hybrid housewife who must stake a claim to her piece of Appalachia after her husband dies. The final segment introduces a pair of feuding neighbors, traditional farmer Garnett Walker and his organic opponent Nannie Rawley, whose search for common ground ends in unstated affection for one another. Gradually the three separate plots weave together toward an ending that affirms the power of nature. Maslin, in her New York Times review of Prodigal Summer, deemed the work "an improbably appealing book with the feeling of a nice stay inside a terrarium." A Publishers Weekly reviewer also felt that readers would respond "to the sympathy with which [Kingsolver] reflects the difficult lives of people struggling on the hard edge of poverty." Michael Tyrell, writing in Us, suggested that, despite some passages that read like "overzealous lectures on ecology," Prodigal Summer excels in its "spirited, captivating heroine."

Kingsolver's 1992 book, Another America/Otra America, proved to be somewhat of a departure. Composed of original poetry, it includes Spanish translations of her poems within the same volume. Reviewer Lorraine Elena Roses, commenting in the Women's Review of Books on the presence of the translations, stated that "it's clear from the outset that Kingsolver feels a deep connection to the Spanish-speaking lands that begin before the Rio Grande and stretch all the way to the windswept limits of Tierra del Fuego." Kingsolver's poems explore her feelings about Latino human rights activists, Latin American victimization, and North American prejudices. School Library Journal contributor Deanna Kuhn called the book a "powerful collection." While praising Kingsolver's technical skill, Roses questioned whether "lyrical poetry [can] bear the weight of politics," but concluded that Kingsolver's poems "will appeal primarily to those who seek to commemorate and mark political occasions."

In High Tide in Tucson: Essays from Now or Never, published in 1995, Kingsolver offers opinions on a myriad of topics, from motherhood to the effect of the Gulf War. A Kirkus Reviews critic, while finding fault with the author's "hit-or-miss musings" and "smarmy self-reflections," commended Kingsolver's facility with nature writing. A second essay collection, Small Wonder, collects twenty-three essays on a variety of topics. While many essays were published previously, the book includes three written in collaboration with Kingsolver's husband, Steven L. Hopp. Subject matter ranges from the Columbine High School, Colorado, shootings to television, the homeless, and the difficulties of writing about sex. Judith Bromberg pointed out in National Catholic Reporter that Small Wonder came about after Kingsolver was asked to respond to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the United States. She wrote five responsive essays in one month, all of which are included in this collection. Bromberg noted that, whether written before or after September 11, the essays "reflect [the event's] enormous reality and either draw meaning from it or attempt to lend some clarity to it." Piers Moore Ede commented in Earth Island Journal that Kingsolver's essays serve as "compelling, provocative … meditations" on how the event changed the world, and commended the author for having the courage to suggest that the attacks were perhaps a political protest against the "American Way."

In Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, Kingsolver recounts the year that she and her family spent living on her husband's farm in Southern Appalachia. During this time, they committed themselves to living a more natural, sustainable existence that involved growing much of their own food and purchasing the rest from local sources. The was prompted by a desire to leave a smaller mark on the fast-declining environment that had become a concern to both Kingsolver and her husband, a biologist. Kingsolver's book serves as part how-to guide, part cookbook, and part memoir, discussing the efforts that she and her family made to alter their lifestyles. In addition to discussing the ins and outs of providing meals on a daily basis, Kingsolver recounts her daughters' experiences as well, such as nine-year-old Lily's decision to sell both eggs and chickens in order to save money for her own horse, an endeavor that she soon finds simplified if she refuses to name the chickens; easier to kill them that way. There are also lessons in economics for the adults, as Kingsolver comes to appreciate the back-breaking effort involved in producing quantities of healthy produce. It serves to explain why organic food is more costly at the local grocery store than the non-organic variety. Reviewing for New Statesman, Alice O'Keeffe remarked of the book: "Kingsolver's argument is not that we should all switch off our PCs and head for the fields (though she does make that option sound attractive). Rather, she demonstrates why some knowledge of where food comes from is fundamental to any person's—and therefore any society's—well-being." Nina Planck, writing for Publishers Weekly, concluded that "this practical vision of how we might eat instead is as fresh as just-picked sweet corn."

Kingsolver has described herself as "a writer of the working class" who views her art as a daily job. "My idea of a pre-writing ritual is getting the kids on the bus and sitting down," she said in a Book Page Web site interview. Elsewhere in the same interview she outlined her goals as an author. "I'm extremely interested in cultural difference, in social and political history, and the sparks that fly when people with different ways of looking at the world come together and need to reconcile or move through or celebrate those differences," she said. "All that precisely describes everything I've ever written."

As an extension of her belief in literary fiction as a force for social change, Kingsolver has established and funded the Bellwether Prize. Awarded biennially, the prize consists of a 25,000-dollar cash payment and guaranteed publication for a novel manuscript by an author who has not previously been widely published. The goal of the Bellwether Prize is to promote writing, reading, and publication of literary fiction that addresses issues of social justice and the impact of culture and politics on human relationships.

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

BOOKS

Contemporary Literary Criticism, Volume 55, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1989.

Kingsolver, Barbara, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, HarperCollins Publishers (New York, NY), 2007.

PERIODICALS

African Business, March, 1999, Christy Nevin, review of The Poisonwood Bible, p. 56.

Belles Lettres, fall, 1993, Travis Silcox, review of Pigs in Heaven, pp. 4, 42.

Booklist, August, 1998, Donna Seaman, review of The Poisonwood Bible, p. 1922.

Chicago Tribune, June 23, 1989, Bill Mahin, review of Homeland and Other Stories.

Christianity Today, January 11, 1999, Tim Stafford, review of The Poisonwood Bible, p. 88.

Earth Island Journal, winter, 2002, Piers Moore Ede, review of Small Wonder, p. 45.

Entertainment Weekly, November 5, 1999, Rebecca Ascher-Walsh, "Kingsolver for a Day," p. 75.

Kirkus Reviews, August 1, 1995, review of High Tide in Tucson: Essays from Now or Never, p. 1080.

Ms., April, 1988, Karen Fitzgerald, review of The Bean Trees.

Nation, January 11, 1999, John Leonard, review of The Poisonwood Bible, p. 28.

National Catholic Reporter, March 19, 1999, Judith Bromberg, review of The Poisonwood Bible, p. 13; Judith Bromberg, review of Small Wonder, p. 30.

New Republic, March 22, 1999, Lee Siegel, "Sweet and Low: The Poisonwood Bible," p. 30.

New Statesman, July 16, 2007, Alice O'Keeffe, "The Growth Industry," p. 63.

New York Times, October 16, 1998, Michiko Kakutani, "No Ice Cream Cones in a Heart of Darkness;" November 2, 2000, Janet Maslin, "Three Story Lines United by the Fecundity of Nature."

New York Times Book Review, April 10, 1988, Jack Butler, review of The Bean Trees, p. 15; June 11, 1989, Russell Banks, review of Homeland and Other Stories; June 27, 1993, Karen Karbo, review of Pigs in Heaven, p. 59; October 18, 1998, Verlyn Klinkenborg, "Going Native"; November 5, 2000, Jennifer Schuessler, "Men, Women and Coyotes."

Progressive, February, 1996, p. 33; December, 1998, Ruth Conniff, review of The Poisonwood Bible, p. 39.

Publishers Weekly, August 10, 1998, review of The Poisonwood Bible, p. 366; October 2, 2000, review of Prodigal Summer, p. 57; March 26, 2007, Nina Planck, review of Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, p. 75.

School Library Journal, August, 1992, Deanna Kuhn, review of Another America/Otra America, p. 192.

Time, November 9, 1998, review of The Poisonwood Bible, p. 113.

Tribune Books (Chicago, IL), August 26, 1990, Melissa Pritchard, review of Animal Dreams.

Us, October 30, 2000, Michael Tyrell, review of Prodigal Summer, p. 49.

Washington Post Book World, September 2, 1990, Ursula LeGuin, review of Animal Dreams.

Women's Review of Books, May, 1988, Margaret Randall, review of The Bean Trees; July, 1992, Lorraine Elena Roses, review of Another America/Otra America, p. 42.

ONLINE

Barbara Kingsolver Home Page,http://www.kingsolver.com (April 12, 2004).

Book Page,http://www.bookpage.com/ (April 12, 2004), Ellen Kanner, "Barbara Kingsolver Turns to Her Past to Understand the Present," interview.

KYLit Web site,http://www.english.eku.edu/services/kylit/ (December 5, 1994), George Brosi, "Barbara Kingsolver."

NewsHour Online,http://www.pbs.org/newshour/ (November 24, 1995), David Gergen, interview with Kingsolver.

Salon.com,http://www.salon.com/ (December 16, 1995), "Lit Chat with Barbara Kingsolver."